Du Yong of Tianjin Normal University presided over and completed the National Social Science Fund project "Collection Certificate of Jinwen Place Names in Western Zhou Dynasty" (project approval number: 14AZD112), and the final result was a monograph of the same name. Members of the research team include: Chen Wei, Zhao Qingmiao, Kong Hua, Lei Huyu, Wang Wei, Li Jing, Bai Guohong, Zhou Baohong, Ye Xianchuang and Wang Kai.
I. Purpose and Significance of the Study
As an important spatial element of the early historical development of the Chinese nation, the geography of inscriptions on bronze in the Shang and Zhou dynasties contains rich historical information and shows different sections of the history and culture of the Shang and Zhou dynasties. Scholars have always attached great importance to it. The geographical study of inscriptions on bronze, centered on the textual research of place names, originally belonged to the category of epigraphy, and had a long historical tradition in China. Since modern times, with the introduction and development of modern toponymy and archaeology, as well as the continuous progress of ancient philology, the new and old disciplines have stirred up each other, which has effectively promoted the in-depth study of Jin inscription toponymy. Wang Guowei's Research on the Expedition of the Emperor of the Zhou Dynasty made a brief statistics on the expedition of the Emperor of the Zhou Dynasty. It was found that "every 20 people have five, and every 10 people have nine" in the Yi inscription, highlighting the importance of place names for investigating the historical facts of inscriptions, and initially laying a foundation for the study of place names in Jin inscription.
In the past hundred years, the research on the place names in bronze inscriptions in Shang and Zhou dynasties has made gratifying achievements, involving a wide range of contents. On the basis of making full use of handed down documents, archaeological materials and other types of ancient written materials are combined to solve the problem of place names in bronze inscriptions. Every new discovery and breakthrough occurs. However, due to the constraints of the conditions, there are also obvious shortcomings, such as single research content, many unsolved problems, and weak comprehensive research. This is not conducive to the development of history and historical geography itself, but also hinders the improvement of the research level of toponymy in China.
In view of this, strengthening the study of the place names in bronze inscriptions has particularly important theoretical value and social significance. First, there is a lack of macro investigation and systematic integration in the existing study of place names in bronze inscriptions, and the fragmentation trend is more prominent, so that only trees can be seen, but not forests. This topic comprehensively combs and comprehensively studies the inscriptions on geographical names, which helps to meet the needs of the phased development of the discipline, change the scattered and fragmented situation of the study of inscriptions on geographical names, and make up for the lack of comprehensive research monographs. Secondly, the place names in Jin Dynasty not only have the attribute of geographical level, but also are the carrier of the history of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. The textual research and research on the place names in bronze inscriptions will help to correctly understand the important historical connotation revealed by the historical materials in bronze inscriptions, better grasp the relevant historical facts in the Shang and Zhou dynasties, and thus promote the in-depth research on the history and culture of the pre-qin period. Third, the origin of a nation and its culture is closely related to its birthplace and migration route. Therefore, the systematic collation and study of the inscriptions on bronze in Shang and Zhou Dynasties will undoubtedly be beneficial to a comprehensive understanding of the geographical background of the distribution of the ancient states and ethnic groups in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and will have important academic significance in exploring the early history and origin of Chinese civilization.
II Main contents of achievements
This achievement is divided into two parts, focusing on the modern geographical orientation and related historical issues of the place names in Jinwen of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
The first edition of the Collection of Geographical Names in the Western Zhou Dynasty inscriptions on Jin Dynasty takes the geographical names in the Western Zhou Dynasty inscriptions on Jin Dynasty as the main line, Wang Ji, Dongtu, Nantu, Xitu, and Beitu as the sub domains, and makes textual research on 123 human and natural geographical names in the domain. It first gives a regional overview, then extracts the research achievements of scholars, arranges them in time, and finally analyzes and summarizes them in the form of notes to clearly distinguish between right and wrong, Conclusive or tendentious opinions on the modern geographical location of its place names.
Volume I: A Collection of Place Names in Jinwen in Wangji of Western Zhou Dynasty, mainly focuses on 27 place names in Jinwen, such as national races, capitals, settlements, mountains and rivers, in Wangji of Western Zhou Dynasty, and explores their modern geographical orientation and changes. For example, as for the geographical outlook of Beijing, there were different opinions such as the old Haojing theory, Puban theory, Fengjing theory, Bin Di theory, Qizhou theory, and Jinhao theory. After in-depth study of the literature and the new inscriptions on gold, the new view that Beijing is located in the southern suburbs of Haojing, that is, the area south of Doumen Town, Chang'an District, Xi'an City today, is that Beijing is a special royal town, an administrative sub center, with a cultural and educational center Watch the function and status of the amusement center. Another example is the residence of the Jing family, which used to be called Sanbei, Fengxiang, and Fufeng. Through in-depth investigation of relevant documents, bronze inscriptions, "Jing" pottery and its origin, it is further confirmed that the Jing family's fief is in the northeast of today's Fufeng County, Shaanxi Province. Another example is Bi Di, which was said to be Bi Mo in the north of Weihe River and Bi Ying (or Bi Yuan) in the south of Weihe River in ancient times. Based on the comprehensive analysis of the literature and the newly published inscriptions on gold, it is believed that it is a rumor error that the Bimo theory in Weibei said that the tomb of King Wu of Qin was the tomb of King Wu of Zhou. However, the Weinan Biying theory is not only supported by such documents as Mencius, Ancient Bamboo Chronicles, and Historical Records, but also corresponds to the geographical indication of the new Wu Hu Ding Ming, so it should be credible to locate Biying in Fenghao area (today's Chang'an District of Xi'an).
The second volume, "A Collection of Names in the Eastern Jin Dynasty of the Western Zhou Dynasty", mainly focuses on 51 names in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, such as nationalities, capitals, settlements, mountains and rivers, which appear in the inscriptions in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and explores their modern geographical orientation and changes. For example, there has always been a story about Linmei and Changle in Shandong Province in the view of Yingqiu, which was originally granted by the State of Qi. According to the newly unearthed bronze wares in the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty in the old city of Linmei, we know that this old city had existed and played an important role before the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, which is very likely to be Yingqiu. Another example is the State of Qi. As a Miao descendant of Xia Yu, it was granted in Yongqiu (now Qixian County, Henan Province) in the early Zhou Dynasty. It can be seen from the analysis of the relevant unearthed bronze wares that the Qi State had moved to Xintai, Shandong Province in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, rather than to Shandong Province in the Spring and Autumn Period. Another example is that "Yi" in the Western Zhou Dynasty inscriptions is the name of the clan. When it came from Yi Yin of the Shang Dynasty, it was a branch of the royal family, rather than the commonly said Xin family. However, the Yi nationality has a close relationship with the Youshen family, and their residence should not be far away from each other. They generally live in Cao County, Shandong Province today.
The third volume, "A Survey of the Names in the Southern Inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty", mainly focuses on the 17 names in the Southern Inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty, such as the national races, capitals, settlements, mountains and rivers. For example, the capital of the State of E was found in Yangzishan, Anju Town, Suizhou and Xiaxiangpu, Nanyang in recent years, which proved that the capital of the State of E in the early and middle Western Zhou Dynasty was not in Shanxi, but in the area of Yangzishan, Anju Town. During the period of King Li of Zhou Dynasty, the duke of Hubei launched a rebellion and was destroyed by the army of the Zhou Dynasty. A small number of Hubei adherents moved to Xiaxiangpu area of Nanyang to continue their religious worship. The "Little (Little) Hubei" in the "Xinian" of the Tsing Hua bamboo slips is also called "West Hubei" in later generations. Another example is Zeng State, which was founded in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty in the east of Han Dynasty. It moved westward to the Guojiamiao area of Zaoyang two weeks ago, which is shown in the literature as the silk thread of Nanyang Shenze, who supported the emperor and rebelled against the Zhou Dynasty. Later, the State of Zeng moved back to Suizhou, his hometown, until the mid Warring States Period, when the State of Chu perished. However, according to the relevant bronze inscriptions and bamboo slips, the Zeng State and the Sui State that existed in the same place cannot be regarded as one and the same. Another example is the "Nanguo Fuzi" in Zongzhou Zhongming, which may refer to Xu Zi, the patriarch of the twenty-six states of Huaiyi and Dongyi at that time. At that time, Xu Zi, with its capital in Daxu City (north of Huisi County in today's An'an), was the master of the states of Huaiyi.
The fourth volume, "A Collection of Names in the Western Zhou Dynasty's Western Inscriptions", mainly focuses on 17 names in the Western Zhou Dynasty's Western Inscriptions, such as cities, nations, settlements, mountains and rivers, and makes a textual research on their modern geographical orientation and changes. For example, Bin was the place where the former Duke Liu of the Zhou Dynasty moved to, which was a milestone in the historical development of the former Zhou Dynasty. However, there are many ambiguities in Bin's geographical location. There are five different views in ancient and modern times: Shaanxi Xunyi view, martial arts view, Binxian view, Shanxi Xinjiang view, and Gansu Ningxian view. After investigation, except for the theory of Binxian County, others are wrong. Even the theory of Xunyi, which has the greatest impact, is not true. According to Du Yu and Xu Guangjiu's notes, combined with Duoyou Ding, Ke Zhong's inscription, Shi Gongliu and Mian, it can be seen that Bin Yi is not in the east of Jing but in the west of Jing, that is, not far from the county seat of Qi County (today's Binzhou City, Shaanxi Province) in the northeast. For another example, the capital is often seen in bronze inscriptions and in the "Chronicle" of the Tsinghua bamboo slips. Its geographical location is very important, but its meaning is different. In fact, Jingshi from different origins cannot be treated as the same place name. The capital master in the inscriptions of Ke Zhong, Ke Xuan and Duoyou Ding must be the hometown of the Zhou people because of the landmark of Jing Shui. The "capital master" in the inscriptions of Jin Gong and Jin Jiang Ding refers to the place within the territory of the Jin State, and the two "capital masters" in the "System Year" of the Tsing Hua bamboo slips refer to the place where the Jin people are thriving. The three cannot be confused. Another example is that the hegemonic state is the feudal state of the Western Zhou Dynasty, which is missing from the literature. From the fact that the hegemonic bronze wares were unearthed in the Dahekou Cemetery in Yicheng, Shanxi, the hegemonic state should be inhabited here.
The fifth volume, "A Collection of Names in the Northern Part of the Western Zhou Dynasty", mainly focuses on the 11 names in the Northern Part of the Western Zhou Dynasty, such as national races, capitals, settlements, mountains and rivers, which appear in the inscriptions in the northern part of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and makes a research on their modern geographical orientation and changes. For example, it was said that Ji was the first place where the Northern Yan granted the land. However, Ji in the early Zhou Dynasty was the capital granted after the Yellow Emperor, while Dongjialin at the Liulihe site in Fangshan, Beijing, was the capital of the early Zhou Dynasty. The bronze inscription "Ming Ke Hou Yu Yan (Yan)" was found in the 1193 tomb of the site, proving that the so-called Zhao Gong granted Yan the land at the beginning. The "Hanshu · Geography" said that Ji was the first fief of the State of Yan, which was described by the famous Yanshangdu later, resulting in a slight discrepancy between the literature records and archaeological discoveries. For another example, Guzhu was an ancient country in the north during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. The Guzhu people in the late Shang Dynasty lived in the Kazuo area of western Liaoning Province. After Chengkang in the Western Zhou Dynasty, they moved to the northwest of Lulong County, Hebei Province. However, Kuo Di Zhi said that they were located in the south of Lulong County, because the author mistook Lulong County in the Tang Dynasty and Feiru County in the Northern Wei Dynasty as the same place, which led to a discrepancy. Another example is that during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the residence of the national minority was not far from the State of Yan at the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, and it was a vassal of the State of Yan. Two weeks ago, in order to avoid the war disaster, the national minority moved the capital to the area of Huangxian County in Shandong Province. In the past, it was not credible to live in the north of Juxian County. The implementation of the orientation of such geographical names is of great benefit to the correct understanding of relevant historical facts.
The second edition is the Special Research on the Names in Jinwen of the Western Zhou Dynasty, which mainly collects the monographs on the names in Jinwen of the Western Zhou Dynasty. The content involves many national races and place names appearing in the inscriptions of Jin Dynasty, including Wang Ji and Si Tu. In addition to textual research on the specific geographical location, it also explores the national structure, political system, ethnic group changes, ecological environment, transportation routes and other related historical events at that time.
Z. 1~Z.2 The two articles are general. The former discusses the linguistic characteristics of the place names in bronze, and the latter shows that four countries are four regions, which are synonymous with four lands, four directions, and the world. They are the rule areas of the Zhou king in legal theory.
1. 1~1. The four articles belong to the study of different domains, mainly investigating the geographical location of the places of Beijing, Jing, Yilin, Kang and other places in the King's area of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and the nature and status of Beijing, as well as the function of respecting sages embodied in the fiefdom system.
2. 1~2. Twelve articles mainly study the Eastern geographical names that appeared in the inscriptions on oracle bones during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, such as Shang, Dishui, Beijing, Hong, Yu, Li, Xie, Lai, 郳, 鄫, Zhu, and other places, as well as the ecological environment, transportation routes, and ethnic exchanges in Eastern China.
3. 1~3. The four articles mainly study the geographical names in the south of the Western Zhou Dynasty and related historical issues, such as the historical events and traffic routes of Zhao Wang's southward expedition to Jingchu, the spatial location of Zeng, Sui and E and their relationship with the central dynasty, and the interpretation and positioning of the geographical names of Bo vessels.
4. 1~4. 3 The three articles mainly involve the study of the nationality, place names and related historical events of the Western Tu State, such as the relationship between Qin and Zhou in Buqi's Guiming, the location of the place names of Xiyu, Xilu, Gaotao, etc. in the Qin area, the fiefs of Wu, Yu, Gui, Rui, etc. and their geographical location.
5. 1~5. 5 The five articles mainly study the origin, capital changes and the relationship with the central dynasty of the Northern Kingdom, Guzhu, Guoand other countries in the Northern Territory of the Western Zhou Dynasty, as well as the specific orientation of the names of Que, Yong, Wei and Mu. The two parts echo and complement each other, and together constitute the main research content of this project. In the process of research, the author not only paid attention to absorbing the academic nutrition of the existing achievements, but also boldly broke through the barriers of tradition or old theories, and tried to put forward his own innovative opinions, which may not be all right, but reflected the author's unremitting efforts to explore the essence of ancient civilization.
III. Main Value of Achievements
In addition to the textual research on the location of the place names in bronze, this achievement has actually expanded to explore many aspects such as political geography, ecological environment, transportation routes, ethnic migration, and the relationship between the local and the central government. It has deeply revealed the development context and historical status of various regional civilizations in the overall evolution of ancient Chinese civilization from different angles. Compared with the previous works of the same kind, this achievement is more systematic, innovative and integrated, better adapted to the needs of the phased development of the discipline, changed the scattered and fragmented situation of the study of gold inscription place names, and made up for the lack of comprehensive research monographs. The place names in inscriptions on bronze are also the carriers of the history of Shang and Zhou Dynasties. A correct study of the geographical location of the place names in inscriptions on bronze will help to correctly understand the important historical connotation revealed by the historical materials in inscriptions on bronze, deeply grasp the relevant historical facts in the Shang and Zhou dynasties, and comprehensively understand the geographical background of the distribution of the ancient states and ethnic groups in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. It has important academic value for exploring the early history and origin of Chinese civilization.
(Editor in charge: Sun Kaijia, Huang Wei)
