The final result of the major project of the National Social Science Fund (06&ZD025) "Establishing and Improving the Social Early Warning Mechanism and Emergency Management System" (with Professor Tong Xing of Nanjing University as the chief expert) is the monograph "China's Emergency Management: Theory, Practice and Policy", which has passed the conclusion and will be published by the Social Science Literature Press in the near future.
One of the characteristics of this achievement is to build a risk disaster crisis analysis framework in line with China's reality through theoretical combing and innovation. Disaster is an old topic. In the long-term process of disaster research, three traditions and their corresponding three core concepts have gradually formed: "engineering technology" analysis tradition and "disaster" concept; "Organization system" analysis tradition and "crisis" concept; The tradition of "politics society" analysis and the concept of "risk". With the increase of disaster types, the traditional concept of disaster needs to be extended to "emergencies". In the context of the global risk society and China's high-risk society, there is a close logical relationship between the phenomena referred to by the three core concepts of risk, emergency and crisis. On the level of publicity, risk refers to an uncertainty that can cause large-scale losses, and its essence is a possibility that does not occur; Crisis refers to the political and social consequences caused by certain losses, and its essence is a fact that has occurred. Therefore, risk comes first and crisis comes second. There is a causal relationship between the two. The root cause of crisis consequences is risk. Emergencies are the abstraction and expansion of disasters, making the potential causal relationship between risk and crisis explicit. Therefore, the whole process analysis framework of "risk emergency (disaster) crisis" can be established. Corresponding to this analytical framework is the whole process response system of "risk management emergency management crisis management".
The second feature of this achievement is that through four representative empirical studies, the social risk early warning logic and emergency management policy practice are deeply discussed.
　　 (1) Research on the generation and evolution of group events. The focus of governance is the group event of "organized direct interest demand" and the group event of "unorganized direct interest demand". The former consumes a lot of government resources, while the latter seriously damages the legitimacy of the government. Grass roots social contradictions can be transformed into "organized - with direct interest demands" group events, and then into "unorganized - without direct interest demands" group events; It can also be directly transformed into "unorganized - no direct interest demand" group events. The key to the governance of group events is to prevent these two transformations, integrate the governance of grass-roots social contradictions, and control the key nodes and core elements of transformation.
　　 (2) Research on the perception, communication and amplification of food safety risks. The public's views and reactions to risk events will be affected by specific social factors. Since risks are sometimes unavoidable, reducing the adverse impact of risk transmission on social life becomes the main management goal. If the public's fear of being hurt is effectively alleviated with the risk communication efforts of relevant institutions, their stigmatization behavior against certain objects will be greatly reduced.
　　 (3) Research on the operation mechanism, performance constraints and management optimization of emergency plan system. The performance of the current emergency plan system is poor, and the external constraints include random preparation, lack of drills, cognitive bias, and experience preference; The internal constraints include the extensive functions of the plan, the lax structure system, the unclear mechanism of action, the false data foundation, and the lack of drill of the plan. There are reasons for the inconsistent construction progress of "one case, three systems", unreasonable structural system and impractical single plan, so it is necessary to carry out overall optimization, continuous optimization and scientific optimization, such as establishing a cooperative writing mechanism for emergency plans, legalizing emergency plan preparation procedures, sorting out the structural system of emergency plans, establishing risk and resource databases Strengthen the comprehensive emergency drill and the coordinated promotion of "one case, three systems".
　　 (4) Research on the construction of the policy system of local government emergency management evaluation. Due to the different actual situations in different regions, the emergency response capacity required by different regions is not the same, and the progress of emergency response capacity building under the "one case, three systems" is also inconsistent, so the policy framework for emergency management assessment of local governments should be established, and the emergency management assessment should be promoted step by step at the level of local governments; According to the different promotion speed of emergency management policy practice in different regions, the emergency management evaluation of local governments can be divided into three types: emergency preparedness evaluation, emergency implementation evaluation, and emergency performance evaluation. The purpose of emergency preparedness assessment is to find out the imperfections of emergency management policy system; The emergency implementation assessment is used to identify the deficiencies in the emergency management process and behavior, and provide guidance for its improvement; The emergency performance evaluation draws the overall judgment of performance for incentive and accountability.
The third feature of this achievement is that it puts forward the judgment of "risk symbiosis" and the concept of "strategic governance" from the macro level. China is in the most critical period of social transformation in the process of modernization, as well as in today's globalized and information-based world. There are not only turbulence and risks in the modernization process as described by Huntington, but also risks in the risk society as described by Baker, Giddens and others. The current social form of China is neither purely traditional nor purely modern, but a mixed form of society, so the diachronic risk types exist synchronically, that is, the so-called "risk symbiosis". "Risk symbiosis" also has another meaning: China's social transformation is manifested in the synchronous start of structural transformation and institutional transformation, that is, while realizing modernization marked by industrialization and urbanization, it also needs to complete the transformation from an overall society characterized by a planned economy to a diversified society characterized by a market economy, the old social resource distribution system, control mechanism The integration mechanism is tending to disintegrate, while the new system and mechanism have not yet been perfected and played a full role, so some special types of risks have been induced and exacerbated. In view of the superposition and symbiosis of various risks, emergency response, disaster reduction and stability maintenance should all be based on long-term operations, and should have strategic thinking to carry out "three in one" strategic governance: systematic governance, dynamic governance, and active governance. First, improve the existing emergency management system, and then promote public crisis governance, and finally achieve active governance of social risks.
The fourth feature of this achievement is that it has put forward a series of constructive countermeasures and suggestions for the development and improvement of the emergency management system with Chinese characteristics according to China's specific national conditions and the advanced experience of foreign emergency management system construction. It mainly includes:
　　 (1) Improve the emergency plan system according to the comprehensive requirements. In order to change the imperfection of the emergency plan, such as the plan's operability is not strong, "general thickness" from top to bottom, and "one face" from left to right; Some grassroots plans lack detailed provisions and provisions on the implementation subject; Some plan departments are too colorful, and the plans are "not connected", leading to "everyone sweeps the snow in front of the door"; Lack of targeted plans for "top" events.
　　 (2) Use systematic thinking to improve classification and hierarchical management. The classification of public emergencies is relative. Natural phenomena and social phenomena, natural laws and social laws are intertwined in many times. If the classification is overemphasized, it may affect the cognition of the complexity of public emergencies, reduce the systematic degree of disaster relief, and restrict the exertion of mobility. The classification of public emergencies is also relative. The level of many events is changing, and it is often difficult to accurately determine its level at the beginning. Therefore, it is necessary to make a new understanding and definition of the classification and grading of public emergencies.
　　 (3) Further promote the construction of emergency management system according to the requirements of unified command. The establishment of emergency management organization also needs to further strengthen the integration and professional construction of emergency management system in accordance with the requirements of "large department system". It is suggested to change the practice of re establishing temporary institutions in case of emergencies in the past, establish a permanent National Emergency Management Committee as the command organization to respond to particularly serious public emergencies, change the current government emergency management office into the office and daily work organization of the emergency management committee, and appropriately improve its administrative level to facilitate comprehensive coordination. At the same time, the emergency management functions still scattered in various departments should be properly integrated to establish and enrich the emergency rescue team.
　　 (4) Give play to various roles and strengthen the construction of emergency management mechanism. We should straighten out the relationship between the central, local and grass-roots authorities in responding to public emergencies, the relationship between emergency command and implementation departments, the relationship between high-level decision-making and territorial management, the relationship between comprehensive emergency departments and professional institutions, and establish an emergency management mechanism with unified information, management interface, resource sharing and coordination, Mobilize the enthusiasm of all aspects of emergency management. The emergency resources managed by multiple departments shall be appropriately integrated into several departments by category for management, and a mechanism based on one department and coordinated by relevant departments shall be designed.
　　 (5) Further improve the emergency management legal system. The implementation time of the Emergency Response Law is still short, so it is not advisable to revise it hastily. Instead of "revising", "supplementing" can be used first, and implementation rules can be formulated. Later, the law can be revised when conditions are ripe. Local governments and departments are encouraged to issue implementation specifications for the Emergency Response Law. The implementation documents should focus on the procedural norms for public emergency response, define the steps, processes and ways for governments at all levels to implement emergency management, and supplement the systems involved but not yet perfect in the Emergency Response Law.
　　 (6) Comprehensively promote risk management. Including carrying out public policy risk assessment at the national and government levels, and strengthening the cultivation of risk awareness and risk culture at the social and public levels; Strengthen social risk prevention, attach importance to the governance of "neighborhood" group events, and strengthen labor risk prevention; Promote environmental risk management, improve disaster prevention and mitigation, correct "emergency failure", and strengthen public participation; The safety supervision mode is transformed from a single subject to multiple participation; Establish rural social risk prevention mechanism; We will improve official accountability, promote risk accountability, and vigorously reduce the occurrence of "original" crises.