Guide: Many trade people also need to write papers to publish, so the following is a selection of relatively high-quality free trade papers with 3000 words to 2000 words. There are standard topics and references. After reading the theoretical review, you will know how to write your paper.
Model Essay on Free Trade Part 1
Title: Research on the replication and promotion of innovation achievements of free trade pilot zones in Shandong
Abstract: Since 2014, the innovation achievements of the pilot free trade zone have been well replicated and promoted throughout Shandong, and have made great achievements in improving investment facilitation and optimizing the business environment. However, there are still many problems in copying the promotion mechanism and improving the sense of gain of enterprises, which need further improvement and perfection. In view of this, the research believes that effective replication and promotion should be used to promote the landing of achievements, "from top to bottom, from point to area", to improve the effectiveness of replication and promotion. Promote the industrial leap with effective replication and promotion, and classify the "primary and secondary". While doing a good job in comprehensive promotion, promote relevant policies with focus and pertinence, and play the role of "booster" of industrial development. Promote synergy and linkage through qualitative replication and promotion, promote the synergy and unity of cities in investment and trade, government services, regulatory innovation and other aspects, and help improve the overall business environment. At the same time, promote the improvement of the mechanism by orderly replication and promotion, and focus on promoting the overall coordination mechanism, innovative results summary and refinement mechanism, dynamic adjustment mechanism, etc.
Key words: Pilot Free Trade Zone; Innovation achievements of free trade; Replication promotion
The core of the construction of the pilot free trade zone is institutional innovation, and the basic requirement is that it can be replicated and promoted. The pilot free trade zone is a pilot zone responsible for leading the way, generating experience in institutional innovation and conducting stress testing. The institutional innovation achievements generated in the pilot free trade zone will eventually be replicated and promoted to all cities, releasing the institutional dividend in a larger scale. This is an important purpose of the construction of the pilot free trade zone, and also an important standard to measure the effectiveness of the construction of the pilot free trade zone. At present, researches on pilot free trade zones are mostly concentrated in regional cities, while researches on replication and promotion of non regional cities are rare. This paper takes as a sample the replication and promotion of 365 free trade innovation achievements in 16 cities in Shandong Province since the first batch of institutional innovation cases launched by Shanghai Free Trade Zone in 2014, 287 national level innovation achievements that should be replicated and promoted in Shandong Province by 2023, and 87 free trade innovation achievements that should be replicated and promoted in Shandong Province, Strive to fully understand the replication and promotion of free trade innovation achievements in Shandong, find out problems and difficulties, and put forward relevant suggestions.
1、 Development of replication and promotion research
Relying on the Free Trade Zone Research Institute of Shandong Institute of Technology and Business, the research team has repeatedly visited the Provincial Department of Commerce for docking work, visited the Shandong SCO Local Economic and Trade Research Institute, and solicited opinions and suggestions from relevant experts; Preparatory meetings, symposiums and seminars were held online and offline to lay a solid foundation for the orderly development of research and assessment. The work mainly reflects the following aspects:
（1） Wide coverage. The scope of this research and assessment involves 278 innovative achievements that have been replicated and promoted nationwide and 87 innovative achievements in the province, with a total of 365. The time span is 8 years since the first national promotion in 2014, covering six major fields, including investment management facilitation, trade facilitation, financial innovation, and in-process and post event supervision. The time span is large, covering many items, and covering a wide range of fields, It is the most comprehensive, systematic and extensive replication, promotion, research and evaluation work carried out for the first time in our province.
（2） The survey measures are practical. The research and evaluation work adopts the methods of visit and material review, mainly including the self-assessment of each city, the symposium of municipal departments, and the symposium of counties and cities (randomly selected). We went to 5 to 10 enterprises, institutions, scientific research institutes and other places to visit and understand the situation, collect the benefit reports of enterprises, and deeply understand the replication and promotion effect of the system innovation achievements of the pilot free trade zone in various places to ensure the standardization Rigorous and scientific.
（3） New methods. In order to further understand enterprises' sense of gain, the research group, with the help of the Internet, distributed large-scale online questionnaires to enterprises in 16 cities across the province. Enterprises can directly feed back relevant information online, invite enterprises to participate and speak with data. During the period, a total of 4220 questionnaires were collected, and 4218 valid questionnaires were collected, with an effective rate of 99.95%. A large number of effective questionnaires provided detailed and powerful data support for the research team.
2、 Replication and promotion in 16 cities of Shandong Province
After consulting the latest national policies and referring to the feedback from various cities, the research team sorted out 50 out of 365 institutional innovation achievements that were outdated or invalid, and two related to border areas. Four promotion items did not include Shandong Province. At present, there are 309 items that should be replicated and promoted in Shandong. Among the 309 items, the objective conditions and basic environment of 16 cities across the province are different. Some cities have conditions to replicate and promote, but some cities have no conditions to replicate and promote: ① Some items require promotion in special customs supervision areas, such as the "customs supervision system for bonded futures delivery". Zaozhuang, Jining, Tai'an, Dezhou, Liaocheng, Binzhou, Heze and other seven cities have no special customs supervision areas, so there is no promotion conditions. ② Some items require the location to have a free trade zone, a large airport, a coastal area, an inland river, or an intellectual property protection center, such as "a new mechanism for coordinating the operation of large airports" and "a new model for managing the entry and exit of domestic navigation inland ships". ③ Some items are required to be promoted in designated areas, such as the "new model of second-hand car export business" in Qingdao and Jining. When calculating the replication and promotion rate of each city, out of 309 items that should be promoted in the province, the items that are unconditionally promoted in the city are excluded, and the remaining items are those that are conditionally promoted. After accounting, Jinan should promote
282, Qingdao 307, Zibo 264, Zaozhuang 225, Dongying 297, Yantai 306, Weifang 296, Jining 223, Tai'an 221, Weihai 298, Rizhao 306, Linyi 255, Dezhou 235, Liaocheng 239, Binzhou 257, Heze 250.
The formula for calculating the replication and promotion rate of each city is: the number of items that have been promoted/the total number of items that should be promoted if conditions permit. The judgment basis for the promotion of an item in a city is: the standing book submitted by the city clearly indicates that the item has been promoted, and there are specific measures, supported by the support materials provided by the city and field research. When calculating the replication promotion rate of the whole province, 309 items should be promoted, and a municipal promotion with more than 1/3 (inclusive) conditional promotion is deemed to have been promoted in the whole province. The promotion rate formula is: the number of items promoted/the total number of items that should be promoted.
Through calculation, among 309 items that should be promoted, the replication and promotion rate of the province is 98.70%.
3、 Specific achievements of replication and promotion in 16 cities of Shandong Province
The core of the pilot free trade zone is institutional innovation, the basic requirement is that it can be replicated and promoted, and the goal should be to achieve practical results in replication and promotion. Each city actively implements the concept of "bold pioneering, bold trial and independent reform" of the pilot free trade zone, and based on its own reality, excavates its development advantages, which not only promotes the implementation of 309 innovative achievements to take effect, but also pushes through the old to bring forth the new, adds to the bright spots, and forms many distinctive achievements, helping the province to speed up and improve efficiency and upgrade in related fields.
（1） It has greatly improved the level of investment and trade facilitation. Relying on the innovative achievements of the pilot free trade zone, cities will accelerate the construction of an investment management system guided by a negative list, continue to improve the facilitation of trade clearance, and promote a new leap forward in the open economy. The whole province has realized the business license application and seal engraving, tax related processing, social security registration and other businesses such as one form declaration, real-time sharing, and online processing. The application rate and declaration volume of "single window" business in international trade are among the best in China. There are more than 32000 "single window" registered enterprises and more than 167000 foreign trade enterprises in the province. First, the approval and cancellation of projects (enterprises) was further accelerated. Liaocheng City innovatively implements the dual path exit mode of simple enterprise cancellation and ordinary cancellation, "separation of complex and simple, difficult and easy separation, fast and slow separation", realizing 80% material reduction, 100% time limit reduction, 85% link reduction, and 41.5% form optimization. Second, the service efficiency of industrial development was further improved. Weihai Innovative Power Supply Service launched 7 categories and 17 electric power businesses without submitting certificates. Yantai City and Weifang City copied and promoted the transformation and upgrading mode of "four chain integration" of Luoyang old industrial base, accelerated the transformation and development of manufacturing industry, focused on the industrial chain, improved the value chain, and effectively promoted the extension of the chain to supplement and strengthen the chain through leading enterprises. Third, further innovation in investment and financing services. Heze City, Tai'an City and Zibo City promoted intellectual property pledge financing services, with financing amounts reaching 280 million yuan, 823 million yuan and 1.84 billion yuan respectively. Rizhao City innovated green debt financing tools, relying on Rizhao Bank to issue 3 billion yuan of green financial bonds to help backbone enterprises transform and upgrade. Fourth, trade process reengineering was further optimized. Boxing County, Binzhou City, strives to build a new highland for inland port consolidation, and build the third "inland port" customs supervision workplace in the province. Through road rail sea multimodal transport, the port of departure will be moved to the "gate of home" of enterprises, greatly improving customs clearance efficiency. Fifth, the "single window" application was further upgraded. Jinan, Yantai and Dezhou deepened the "early declaration", "two-step declaration" and other models, and the "single window" free declaration and main business application coverage reached 100%.
（2） It has effectively promoted the clustering of characteristic industries. Shandong Province has a coastline of more than 3000 kilometers, rich in marine resources and strong port carrying capacity; There are 13 comprehensive bonded zones, among which Qingdao Qianwan Comprehensive Bonded Zone, Yantai Comprehensive Bonded Zone and Weifang Comprehensive Bonded Zone are among the top in China. These basic advantages provide solid support for the replication and promotion of free trade innovation achievements, and promote the rapid agglomeration of characteristic industries in the province. First, cooperation with Japan and the ROK continued to deepen. Yantai took the lead in introducing the implementation measures of "supporting the establishment of vocational skills training institutions solely funded by foreign investors" in the province, successfully landing the province's first Korean funded vocational skills training institutions, the province's first Japanese funded education and training institutions, "attracting" more foreign high-quality resources, and "enabling" industrial development with talent training. The second is the rapid development of modern marine industry. Yantai has realized the new mode of "marine engineering+fishing clothes" to build a "deep blue granary", and has invested 18 multi-functional platforms of various marine ranches and 11 intelligent breeding cages, accounting for about 80% of the country. Weihai City initiated the first fishery carbon sink index insurance in China, which was publicized and reported by many media such as Powerful China, Dazhong. com and Financial Times. Third, the scale effect of bonded business is gradually emerging. Qingdao and Yantai learned from the new model of bonded oil products development in Zhejiang and accelerated the development of bonded mineral blending business. Zaozhuang is the first city in the province to open China Europe regular trains. The bonded logistics center, with the approval of the provincial government, has cooperated with the Chinese Academy of Sciences to form the "foundation+base+fund" three base model, which is the first in China.
（3） It has helped to optimize and improve the business environment. Each city benchmarking the pilot free trade zone focuses on optimizing the supervision during and after the event, and actively creates the four most business environments of "optimal policy, lowest cost, best service, and fastest". At present, 16 cities are replicating and promoting the "integrated and integrated" flow service for enterprise start-up "and" innovative "land acquisition and construction and use" approval mode ". The time limit for enterprise start-up has been reduced from 2 days to the fastest 2 hours, and the service level in housing and construction has been greatly improved. First, the construction of social credit system is more comprehensive. Linyi City has set up a social credit service center, which has carried out a number of special clean-up and rectification work focusing on the construction of government integrity and business integrity. Second, government services were further accelerated. Jining City innovatively integrated and launched the theme service item of "One thing for inland water transport", realizing "approval every second, silent approval", and reducing the time limit by more than 90%. Third, the supervision and punishment mode was more optimized. Tai'an City has created a new scale of "Tai'an benchmark" for flexible law enforcement. 302 eligible violations are not punished and 17 violations are mitigated, involving 27 administrative law enforcement fields and benefiting more than 300 market entities. Fourth, comprehensive maritime governance was improved. Dongying has set up a pilot project of "Marine Maple Bridge" for comprehensive management and service innovation at sea. It has dispatched 4169 law enforcement officers, travelled 60000 kilometers on land, and cruised 4191 nautical miles at sea. The order of marine fisheries is stable and good.
Fifth, human resources services are more warm. Focusing on the review, replication and promotion of professional titles with distinctive characteristics, Qingdao has formulated a complete set of professional title evaluation system for industrial Internet engineering technicians. The application for professional titles, review and payment, and certificate issuance have all achieved "online and handheld". 951 professional and technical talents have been evaluated from the first batch of more than 1200 applicants.
（4） It has effectively strengthened the innovation driven enabling effect. Relying on the achievements of free trade innovation, cities have made efforts to build mechanisms, build platforms, and strengthen carriers to continue to promote innovation in finance, science and technology and other fields, and achieved good results. First, more innovative financing methods. Weihai City guided 23 banks and 2480 enterprises to settle in the "CITIC Finance Bank Insurance" platform, and assisted banks to actually issue 2106 financing loans for enterprises, with the financing amount exceeding 12.177 billion yuan. Second, the market expanded more widely. Qingdao Railway Bill of Lading L/C financing settlement mode came into effect, and the document circulation time was shortened by 30%, effectively improving the convenience of foreign trade transactions. Liaocheng City has actively implemented relevant policies on the centralized operation and management of foreign exchange funds of multinational companies. Yanggu Xiangguang Copper Co., Ltd. has become one of the first 12 pilot enterprises for the centralized operation and management of foreign exchange funds of multinational companies in the province. Third, the development guarantee was more consolidated. Weihai City implements diversified agricultural insurance to boost the development of modern agriculture, and provides subsidies to grain production and operation entities and village collectives with more than 50 mu of wheat or corn planted in a single season; It was approved as the first batch of corn "insurance+futures" and Apple "insurance+futures" pilots in the province. Fourth, talent services were more perfect. Qingdao West Coast New Area, on the basis of replication and reference, is the first industrial Internet talent characteristic title review in the province to realize the re innovation of free trade achievements.
（5） It has effectively accelerated the upgrading of various enterprises. Enterprises are in the forefront of the market, and are extremely sensitive to new policies. After the replication and promotion of innovative achievements, the benefit feedback is also most direct. By replicating and promoting the innovative achievements of the pilot free trade zone, 16 cities have optimized the enterprise development environment. The enterprise online questionnaire survey shows that 68% of the surveyed enterprises know the system innovation achievements of the pilot free trade zone, and most enterprises benefit from the replication and promotion work. First, the efficiency of enterprises has been constantly improved. Weifang Customs has fully promoted the reform of "direct lifting by ship" for import and "direct loading upon arrival" for export at Weifang Port, and the time from arrival to waiting for shipment of export goods has been reduced from 2-3 days to less than 5 hours. Second, enterprise loan financing is more convenient. Dongying City has promoted the interaction of tax and bank credit reporting. By June 2022, all banks in the city had granted 1685 loans through the "Bank Tax Interaction", with a total accumulated loan amount of 1.088 billion yuan. In addition, relying on the construction of social credit system and the improvement of social credit data, enterprises have been strongly promoted to realize loan financing. Third, the tax burden of enterprises continued to decrease. Yantai COFCO Ahiwei Company enjoys preferential tax relief policies for small-scale taxpayers, and the annual property tax and land use tax relief is 109600 yuan; Yantai Great Wall Wine Sales Co., Ltd. enjoys the VAT rebate policy, with a one-time rebate of 479400 yuan. Fourth, the enterprise has strong guarantee for new business expansion. Yantai Beihang Science Park is a non local park of Beihang National University Science Park in Yantai. It copies and promotes bonded related policies, carries out import bonded business of high-end intelligent equipment industrial machines, and creates a professional intelligent equipment industrial park with bonded functions.
4、 Difficulties and problems in replication and promotion
Although 16 cities have made great achievements in promoting the replication and promotion of innovation achievements in the pilot free trade zones, there are still some difficulties and problems, mainly reflected in the following aspects:
（1） The government data system is not unified enough. The replication and promotion of the institutional innovation achievements of the pilot free trade zone need multi-level and multi sectoral collaborative promotion, and the sharing of relevant information and data is the basis. However, the data standards of different platforms and businesses are not unified, the intelligent level of data exchange between different systems needs to be improved, and the data coverage of social subjects is not comprehensive. These have become a major bottleneck hindering the effectiveness of replication promotion.
（2） The delegation of functional authority is not synchronized. For some replication and promotion matters, the municipal level has no relevant management authority and needs to report to the upper level for approval, which leads to the failure of replication and promotion to be implemented in time.
（3） The replication and promotion mechanism is not smooth enough. Many replication and promotion items need coordination among provincial, municipal and county functional departments. In the process of replication and promotion, it is often necessary to have a leading department, with the cooperation of other departments. If the leading department is insufficient in dispatching power in the process of promotion, it is difficult to ensure the effectiveness of replication and promotion.
（4） Some cities do not attach enough importance to it. Most cities have established a work mechanism for replication and promotion of institutional innovation achievements in the pilot free trade zone, defined the division of responsibilities, established a work account, and regularly dispatched. However, from the perspective of research and assessment, the city where the non free trade zone is located should pay more attention to replication and promotion.
（5） The sense of enterprise acquisition is not strong enough. From the data of 4218 enterprise online questionnaires from 16 cities, the problems in replication and promotion are mainly reflected in the following aspects:
First, the promotion mode is relatively simple. In terms of channels for enterprises to understand the achievements of institutional innovation, the Internet and media channels accounted for the highest proportion, 80.16%. Specifically, governments at all levels publicized system innovation, copied and promoted relevant information through WeChat groups, public accounts and other network platforms; The government affairs window and government initiative push accounted for 65.01% and 79.92% respectively, accounting for a relatively high proportion; Only a few enterprises learned about the innovation achievements of free trade through other ways, such as industry associations, enterprise exchanges and bank recommendations. The research team also learned that the local government mainly publicized the innovation achievements of free trade through WeChat groups, accompanied by official accounts, emails, visits, etc., which is basically consistent with the questionnaire.
Second, enterprises are not fully aware of the characteristics of innovative achievements. 65 enterprises in Dongying and Binzhou were selected by random sampling to understand the benefits of replication and promotion. Of the 65 enterprises, 13 actually filled in institutional pain points and relevant suggestions, and most of them did not have a high awareness of institutional dividends.
5、 Comments and suggestions on replication and promotion
Taking this subject as a starting point, we will further build mechanisms, strengthen measures and promote implementation, and promote the economic and social development to take the lead and create a new situation by widely promoting the innovative achievements of free trade.
（1） Promote the implementation of achievements by effective replication and promotion. Improve the leading and exemplary role of replication and promotion work, "work together from top to bottom, from point to area", and improve the effectiveness of replication and promotion.
On the one hand, explore the construction of replication and promotion pilot areas. Give play to the leading role of demonstration, select a county (city, district or development zone) in each of the 16 cities in the province, work with the provincial free trade office to jointly build the county (city, district or development zone) into a model area for replication and promotion, create new experience and good methods for replication and promotion, and lead other counties (cities, districts) in the city at a small cost by example Do a good job of replication and promotion. In the process of implementation, it is suggested that the Ministry of Commerce should study and issue guidelines for replication and promotion of innovation achievements at the national level, further refine innovation practices, comparison of processes before and after, risk points, and conditions required for promotion, and respond to grassroots calls; The Provincial Free Trade Office coordinates relevant departments to formulate specific methods of replication and promotion, uniformly produce publicity pictures, and do a good job in "common subjects" of replication and promotion in accordance with key and high-frequency issues; Each city is responsible for selecting and determining a pilot area for replication and promotion, and then giving preferential policies and authorities, increasing replication and promotion efforts, innovating promotion methods, and solving the "last mile" problem; The pilot zone for replication and promotion should implement the concept of "bold trial and independent pioneering" of the pilot free trade zone, learn from the Implementation Measures of China (Shandong) Pilot Free Trade Zone for Fault Tolerance and Error Correction in Reform and Innovation, and boldly replicate and promote the innovation achievements of free trade around difficult and focus issues. On the other hand, push for more delegation of authority. Some replication and promotion issues involve the delegation of authority from higher authorities. It is suggested that the Provincial Free Trade Office take the lead to comprehensively sort out the power issues that need to be delegated but have not yet been delegated in the process of replication and promotion, classify them, actively communicate with national ministries and commissions and relevant departments directly under the provincial government, and promote the implementation as soon as possible.
（2） Promote the industrial leap with effective replication and promotion. We further refined and sorted out the replication and promotion items, based on the actual situation of Shandong and the cities, and classified them into "primary and secondary" categories. While doing a good job in comprehensive promotion, we focused on and targeted to promote relevant policies, and played the role of "booster" for industrial development. First, we should follow up on key industrial issues. Guide cities to select a batch of innovative achievements based on the specific demands of local key industries, formulate special replication and promotion methods for key industries, promote the extension, supplement and strengthening of the industrial chain, constantly improve the value chain, and promote the iterative upgrading and cluster agglomeration of key industries with the replication and promotion of innovative achievements. The second is to firmly promote new business types. Learn from the bonded policy of the pilot free trade zone, and promote the development of bonded maintenance, bonded mixed ore and other bonded businesses; Promote innovation such as "financial leasing+automobile export" and expand the financial leasing business of the province; Copy the innovative achievements of cross-border e-commerce regulation, positive regulation of retail imports and other innovative achievements, help the development of new cross-border e-commerce models, make them bigger and stronger with new business types and models, accelerate the transformation of momentum and "vacate the cage for birds". The third is to strengthen the service and fix the weak points. We will comprehensively explore and arrange matters such as in-process and post supervision, improve relevant supporting policies and measures, remedy existing weaknesses and loopholes, and comprehensively and systematically promote replication and promotion. For the innovative achievements in the financial field, we will further strengthen our efforts and refine measures to seek greater breakthroughs and provide a better financial environment for industrial upgrading and enterprise development.
（3） Promote collaboration and linkage with qualitative replication and promotion. With the help of the replication and promotion of innovation achievements in the pilot free trade zone, we will promote the synergy and unity of cities in investment and trade, government services, regulatory innovation and other aspects, and help improve the overall business environment. First, promote the sharing of government affairs platforms. Cooperate with the provincial big data bureau to accelerate the coordination between provinces, cities and departments, gradually open up relevant data platforms, eliminate data barriers, realize the sharing and sharing of relevant information in a wider range, and lay the foundation for the replication and promotion of free trade achievements. The second is to promote the integration of management matters in the province. With the replication and promotion of the innovation achievements of the pilot free trade zone as the link, we will promote investment and trade, in-process and post event supervision and other matters in an integrated way. We will first select departments to replicate and promote the achievements of mature departments for pilot projects, promote the realization of information exchange, mutual recognition of supervision, interconnection of work, and mutual assistance in law enforcement among cities, so as to achieve the integrated promotion of more matters, Constantly improve management efficiency and the sense of gain of enterprises (the masses). Third, promote the synergy of park development. During the construction of Shandong Pilot Free Trade Zone Linkage Innovation Zone, based on the differences between the eastern and western regions of our province, the park was promoted to take the lead in replicating and promoting the innovation achievements of free trade, and explore more collaborative innovation achievements.
（4） Promote mechanism improvement by orderly replication and promotion. From the perspective of research, the key is the quality, speed and complete mechanism of replication and promotion. First, improve the overall coordination mechanism. It is suggested that the provincial free trade office should strengthen overall coordination, promote each city to enrich its work force, coordinate all resource elements, and form a joint force of work; Support cities to carry out differentiated innovation exploration in combination with the actual situation, so as to make the replication and promotion of innovation achievements in the pilot free trade zone more innovative, characteristic and practical. Second, improve the mechanism for summarizing and refining innovative achievements. When summarizing and refining the innovation achievements of free trade, it is suggested that the provincial free trade office establish a grass-roots feedback mechanism, listen to the opinions of relevant departments at the municipal and county (urban) levels, describe the innovation practices from the grass-roots perspective, adjust the innovation perspective, and make it closer to the grass-roots reality. Third, improve the dynamic adjustment mechanism. Out of 365 items, 50 items have become obsolete or invalid due to the abolition of old policies, replacement of new policies and other reasons after screening and verification, and no longer have the replicable promotion effect. For these matters, the Provincial Free Trade Office should issue documents in a timely manner, adjust replication and promotion matters, eliminate invalid and outdated ones, and clarify the boundaries of replication and promotion. Fourth, improve the classification and promotion mechanism. Based on the actual development of each city, different replication and promotion strategies are formulated for different regions. At the provincial level, replication and promotion items in each city shall be screened in advance, and those without market entities and geographic conditions for replication and promotion shall be eliminated in advance. At the same time, we strengthened two-way communication, and each city took the initiative to report the items that can be replicated and promoted, and reached an agreement with the provincial level to form a clear paper for the replication and promotion items in each city. Fifth, improve the promotion mechanism. At the provincial level, we media, public accounts and other new forms as well as posters, billboards and other traditional media can be used to carry out publicity and promotion for grassroots, parks, enterprises, etc; Each city shall ensure to organize at least one publicity meeting on replication and promotion every year, summarize experience and typical cases, deepen understanding of replication and promotion matters, and improve the level of replication and promotion work. Sixth, improve the training mechanism. The replication and promotion work of the pilot free trade zone is extensive and professional. It is necessary to establish a three-level training mechanism at the provincial, municipal and county levels. Each city and county should hold at least one special training class to achieve full coverage and normalization of free trade business training. For the relevant departments that undertake more replication and promotion matters and are highly professional, they should regularly appoint professional cadres to take temporary posts in cities and counties (cities and districts), and strengthen the intellectual support for replication and promotion at the grass-roots level.
reference
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Model Essay on Free Trade Part 2
Title: Research on the Feasibility and Countermeasures of Constructing Shanghai Free Trade Port
Abstract: Over the past 40 years of reform and opening up, China's economy has developed rapidly and made great achievements. The 18 free trade zones have played the role of pilot fields and economic windows for China's integration into the global economic development, making China's opening up a multi-level, three-dimensional and all-round pattern. But from the international perspective, China's degree of opening up still needs to be further integrated with the international standard. The free trade zone needs to connect with the high standard of the construction of the world-class free trade port, carry more functions, transform to a higher level of international free port, and make greater reforms in trade freedom, investment freedom, financial freedom, capital freedom, and personnel mobility, We will continue to expand open areas. As a famous international trade center, international financial center and international shipping center, Shanghai has both the inherent advantages of building a free trade port and the potential and possibility of future development. Therefore, based on the economic development of Shanghai Free Trade Zone, this paper explores the feasibility of building a free trade port in Shanghai Legal construction and other aspects put forward countermeasures and suggestions to explore the construction of Shanghai Free Trade Port.
Key words: Shanghai; Free trade port; countermeasure
Shanghai Explores the Feasibility of Building a Free Trade Port
From the experience of international free trade port construction, to build a free trade port and realize free trade, free investment, free finance, free capital and free movement of people, certain congenital and acquired conditions must be met. First of all, there should be advantages in geographical location, which can be seaports, land ports, airports and composite ports. Secondly, it needs developed economic conditions, excellent talent reserves, mature infrastructure construction, loose and good trade and investment environment, developed financial markets and a sound legal supervision system. In these aspects, Shanghai has certain advantages, which makes it very feasible to build a free trade port in Shanghai.
Geolocation
First of all, Shanghai is located on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. It is the estuary of the Yangtze River. With rich water resources, it is a natural harbor in geographical location. Secondly, Shanghai is located in the core area of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, where economic and social resources are gathered. The Yangtze River Delta region provides a vast economic hinterland and human resources for the construction of a free trade port area. Finally, Shanghai is a strategic location along the Belt and Road and an important trade partner of countries along the Belt and Road. It has frequent economic and trade exchanges with countries along the Belt and Road and is an important window for China's foreign economic development. Building a free trade port here not only promotes regional economic development, but also provides an important frontier platform for strengthening international cooperation.
Infrastructure
First of all, Shanghai Port has a long history of development and is the largest port in China. It has quite complete infrastructure to support the circulation of goods and services. As of 2017, Shanghai Port has 1121 wharves for public use and cargo use. By the end of 2017, Shanghai's container throughput had ranked first in the world for eight consecutive years, and the airport cargo volume was second only to Hong Kong. At present, Shanghai has opened 286 routes to meet the needs of maritime container cargo transportation, including direct routes to major ports in many countries around the world. In addition, Shanghai Port has increased its scientific research investment, introduced advanced technologies such as big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things, explored the construction of smart terminals and smart ports, and finally realized intelligent terminal operations, improving the efficiency of port operations.
Trade and investment
Shanghai has frequent trade exchanges with the United States, Japan, the European Union, ASEAN and countries along the Belt and Road. It can strengthen technical cooperation with the United States, Europe and Japan, and open markets to each other and expand exports with countries along the Belt and Road. To build a free trade port and improve the level of investment and trade facilitation in Shanghai can not only expand exports, but also attract foreign capital, introduce advanced technology, learn advanced management methods and business models of internationally renowned enterprises, and improve the international competitiveness of local enterprises. In terms of investment, 175 countries and regions have invested in projects in Shanghai, including multinational enterprise headquarters, branches, project investment, and the establishment of research and development centers. Many companies choose to settle in Shanghai because Shanghai has high investment value and many preferential policies, which are the advantages of Shanghai in building a free trade port.
In the financial market
Shanghai is the third largest global financial center, with a sound financial system and a wide range of financial instruments and products, which can meet the financing needs of enterprises in capital markets at all levels. Shanghai Stock Exchange ranks the fifth in the world with a long history of development and its international status has been improved year by year. In order to further promote the development of international finance and improve the level of financial openness, and actively promote Shanghai's financial cooperation with overseas countries, Shanghai has carried out a number of financial forums and seminars, strengthened international financial talent exchanges, organized financial talent exchanges, and financial college students exchange and investigation plans, Cultivate high-level talents for international financial cooperation. At the same time, we will continue to optimize the financial environment and create a free and superior financial environment.
Policy support
The government has issued a number of preferential policies to support trade, investment and financial development. Such as the negative list management model, which minimizes the contents of the negative list, constantly expands the areas of opening up, and gives foreign-funded enterprises more freedom. The financial allocation of special funds is used to encourage and support multinational enterprises to establish regional headquarters and R&D centers in Shanghai, and reward them for starting enterprises and renting sites. In terms of trade, establish a single window for international trade, and use the information-based digital administrative management system to improve the efficiency of customs clearance.
International experience and countermeasures
Trade facilitation
Compared with Hong Kong and Singapore, Shanghai's single window still has some problems, such as imperfect functions, low coordination and operational efficiency of various departments. Therefore, we should learn from the experience of Singapore and Hong Kong in the construction of free trade ports, create a "one-stop trade platform", and connect traders, relevant trade outsourcing service enterprises, and government regulators through a platform, On this platform, the application materials can be submitted once and reviewed once, so that enterprises can spend less time and travel less. At the same time, expand the functional modules of the one-stop service platform to achieve full coverage of all trade links. In addition, we should clarify our strategic positioning, actively integrate into the construction of the Belt and Road and the Yangtze River Economic Belt, give full play to our own advantages, build a high-level open free trade port, and accumulate experience for the construction of free ports in other regions of the country.
Investment facilitation
To build an international arbitration center, while safeguarding the interests of Chinese investors and the legitimate rights and interests of foreign investors, it will optimize the business environment and drive the development of local legal services. To provide professional supporting facilities and strengthen the construction of talent team, the government will provide start-up funds to establish the Shanghai International Arbitration Center, encourage outstanding foreign investment arbitration institutions to settle in Shanghai and give them preferential treatment, learn from the experience of Singapore and Hong Kong, import legal talents for these investment arbitration centers, and provide financial support for their businesses. It is a pilot project in a high-level university in Shanghai, offering professional courses in arbitration, while giving them practical opportunities and platforms. Students will be led to participate in arbitration projects by off campus tutors, combining theory with practice, and cultivating students' international vision and practical experience. In terms of investment, the negative list has been reduced to 95 items, but there are still many shortcomings compared with the United States, Singapore and Hong Kong. For example, the definition of investment, commitment terms, and non conformance measures still need to be precise and perfect. In addition, the negative list needs to be further refined and more transparent. The scope of the negative list needs to cover the pre access and post access stages. At the same time, expanding investment should include direct investment and indirect investment. It is necessary to further expand the field of foreign investment, refine the specific contents and requirements, and list the restricted fields, reference rules, etc.
Financial innovation
Promote interest rate marketization
In the Free Trade Port Zone, interest rate marketization will be implemented, deposit and loan interest rate restrictions will be gradually relaxed, and social restricted funds will be revitalized to provide financial services for enterprises. According to the credit rating results of the credit bureau on the enterprises in the free trade port area, long-term financing will be given to the enterprises with small scale, financing difficulties but good credit rating.
Phase out foreign exchange control
According to the regional economic development, and taking into account the market financial risks, gradually relax the foreign exchange control in the capital market, realize the free flow of capital, and enhance the enthusiasm of enterprises for trade and investment. At the same time, we should scientifically and reasonably control financial risks and crack down on transnational financial crimes.
Establishment of offshore RMB onshore center
Shanghai, as the financial center of Guojin, has carried out offshore RMB business. The establishment of an offshore business onshore settlement center can promote the internationalization of RMB while providing a venue for RMB transactions between residents and non residents. Create an internal and external separated offshore financial market, so that the offshore business and onshore business can be separated from each other and developed independently. For details, please refer to the practice of opening IBFs accounts in the United States.
Government and legal supervision
Learn from the successful experience of foreign countries, study and formulate a free trade port law that is suitable for the economic development of our own region, and create a good business environment. Theoretically, the free trade port law should include the definition, characteristics, establishment conditions, declaration process, supervision system, development and operation mode, finance, taxation, personnel management and other aspects of the free port. Actively connect with the legislative standards of international free trade ports on environmental protection, and protect the environment of the port area while developing the economy.
reference:
Zhu Fulin, Status Quo, Development Trend and Experience of World Modern Free Trade Ports [J] Lanzhou Academic Journal, 2018 (11): 144-153
Yu Miaojie, Xu Zhuxi, Zhu Huirong, Motivation and Path of China's Free Trade Port Construction under the Background of Anti globalization [J] Jianghai Journal, 2018 (02): 108-113+238
Research Group of the Institute of International Trade and Economic Cooperation of the Ministry of Commerce, Xing Houyuan, Policy Comparison and Reference Research of China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone, Hong Kong and Singapore Free Ports [J] Scientific Development, 2014 (09): 5-17
Guo Yongquan Strategic Research on the Construction of China's Free Trade Port and the Deepening Reform of the Free Trade Pilot Zone [J] International Trade, 2018 (03): 21-26
Model Essay on Free Trade Part 3
Topic: Analysis of China's foreign trade strategy under the development of international economy and trade
Abstract: With the continuous enhancement of China's economic strength, the scientific and technological level of society is also developing and progressing, and the development of international trade is also very rapid. Now it has also developed very mature. Under such a background, China's foreign trade level also needs to be gradually strengthened. The development of each country has gone towards globalization, so we should open the door, develop foreign trade, comply with the world's development trend, focus on innovation and creation of technology and industry, constantly improve the level and show new capabilities.
Key words: international economy and trade; Foreign trade; Strategy; Innovation and creation
In the new historical form and background, information technology has developed very rapidly, and has inadvertently penetrated into all aspects of people's lives. Relying on the development of this technology, countries in the world are more closely connected than ever before. In this new era, China also needs to make new innovations and changes in its foreign trade strategies to keep pace with the times and meet the requirements of the new era. In this critical period, it is of great practical significance to study and analyze China's foreign trade strategy to explore new development directions. When analyzing China's foreign trade strategy, we should also combine our own development status and actual level, reorganize and improve the foreign trade strategy that is more in line with China's national conditions, and add bricks and tiles to China's economic and scientific and technological development.
1 Development trend of international economy and trade
1.1 Bilateral and regional free trade is relatively active
Since the 1990s, some countries have carried out economic transformation, which has made bilateral and regional economic cooperation more favorable. With the passage of time, since the new century, regional free trade has become thinner and more popular, and has gradually become the basic way for countries to cooperate. This has made international trade liberalization develop better and the way to adopt this method is more convenient. An important way to achieve trade liberalization is bilateral and regional economic cooperation. The beginning of bilateral regional economic cooperation is the Cobden Treaty. After that, all countries are committed to economic development. Until now, many countries have transformed their economic cooperation from global economy to bilateral economic cooperation, More and more other countries have joined in and adopted bilateral economic cooperation. Europe, the United States, North America and the Asia Pacific have also established the world's largest economic and trade organization. Since then, the development trend of regional free trade has become more favorable. Many countries are optimistic about this bilateral, regional free trade.
1.2 The negotiation process of multilateral trading system stagnates
Trade liberalization has gradually developed into the basic form of economic globalization. The basic way for countries to carry out international economic and trade cooperation and maximize the use of world resources has gradually moved closer to trade liberalization, which has been basically finalized,. However, no matter how the economy develops or how the world situation changes, trade liberalization is relative and consistent with trade protection policies. Since the 1990s, the world's economic memory should show the imbalance between different countries. For example, the United States, as a developed country, is far ahead of other countries in its economic level. This problem has exacerbated the fierce competition among countries in the global integration system. Since the 21st century, the economic situation of some developed countries in the world has slowed down, and the economic trade has also shown a number of slow trends. This has intensified the competition among countries, and even led to serious trade conflicts. At this time, the free trade economic protection policy was born in accordance with the trend. However, in the new round of multilateral trade system negotiations, due to the changes in the world economic situation and the impact of fierce competition among countries, the negotiations have been hindered and the progress is very slow. It is necessary to find new ways to reconcile economic interests.
1.3 Rapid development of emerging economic forces
Before, the economy of the United States, Japan and Europe accounted for almost two thirds of the world economy, with an astonishing proportion. They were the three largest giants in the world economy and trade. However, since the 21st century, the economic development of the three giants has experienced bottlenecks, serious aging, domestic supply exceeding demand, weakened labor force, and reduced innovation ability, It has brought down their economic development, which has led to their internal unreality and hollowness. However, the developing countries have developed rapidly since the 21st century, and their economic level has been rising. They focus on innovation, encourage young people to innovate, cultivate talents in need in all aspects, focus on the development of talent capabilities, and take a series of measures to retain high-tech, high IQ, and high ability talents to help national development. Steady progress, no arrogance, no ambition, down-to-earth follow the socialist line, have confidence in themselves. For example, since the reform and opening up, China has become the second largest economy in the world, with steady economic growth throughout the whole process.
2. The selection principles of China's foreign economic relations and trade
2.1 Integration into the global system
With the continuous development of economic globalization, global integration has become a major trend. China's foreign economy and trade should also change its thinking, open the economic door to foreign countries, think about problems from the perspective of globalization, make full use of the greatest advantage of the international market, actively participate in international trade, strengthen its own principles, and develop China's general economy, Open market. Continue to adhere to reform and opening up, adapt to the development trend of international free trade, seize international opportunities, make good use of international resources, and at the same time, do a good job in risk measurement and control, risk prevention to ensure the safety of senior high school students, and minimize losses in case of accidents.
2.2 Improve export trade structure and policies
Since the reform and opening up to the outside world, China has been improving its policies and guidelines for foreign trade. However, the most important form of trade in China is export, which has indeed promoted the development of China's economy and improved its economic level. But even so, there are still some inevitable problems in China's international trade: for example, China's trade exports almost all products that need to rely on a large number of labor production, which are cheap, but also consume a lot of manpower and material resources. The products exported from counterpart trade are relatively single, and the development path is relatively narrow, which cannot greatly expand the development of foreign trade. Therefore, China should pay attention to this problem, adjust the structure of trade export products, innovate products, improve quality, and control export volume.
3. Strategic formulation of China's foreign trade based on the international situation
3.1 Strengthen China's understanding of "Ouch" in international trade
As one of the important components of international economic and trade development, import and export trade is closely related to our society and national economy on the one hand, and to our economic security on the other hand. Therefore, we should focus on recognizing the freedom of international free trade, and spread the concept, significance and impact of international free trade to all parties through the media, And actively study the frontier knowledge of international free trade. China should also formulate corresponding guidelines and policies for international free trade. Without rules, there is no square. A perfect system is the cornerstone of future development. With a sound strategic deployment, we can carry out foreign trade work in a purposeful, planned and steady way. The essence of other countries, advanced technology, front-end ideas, and innovative thinking can be considered and utilized, while paying attention to protecting China's economic security. In foreign trade, we should pay attention to imports and actively expand them to ensure diversified imports and promote China's economic development.
3.2 Improve the development level of service trade
Under the current situation of economic free trade development, if we want to improve our competitive strength, we should vigorously develop and improve the level of service trade. The state should vigorously support the development of service trade and give assistance at the critical moment. The government should support enterprises to develop service trade and encourage enterprises to actively introduce foreign excellent advanced technology. At the same time, relevant laws and regulations should be formulated to create a good trade development environment and attract foreign businessmen to develop in China. Efforts should be made to break the limitations of China's economic and trade structure and mode, vigorously research and develop scientific and technological products, improve the quality and technical content of scientific and technological products, and improve market competitiveness.
3.3 Actively participate in international monetary reform
Although China has been developing well in recent years and has become the largest developing country in the world, its economic development is not only about these, but also its economic benefits are related to foreign exchange reserves and the international monetary system. International economy and trade In the process of increasing the reform of the international monetary system, China should actively pay attention to and participate in several women, so as to ensure China's steady increase in the process of economic development, strengthen the use value of RMB in the international community, actively develop in various fields, and become more and more international.
4 Summary
In general, economic globalization is the general trend of development in the new century, and international economy and trade in the context of economic globalization are of vital importance. China should actively participate in the construction of globalization, integrate foreign trade with the world, grasp China's national conditions, formulate efficient strategic planning, improve relevant policies and regulations, and maximize the advantages of foreign trade, Improve China's strength in international trade competition and promote China's economic development.
reference:
[1] Wang Xiaohong. The transformation and deepening of China's foreign trade strategy in the new era [J]. Journal of the National School of Administration, 2010 (19): 112-114
[2] Wang Fei. On China's Foreign Trade Strategy and Comparative Advantage Trap [J]. International Trade, 2010 (21): 208-209
[3] Yang Zhimao. Research on the impact of developing strategic emerging industries on promoting the upgrading of China's industrial structure [J]. Business Economics Research, 2018 (18): 48-49
Model Essay on Free Trade Article 4
Title: International Economic and Trade Development and China's Foreign Trade Strategy Choice
Abstract: The world economy is gradually becoming multipolar and comprehensive from the situation of tripartite confrontation. With the development of economy, the world power is gradually inclined to developing countries. This article briefly discusses the current situation of China's foreign trade and the strategies that should be taken in the current international trade situation.
Key words: foreign trade: strategic choice: world economy
With the advent of the Internet era, the relationship between countries has become closer, and the gap between countries is constantly narrowing. At the same time, the deepening of relations between countries has also intensified economic development and resource integration. The development of national economy has promoted the development of national comprehensive strength, which has a decisive impact on whether a country can occupy a competitive advantage in the world competition. Therefore, how to improve competitiveness and influence in the world economy is an important issue that China has been studying.
1、 Current development trend of international trade
（1） World Power Tilt and Developing Countries
For a long time in the past, the world economy was dominated by the United States, Europe, Japan and other developed countries, and the world economy was dominated by the United States, Japan and Europe, With the rapid development of developing countries, developing countries are playing an increasingly important role. The world economy is gradually moving towards multipolarity. At the same time, because developing countries account for a relatively large population and are located in a relatively wide region, the demand for many products is also quite large, which is an important audience in the world economy and the export of raw materials and labor, By virtue of human resources and the rapid development of the economic situation, it gradually has the strength to compete with developed countries. With the rapid development of economy, the advantage of population and the talent cultivation brought by the population base, as well as the close connection between developing countries, each developing country is a force that cannot be underestimated based on these considerations. In the world economy, developing countries have more and more voice and occupy more and more important position [1].
（2） Multilateral trade negotiations slowed down
At present, the trend of world multipolarization is becoming more and more obvious. In the world trade, trade protection and trade barriers still appear. In view of this situation that is not conducive to the development of the world economy, the WTO has also conducted multilateral trade negotiations for many times. However, it is difficult to reach an agreement among countries due to their culture, political ideas and needs, Therefore, the multilateral trade negotiations are difficult. However, the multipolarization of the world economy and trade liberalization are still moving forward, but they are relatively slow compared with the planned speed. At present, the World Trade Organization is focusing on solving the positions of countries, seeking the balance point among them, so that the world economy can develop better and faster, Let the world resources be better integrated [2].
（3） Rapid development of regional free trade
With the development of modern science and technology, the world's trade tends to be more cooperative. The convenience of science and technology makes the closer cooperation between regions more convenient. While the trade union between countries in the world is more frequent, the regional trade also develops very rapidly. The reason is that the relatively low tariffs between regional economies provide more convenience, Relatively, it also improves national profits. Through regional cooperation, it can not only ensure the normal operation of the economy, but also reduce national costs and improve national profits. Therefore, now more and more countries are participating in regional economic cooperation to promote regional economic integration. WTO members have more frequent contacts with each other, and regional trade has developed rapidly [3] 。
（4） The rapid development of world service trade
With the progress of science and technology and the improvement of ideas, people gradually realize the importance of the environment, which requires both green water and green mountains. Therefore, the research on the service industry among various countries is more in-depth. The labor trade and resource trade service trade are obviously more suitable for long-term development, and resources will be exhausted one day, However, service trade will not continue. At the same time, compared with resource trade and labor trade and service trade, it is easier to obtain costs, lower profits and higher profits. Under the general tone of rapid development of network technology, local and local regions, as well as countries between regions, have more frequent contacts, and the economy has always had more. At the same time, it also broadens the market of service trade, so that the audience of service trade is more consistent with the concept of modern economy in general, whether it is sustainable development or high profit service trade, which can also protect national resources and promote sustainable economic development.
2、 Transformation of foreign trade strategy
（1） Transform trade structure
Since the reform and opening up, China's economy has been developing rapidly, and the way of foreign trade has also been constantly reformed. But for a long time, it has been affected by objective factors. The main form of China's foreign trade is labor-intensive export products. Compared with other products, science and technology are less profitable. As we all know, science and technology products are relatively profitable, The labor-intensive products will make the labor work tired, and can not change too much economic benefits. Therefore, China needs to vigorously promote the R&D of scientific and technological products to change the product type of export trade from labor-intensive to scientific and technological, and obtain high profits through the R&D of science and technology. At the same time, the development of science and technology can also promote the production efficiency of products, save human and material resources, and improve the quality of export products, Through the training of scientific and technological talents in the R&D of scientific and technological products, the country can be in an advantageous position in international competition and become more competitive internationally [4].
（2） Develop strategic trade
China has a relatively weak advantage in the world market of high-tech products, but high-tech products are an indispensable part of modern people's daily life. Compared with other products exported by China, high-tech products have a wider audience and higher profits. Faced with this situation, China needs to change the export trade structure. It is also necessary to change the strategic direction. According to the market situation, research, China can support the research and development of a large number of domestic enterprises cultivating scientific and technological talents, encourage the cultivation of innovative talents and professional talents, and the government can correspondingly support some industries in scientific and technological fields to help them better conduct scientific and technological research, In today's world economic market, only more scientific and technological talents can bring more profits to the country. The country can encourage outstanding talents to engage in scientific research by creating corresponding competitions and providing capital support for enterprises, so as to promote the upgrading and transformation of the country's economic structure from within. China is one of the members of the World Trade Organization. Therefore, China's support for scientific research of national enterprises should conform to the principles of the World Trade Organization, increase support for the cultivation of scientific and technological personnel of enterprises through government subsidies, gradually form its own high-tech industry chain, form its own competitive advantage and brand, and improve the country's comprehensive competitiveness.
（3） Pay attention to the development of service trade
The service industry, as an economic type with relatively few resources and relatively low costs, involves high profits. However, the overall development level of the service industry in China is relatively weak compared with other countries, and the competitive advantage is not obvious. Therefore, in order to improve China's economic income, China needs to optimize and upgrade the service industry, Improve the level of the service industry, which can not only protect China's national resources, but also promote the growth of the country's economic strength. The country can provide financial support for the service industry, so that they can better build their own service environment, strengthen the infrastructure structure within the enterprise. At the same time, the country can also train professional talents, and develop exclusive strategic measures for the service industry, The development of the service industry can organically follow the big target. At the same time, it is also necessary to improve the service quality and comprehensively improve the comprehensive quality of workers. Whether it is the telecommunications industry, insurance investment industry, or other industries, it is necessary to promote their transnational operations and improve their service quality. Properly guide them, expand their scale, and improve their service level. To strengthen the development level of service enterprises, we should start with computers and information services, improve the audience area of enterprises through the collection and optimization of network information, and also expand the scale of enterprises through the network. At the same time, the improvement of computers and information services is also conducive to the collection of information in the service industry. Comprehensive and complete information resources can optimize and upgrade enterprises, More sense of purpose and guidance [5].
（4） Integration into regional economic integration
In the context of world economic integration, each country cannot be alone. Only through mutual exchanges and cooperation can it improve continuously. China, with the same comprehensive national strength, can't build a car behind closed doors. It needs to take a broad view of the world situation, have a good grasp of the world pattern, understand the strategic position of countries, as well as national principles, and find partners. On the one hand, it can promote economic development, on the other hand, it can also improve the voice of countries, enhance the overall strength of partners through mutual cooperation, and at the same time, it can better integrate into the world economy of regional economic integration. With the development of the times, countries are linked with each other more closely, and economic exchanges are more frequent. The current trend of world trade is that the world power gradually inclines to developing countries. Developing countries have more and more voice and influence in international trade. At the same time, the current multilateral trade negotiations are developing slowly, but the free trade area is developing rapidly, In the context of world economic and trade integration, only by integrating into regional trade to seek partners, help each other, and promote each other can we obtain higher profits.
3、 Conclusion
The transformation of development strategy is no longer blindly pursuing the output of products, turning to cultivating professional high-tech talents, encouraging enterprise research and development and student training, and promoting the upgrading and transformation of national economic structure from the inside to form its own competitive advantage. At the same time, China also needs to pay attention to the role of its service trade throughout the layout of world trade, because service trade, Compared with other trade, the demand for capital and the consumption of resources are relatively small, and more economic profits can be obtained through service trade. China needs to start from calculator and information service, comprehensively improve the development level of China's service trade, and integrate into the track of regional economic integration.
reference:
[1] Zhu Yurong. International Economic and Trade Development and China's Foreign Trade Strategic Choices [J]. Development Research, 2013, (1): 19-23
[2] Dong Tao. Research on the Development of International Economy and Trade and China's Foreign Trade Strategy Selection [J]. Young Writers, 2013, (10): 209-210
[3] Lu Wenpeng. An Analysis of International Economic and Trade Development and China's Foreign Trade Strategic Choices [J]. Business Information, 2017, (15): 76
[4] Li Haiyue. International Economic and Trade Development and China's Foreign Trade Strategic Choices [J]. China Business Review, 2019, (10): 92-93
[5] Huang Danni. International Economic and Trade Development and China's Foreign Trade Strategic Choices [J]. Shandong Industrial Technology, 2017, (9): 278
Model Essay on Free Trade Article 5
Title: Development Status and Prospects of Free Trade Ports
——Take Hainan Free Trade Port as an example
In April 2018, General Secretary Xi Jinping announced at the meeting to celebrate the 30th anniversary of Hainan's establishment as a special economic zone, that the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China has decided to support the island wide construction of a free trade pilot zone, support Hainan to gradually explore and steadily promote the construction of a free trade port with Chinese characteristics, and establish a free trade port policy and system step by step and stage by stage. Hainan Free Trade Port has become a national strategy. In June 2020, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the Overall Plan for the Construction of Hainan Free Trade Port (hereinafter referred to as the "Overall Plan"), so that the construction of Hainan Free Trade Port has entered the "fast lane".
1、 Development of Hainan Free Trade Port
The free trade port is a specific area located outside the customs area of a country (region), where goods, funds and personnel can enter and leave freely, and most goods are tariff free. It is a special economic functional zone with the highest level of openness in the world at present, and a free trade zone with a higher degree of openness. Hainan is the largest special economic zone in China, with a unique geographical location, the best ecological environment in the country, and a relatively independent geographical unit, which has the unique advantage of becoming a national reform and opening up experimental field. As an island, Hainan has obvious regional advantages, good natural ecological environment and rich marine resources. Giving full play to Hainan's regional and resource advantages has important strategic significance for the high-quality economic and social development of Hainan and even the whole country.
The construction of Hainan Free Trade Port should reflect the Chinese characteristics, take the development of tourism, modern service industry and high-tech industry as the leading role, and put more emphasis on the comprehensive development of people to fully stimulate the vitality and creativity of development and create a higher level and higher level of open economy. In this regard, the Overall Plan has made specific arrangements step by step and stage by stage. For example, in order to promote consumption upgrading, it is proposed to relax the duty-free shopping quota in outlying islands to 100000 yuan per person per year before 2025, and expand the types of duty-free goods. In addition, Hainan Free Trade Port vigorously promotes "minimalist approval", carries out planning approval on behalf of projects in key parks, regional assessment on behalf of individual projects, implements access list and notification commitment management, and organizes joint acceptance, creating a first-class business environment for the construction of the Free Trade Port. Sanya Central Business District, which was founded in June 2020, is one of the 11 key parks to be built in Hainan Free Trade Port. Sanya Central Business District is committed to the construction of business environment, whether it is a measure of "one change, two reductions, three speed ups" to promote the facilitation of commercial services, or "one seal approval, one window circulation, one mechanism for enterprises, one person minimalist approval, one shift service" All of the five "one approval" acceleration measures are committed to reducing the phenomenon of multiple departments of enterprises running back and forth, and achieving the acceleration of construction and production.
2、 The current deficiencies in the development of Hainan Free Trade Port
Through horizontal comparison, this section explores the development characteristics, weaknesses and shortcomings of Hainan Free Trade Port in terms of functional positioning, industrial development level, international competitiveness, etc.
1. Function positioning is not clear
Hong Kong, Singapore, Rotterdam, Dubai and other world-famous free trade ports rely on their own advantages to focus on specific areas and achieve dislocation competition. For example, Singapore's development of an international financial center has not been built into a comprehensive financial trading center covering all financial factor trading markets like Hong Kong, but focuses on international settlement and clearing business. At present, Singapore is the world's largest settlement financial center. In addition, Singapore has identified the niche market of artworks and focused on the development of bonded warehousing and trading business of artworks. At present, Singapore is the world's largest art trading center. To build a free trade port in Hainan, we must compare it with other high-level free trade ports in the world, make full use of Hainan's unique geographical and ecological advantages on the basis of absorbing and learning from international experience, explore a differentiated path to build a free trade port, and comprehensively enhance Hainan's core competitiveness and world influence.
2. Low level of industrial development investment and construction
In November 2020, 162 projects were launched in Hainan Province, with a total investment of 55.18 billion yuan, which is the largest number of projects and the largest total investment since the construction of the Trade Port started in a centralized manner. The projects cover industrial development, infrastructure upgrading, public services for people's livelihood and other fields. Among them, there are 37 industrial development projects, with a total investment of 28.2 billion yuan, accounting for 51% of the total project investment. Not long ago, 10 industrial projects with an investment of more than 1 billion yuan were started in the new area near the port of the Shanghai Free Trade Zone, with a total investment of more than 30 billion yuan, including cutting-edge industries such as integrated circuits, biomedicine, and new energy vehicles. By comparison, we can see that the total investment in the construction of Hainan Free Trade Port is relatively large, but the average amount of each project is only 340 million yuan, and the average amount of industrial development projects is 760 million yuan, which is a quarter of the new area near the port.
3. Insufficient competitiveness in the international market
The talent element is the key to promoting the construction of Hainan Free Trade Port. The data in November 2020 shows that there are more than 500 enterprises registered in Sanya CBD, more than 100 enterprises are going through the registration procedures, 11 of the world's top 500 registered enterprises, and the talent policy is delegated to the park. The incentive policies implemented include incentives for managers, housing subsidies and other incentive support. However, compared with the Measures of China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone Lingang New Area to Support Talent Development and the approach of Lingang New Area to centrally sign contracts with 18 well-known human resource service institutions at home and abroad to promote relevant human resource service institutions to settle in the new area, Sanya CBD still has obvious gaps in talent introduction and mechanism guarantee. In addition, it took only half a year for the world-famous Tesla super factory to settle in the port, from signing the contract, obtaining the land to starting construction. The "Tesla speed" has amazed the world, and the competitiveness of the free trade port in the international market is still insufficient.
3、 Suggestions on the future development of Hainan Free Trade Port
The construction of Hainan Free Trade Port with high quality and high standards needs to constantly improve the level of governance modernization to make it conform to the international prevailing rules and facilitation requirements. I think we should focus on the following three aspects.
1. Define the functional positioning of the whole island
Hainan should carry out dislocation competition, not focusing on entrepot trade and processing and manufacturing, but focusing on the development of tourism, high-tech industries and modern service industries. Hainan's current economic aggregate and trade and investment scale do not have an advantage in China, so it is particularly important to adopt differentiated competition policies: first, use unique tourism resources to develop more diversified tourism products and extend the tourism industry chain; Second
Learn from Singapore's successful experience in building a garden city, use Hainan's beautiful natural scenery and climate conditions to attract high-tech enterprises, and increase policy support for high-tech industries; The third is to rely on Hainan's natural offshore advantages and focus on the development of modern service industry with offshore finance as the core. In addition, the overall throughput of Hainan port is relatively small, which is not suitable for focusing on the development of seaports, but the airport resources are relatively rich. At present, there are three airports, namely Meilan Airport, Phoenix Airport and Boao Airport. Hainan's overall air passenger volume and throughput are among the best in the country. In addition to the special policy of "tax exemption on outlying islands" in Shanghai South, it can focus on the development of airport industry.
2. Strengthen the supply of public goods
Work hard on cross sectoral cooperation and integration of work systems to promote high-quality sharing of basic public services through unified and coordinated supply of public goods. For example, we will further promote the cooperation agreement between provincial schools, deepen the construction of cooperation mechanisms with famous schools at home and abroad, and jointly run schools to improve the quality of running schools. According to the requirements of benchmarking internationalization, we will vigorously promote public health construction by introducing and cultivating a number of professional, high-level medical and health and other public resources. We will accelerate the improvement of the public health management system and constantly optimize the public service functions through project-based and inventory based methods.
3. Accelerate industrial system innovation
In June 2021, the Law of the People's Republic of China on Hainan Free Trade Port was promulgated. According to the industrial orientation of Hainan Free Trade Port given by the central government, we will focus on piloting the trade and investment system highly related to Hainan's industrial development, such as focusing on creating a legal, convenient and international business environment; Build a commercial dispute resolution mechanism in line with international standards, introduce the temporary arbitration system, and stabilize the expectations of external investors; Actively promote and implement talent policies. The core of Hainan's construction of a free trade port lies in institutional innovation, avoiding inefficient competition through "policy depression" and preferential policies. It cannot simply attract external investors through preferential policies. It should focus on highlighting the advantages of institutional innovation, build a new highland of openness by benchmarking the construction form of a free trade port with the highest international standards, and tailor it to the opening characteristics of the new era Institutional innovation system in line with new international economic and trade rules.
reference material:
[1] Cheng Liangbo. The positioning and responsibility of Hainan Free Trade Port under the new development pattern [N]. Hainan Daily, 2021-1-8 (A08)
[2] Cai Bingxian. Promoting the spirit of "shop waiter" to "add points" to the business environment [N]. Sanya Daily, 2020-12-7 (003)
[3] Ma Jun. Continuously optimizing the business environment to stimulate the vitality of market players. Economy. 2021 (01)
[4] Hu Jiaxiang. Legal Innovation in the Construction of China's Free Trade Port and Its Significance. Oriental Law, 2018 (4): 13-14
Model Essay on Free Trade Article 6
Title: On the Impact of New Trade Protectionism on the Development of China's Free Trade
Abstract: The specific exploration of trade protectionism is of great significance to global trade liberalization and the establishment of good economic relations between countries. Since 1970, with the rise of Japan and Europe, the United States has begun to face more intense international competition, the trade deficit has continued to expand, and economic stagflation has begun to emerge. It has begun to abandon trade liberalization policies and adopt a series of new non-tariff barriers instead. A variety of increasingly diversified, hidden and "rationalized" new means of protection have been hindering the process of global trade liberalization. Based on the traditional trade protectionism, this paper analyzes the evolution process of trade protectionism to explore the reasons for the emergence of new trade protectionism and its impact on free trade.
Key words: new trade protectionism; Free trade; influence
1、 Overview of New Trade Protectionism Theory
In the 1970s, the world economy fluctuated frequently, and the capitalist economy entered a "recession". Under the impact of two oil crises, two serious economic crises, and the rise of emerging economies, the old capitalist countries fell into general economic difficulties. Modern trade protectionism (new mercantilism) comes into being with the expansion of the international market by monopoly capital, the export of excess capacity, and the transfer of domestic economic crisis. Contemporary new trade protectionism is a trend of coexistence with economic globalization and trade liberalization in the multilateral free trade system under the GATT and WTO framework. [1] The theoretical source of new trade protectionism: (1) The strategic trade policy in the new trade theory. The economists represented by Krugman take the "monopoly competition model" of "economies of scale and imperfect competition" as the reasonable explanation of their trade theory, and believe that the production of international trade lies in differences in labor productivity, technical level and factor endowments, The moderate intervention of the government can improve the market operation effect to a certain extent and promote the stable and healthy operation of the economy. A country can adopt economic subsidies, industrial policies, foreign economic policies and other means to help. Maintain and protect its domestic strategic industries, improve its international competitiveness, and increase its national economic interests and overall welfare level. (2) Tim Lang and Colin Haze's regionalist new trade protectionism theory believes that free trade policies tend to cause excessive competition while promoting international competition, improving economic efficiency, increasing employment and national income of a country. The most typical is that developing countries carry out short-term predatory exploitation of their resources in order to pursue short-term economic interests and expand exports The reduction of social expenditure and subsidies for exports by various economic means have been replaced by the deterioration of the environment and the expansion of relative poverty. From the perspective of imperfect market, this theory advocates government intervention, implementation of trade protection measures, and coordination of the relationship between economy, environment and fairness. (3) Morris advocated the new trade protection theory of international labor price equalization. The theory of international labor price equalization is derived from the "Heckscher Orin Samuelson" theory, that is, the theory of factor price equalization: international trade originates from the price differences of factors of production caused by different countries' factor endowments, but the development of international trade liberalization and free flow of factors of production enable countries to effectively use various factors of production, The result is the equalization of prices of factors of production. Under the "alignment effect", developed countries will try to take trade protection measures to increase the labor costs of developing countries and weaken their international competitiveness. (4) Environmental priority trade protection theory. Since the 1990s, with the rapid development of global industrialization and urbanization, resources and environment have also suffered more and more damage. In order to deal with the problems caused by global sustainable development and ecological environment destruction, the international community has incorporated the protection of environment and resources into national laws, regulations and international conventions. The most typical of these is that various countries begin to adopt various technology and green trade measures under the pretext of environmental and resource protection. These measures will eventually evolve into trade barriers and become "reasonable" means of protection for various countries. [2]
2、 Manifestations of New Trade Protectionism
Since 2018, the world economy as a whole has shown a slow growth trend, but the basis of economic growth tends to fluctuate, the global economic and political environment is becoming increasingly complex, and the global trade protectionism forces led by the United States rise one after another, affecting the business environment of enterprises in various countries and reducing their financial market confidence, threatening the development of world trade. [3] The intellectual property rights and national security characterized by the "337" and "301" provisions of the United States have become a new excuse for trade protectionism. At the same time, the traditional "two counter measures and one remedy" measures have also shown new features of expanding the scope and strengthening the means. In recent years, China has suffered from more and more trade protectionism barriers with different characteristics. Among the traditional means of protection, antidumping protection measures are in the majority, followed by countervailing and safeguard measures, the most obvious feature of which is that there are more households in developing countries, followed by developed countries and regions. The new trade protectionism measures mainly include technical barriers and non-technical barriers.
Trade management measures
Trade management measures are new trade protection measures based on the theory of imperfect competition market, which are applicable to the strategic or pillar industries of developed countries. However, in recent years, they have gradually become the trade protection measures commonly adopted by developing countries. They are mainly composed of the following measures: (1) anti-dumping measures. Dumping is the selling of goods from an exporting country to another country at a price lower than its normal value, And cause substantial harm to the industry. Generally speaking, dumping is regarded as a specific manifestation of price discrimination, which violates the basic principles of fair competition and trade. From the perspective of the implementation of international anti-dumping measures, developed countries continue to use this measure frequently, while developing countries gradually become extensive users of anti-dumping measures from the original countries under investigation. China has become the country with the most anti-dumping investigations for 23 consecutive years, which has caused a lot of economic losses to enterprises and the country every year. (2) Countervailing measures, the so-called countervailing measures, refer to any measures taken directly or indirectly to reduce the cost and increase the competitiveness of imported goods in the process of production, manufacturing or export. [4] In fact, various countries and industries have different levels of subsidy policies, and these subsidies are generally more basic and strategic industries. However, in recent years, the ways of subsidies provided by various countries have become more diversified and covert. However, since countervailing cases involve more government departments of a country, it is difficult to identify them, so the number of cases has been kept at a relatively low level. (3) Safeguard measures, according to the Agreement on Safeguard Measures, safeguard measures refer to import restriction measures taken by a member party due to unexpected circumstances or obligations under the GATT (including tariff concessions) when import surges and causes serious damage or threat to its domestic related industries. The WTO allows its member countries to take such measures to protect their domestic industries when imports surge. The safeguard measures are only aimed at the impact of the surge in the number of goods flowing into individual countries on the domestic market of the importing country, without considering that these products also flow into the country under fair trade terms.
Technical barriers to trade
Technical trade measures refer to the measures taken by a country or region to restrict and prohibit imports in international trade. According to the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement), technical barriers to trade mainly include the following three situations: (1) technical regulations; (2) Technical standards; (3) Conformity assessment procedure. [5] The provisions in the agreement are considered that the country can take reasonable measures and do not constitute a barrier. The supplement to the TBT agreement is the SPS agreement (Agreement on the Implementation of Animal and Plant Health and Quarantine Measures). The three measures of technical barriers to trade are mainly embodied in technical standards, health inspection and quarantine standards, packaging and labeling. [6] Most of these technical protection measures are adopted by developed countries with advanced science and technology, and most of them are implemented by developing countries at a disadvantage. China is also one of the countries affected by the measures all the year round. With the development of economic globalization, more and more attention has been paid to the relationship between trade exchanges and environmental issues. For this reason, many importing countries (regions) have begun to set up green trade barriers to restrict their exports to their own countries on the grounds of protecting their own natural resources, ecological environment and human health. As green trade barriers are also the expansion and extension of traditional technical barriers to trade, Therefore, its means and measures are mainly based on various environmental protection technical regulations, standards, and accreditation procedures, which involve whether effective ecological environmental protection measures are adopted in the whole process of product research and development, production, packaging, transportation, use, and reuse. [7]
Blue trade barrier
Blue trade barrier was born in the 1990s. In the name of protecting the rights and interests of blue collar workers, it requires enterprises in exporting countries to treat their workers in accordance with relevant national labor standards, so as to increase their costs and restrict the export of products. From the original intention of SA8000 social responsibility standard, it is mainly to protect labor rights. However, because most of its standards are set in developed countries, the standards set according to its development level and current situation are often difficult for developing countries to reach, or will cause the cost of enterprises to rise and the international competitiveness of products to weaken. This unequal and high standard requirement has its "rationality" on the one hand and concealment on the other hand. Unbalanced economic development and the existing advantages of countries that actively advocate and implement these standards often result in discrimination against developing countries' products in entering the international market, raising the market access threshold for products and weakening the export scale and product competitiveness.
Intellectual property barriers
According to the WTO Agreement on Trade related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS for short), intellectual property rights refer to (1) copyright (copyright) and neighboring rights; (2) Trademark right; (3) Geographical indication right; (4) Industrial product design right; (5) Patent right; (6) Integrated circuit layout design right; (7) Undisclosed information rights. [8] [9] With the development of global trade, new international intellectual property trade situations such as licensing trade, franchising, cooperation methods, turnkey contracts, and intellectual property services. Intellectual property barrier refers to a trade protection means that a country (enterprise) restricts the development of its competitors by applying for intellectual property rights or setting intellectual property barriers in order to maintain the international competitiveness of its products. The implementation of intellectual property barriers requires the country to have both developed technology and a sound and perfect intellectual property legal system, which is often an unfair excuse for developed countries to protect their own products and markets. The "337 clause" of the United States is the most frequent means, which mainly refers to the investigation of products entering the United States for unfair competition or infringement of intellectual property rights, and a series of restrictive measures, as recognized by the International Trade Commission (ITC). Due to its low threshold for filing and easy investigation, its investigation cases are on the rise year by year. However, because of its high litigation costs, this is a huge cost for most enterprises.
3、 The Impact of New Trade Protectionism on China's Free Trade
（1） Promote relevant reforms in China
In the 21st century, the trend of economic globalization is becoming more and more obvious. Especially since China's accession to the WTO, the planned market economy system has left many institutional and institutional drawbacks. If you want to integrate into the international market, you must transform from the institutional mechanism into the international market, from the planned economy to the market economy, but the path of transformation is complex, On the one hand, under the pressure of various international trade barriers, China will be forced to strengthen the optimization and layout of industrial structure, improve technical standards, and improve relevant laws and regulations. For example, since China joined the WTO in 2001, the total tariff level that China promised to reduce has dropped from 15.3% in 2001 to 9.8% now, and the tariff level has been declining; The Chinese government has been committed to the reform of streamlining administration and delegating power to government departments, easing the entry threshold for all kinds of enterprises, opening up more industries, promulgating laws and regulations such as the Foreign Investment Law, creating a good business environment for foreign enterprises, and transforming the government into a market-oriented economic system through institutional reform.
Since China's accession to the WTO, China has always been the most affected country by the implementation of trade protection measures. Through active legislation at the national level, we have actively responded to it, encouraged all industries to actively participate in the actions to safeguard their own rights and interests, and international and industry associations have actively participated in the discussion and formulation of international standards, so as to bring China's relevant laws, regulations and standards into line with international standards, It will provide more similar countries with models to participate in international competition.
2、 Promote China's technological progress
The manifestation of the new trade protectionism on technological progress is the technical barriers to trade. Developed countries often use their own technological advantages to set up industry regulations and standards with a variety of names and high technical requirements, which brings high entry costs to enterprises in other countries. Emerging countries achieve the goal of entering other countries' markets through learning and improving high-tech. Due to the time lag of demand and imitation caused by the difference of technological factor endowments between the technological innovators and the technologically backward countries, the innovators can export products that use this technology intensively before the latter countries imitate and export this technology. When the technology diffusion enters the later stage, the technologically backward countries master this technology and export it, At this time, the country of technological innovation changed from an exporter to an importer. If we want to maintain this technological advantage for a long time, then a country must maintain its long-term investment in technology R&D and innovation to maintain its technological advantage and obtain long-term benefits. Broad technical barriers to trade include not only TBT but also SPS (Animal and Plant Health, Inspection and Quarantine), and its impact on China
Since 2007, it has exceeded anti-dumping measures and become the main measure affected by protectionism in China. More than 90% of China's total exports of agricultural products and manufactured goods, the relatively simple export structure, strong market dependence, and the high growth rate of export volume every year make these export products of China easily subject to control. By setting various technical standards, regulations, inspection and quarantine and certification procedures in foreign countries, in order to meet the standards and requirements of importing countries, Chinese enterprises have to pay extra high costs and expenses every year for export, which has damaged the economic welfare of enterprises and consumers to varying degrees. However, to some extent, it also forces enterprises to improve their technological innovation level, and the country improves various laws, regulations and technical standards to promote, so as to provide a better environment for Chinese enterprises to participate in international competition. The number of TBT notifications can also highlight the level of a country's technology, standards, and laws and regulations.
3、 Promote the improvement of China's foreign trade structure
According to the data compilation standards of the National Bureau of Statistics, export products can be classified into primary products (including agricultural products, various raw materials), industrial finished products (light industrial products, machinery and transportation products, electronic communication products), miscellaneous products and unclassified products, These classification standards are basically specified according to the level of investment in product production and the level of technology, so the proportion of these different types of products in foreign trade can indirectly reflect the development level of the country's advantageous industries and science and technology.
In general, China's foreign trade structure is gradually maturing and improving, the proportion of low value-added products is declining, and heavy industry and other industries with high value-added products have become the main force. From the perspective of intra industry trade theory, the former labor-intensive industry determines that China can only obtain the economic benefits at the lowest end of the value chain, while the increasing proportion of the gradually developed high-value electromechanical, communication and heavy industrial products will further deepen China's layout in the international industry chain and deepen the development of high-tech industries, Continue to maintain competitiveness in the international market. In order to be in an advantageous position in the international trade market, it is necessary to optimize the domestic industrial layout, actively explore the international market on the basis of the development of advantageous industries, form a diversified regional demand structure, and prevent the single industrial layout from being controlled by others.
In a word, although trade protection measures can protect and promote a country's economy in a short time, they are not a long-term solution under the general trend of economic globalization and trade liberalization. It has a certain promoting effect on both the implementing country and the implemented country: (1) As far as the old and new trade protection measures are concerned, they will promote the upgrading and transformation of a country's industry based on its own advantages, technological innovation and the realization of economies of scale and industrial rise, and improve the international competitiveness of products and markets; (2) New trade protectionism will restrict the export of a country's products through various technical standards and regulations, But at the same time, it will urge the enterprises in the implemented country to comply with laws and regulations and improve the quality of products. (3) Green trade barriers have restricted the export of products with high consumption of resources and energy and serious environmental pollution, forcing them to upgrade their products and adjust their industrial structure, promoting their research and development of environment-friendly products, which to some extent helped the relevant departments of the country to carry out environmental protection review and ban. (4) More and more new trade protection policies will also urge the country's industrial departments to adjust their industrial layout, enterprises to adjust their export product structure, and reduce the passive disadvantage of single export products or single export place. (5) Intellectual property barriers will enable a country to attach importance to the legislative protection of intellectual property rights from a national perspective, safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of domestic and foreign enterprises, and promote the internationalization of its intellectual property standards. [10]
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Model Essay on Free Trade Article 7
Title: Research on the Development of China ASEAN Free Trade Area Economic and Trade Cooperation from the Perspective of Language and Culture
Abstract: In the era of knowledge economy and globalization, production factors can be reconfigured beyond national boundaries, and products can be sold competitively worldwide. In this context, the economic function of language is increasingly apparent. The China ASEAN Free Trade Area is the world's largest free trade area with the largest population and the largest free trade area among developing countries. The development prospect of the China ASEAN Free Trade Area is huge. Language and culture similarity is one of the important factors that affect international trade. From the perspective of language and culture, discussing the development of China ASEAN Free Trade Area economic and trade cooperation and the role of language and culture in economic activities is conducive to promoting the development of bilateral economic and trade cooperation.
Key words: language and culture; Linguistic economics; China-ASEAN Free Trade Zone; the cooperation of management and trade
1、 Preface
The world today is experiencing great changes not seen in a century, and economic globalization is a major trend. As mentioned in the keynote speech of General Secretary Xi Jinping at the opening ceremony of the 2017 Annual Conference of the World Economic Forum, economic globalization is the objective requirement of the development of social productivity and the inevitable result of scientific and technological progress, providing a strong driving force for world economic growth, promoting the flow of goods and capital, science and technology and civilization progress, and people to people exchanges.
The China ASEAN Free Trade Area is the world's largest free trade area with the largest population and the largest free trade area among developing countries. The development prospect of the China ASEAN Free Trade Area is huge. Based on the important role of import and export trade in economic development, "unimpeded trade" naturally becomes the key content of the "Belt and Road" construction. Promoting investment and trade facilitation, eliminating investment and trade barriers, building a good business environment in the region and all countries, and stimulating the release of cooperation potential are also areas that should be focused on in the construction of the "Belt and Road". The facilitation of trade must be based on the social foundation of "people to people", which depends on people to people exchanges. In other words, friendly people to people and cultural exchanges are a strategic and fundamental proposition that takes precedence over economic and trade cooperation. People to people and cultural exchanges aim at spiritual communication. "Words are the voice of the heart". The core issue of spiritual communication is language. This paper intends to explore the development of investment cooperation in China ASEAN Free Trade Area from the perspective of language and culture under the background of constantly strengthening people to people and cultural exchanges and economic interaction.
2、 The economic value of language
In the era of knowledge economy and globalization, production factors can be reconfigured beyond national boundaries, and products can be sold competitively worldwide. In this context, the economic function of language is increasingly apparent, and language plays an increasingly important role in economic life. It is called the constituent element of economic competitiveness factors such as science, technology, human skills, and environment, and has become a new element with huge potential to promote and restrict modern economic competitiveness. Language is not only a tool of communication, but also human capital. It is a special social resource, quasi public goods, and has market value; The use of language in society will produce direct or indirect, tangible or intangible social and economic benefits. Language not only serves economic development, but also has economic value. "Language can serve the economic interests of users regardless of its size or its popularity.".
Language not only brings economic benefits to micro subjects, but also generates huge externalities to the development of enterprises and social economy in a country. First, the overall improvement of a country's national language ability can create favorable conditions for economic development, and can indirectly enhance the country's international competitiveness and influence. The competition of powerful countries lies not only in market, products and technology, but also in language. The international influence of a country is not only reflected in the development of economy and science and technology, but also the promotion and popularity of language is one of the symbols of a country's comprehensive national strength. "Strong language and culture" will bring multiple benefits to the country that are difficult to estimate. Language has always been an important tool for gaining political and cultural interests. The competition among economic powers is based on language competition. In the process of historical development, English has become a powerful language in the world with the colonial expansion of Britain, and a common language in the world with the rise and development of the United States. Many countries regard the use and mastery of English as an important factor in their economic development. The development of language is not only the expansion of language, culture and ideology, but also the huge economic benefits and the continuous enhancement of national soft power. In order to meet the needs of people to improve their language ability, various language schools have been set up. Language training services, language counseling services, language learning materials, etc. have developed rapidly. The development of these language and cultural industries has increased social employment opportunities, promoted the optimization and adjustment of the industrial structure, and stimulated the development of the tertiary industry.
3、 Development of China ASEAN Free Trade Area Economic and Trade Cooperation
ASEAN's internal cooperation has been deepening and has been committed to promoting intra regional integration. Since the Bali Summit in 1976, Southeast Asia's economic cooperation has been formally put on the agenda and gradually accelerated. In 1992, six ASEAN countries signed the ASEAN Free Trade Area Agreement. The construction project of the ASEAN Free Trade Area was officially launched in 2002. In April 2013, the 22nd ASEAN Summit defined the specific measures and steps that must be taken to build the ASEAN Community in 2015, and put forward the long-term goal of striving to achieve the real "people-oriented" goal after 2015.
On the one hand, ASEAN is actively establishing regional communities; On the other hand, under the impact of the wave of economic globalization, they gradually realized the importance of starting a new level of cooperation and building an all-round cooperative relationship, and began to decide to carry out "export-oriented" economic cooperation. The ASEAN "10+3" cooperation framework also came into being. In the first informal summit meeting between ASEAN and China, Japan and South Korea, the "10+3" cooperation framework and the three "10+1" parallel East Asian economic systems were formally established, which indirectly demonstrated the success of the East Asian Economic Community proposal. At the same time, ASEAN has also actively restarted negotiations on regional free trade agreements, mainly targeting China, Japan and South Korea, as well as neighboring Australia and New Zealand. Based on this, the economy of East Asia and Southeast Asia has developed rapidly.
From this, we can see that ASEAN has made remarkable achievements in the process of its own community integration. The overall economic development of ASEAN can be said to be faster than that of South Korea and Japan. In the process of promoting free trade in ASEAN, with the establishment of the "China ASEAN Free Trade Area" in 2010, the "South Korea ASEAN Free Trade Area" in 2011 and the "Japan ASEAN Free Trade Area" in 2012, multilateral trade volume has increased significantly, which will also play a role in promoting regional division of labor integration, technology upgrading and industrial transformation in East and Southeast Asia. China has proposed a major initiative to jointly build the "Belt and Road", paved the maritime silk road facing ASEAN, and created a strategic fulcrum to drive the development of hinterland. The further deepening of cooperation between China and ASEAN is a new development opportunity for both China and ASEAN under the five aspects of connectivity: unimpeded trade, people to people connections, facilities connectivity, financing, and policy communication.
4、 The Influence of Language and Culture on the Development of China ASEAN Free Trade Area Economic and Trade Cooperation
Anderson and others pointed out in their Handbook of Cultural Geography that understanding geopolitics and geo economy requires a cultural perspective. In reality, economic activities are often embedded or rooted in a certain socio-cultural environment or space, and culture is also rooted in a certain spatial area. The different location, geography and space factors form the product transportation distance and cultural exchange cost. Since Easterly and Levine started the research field of the impact of ethnic diversity on economic growth, international research literature on cultural diversity and economic growth has been emerging. Some experts and scholars believe that cultural diversity has a significant inhibitory effect on economic development. With regard to the linkage mechanism between the two, most scholars believe that cultural diversity, represented by ethnic groups, languages, religions, etc., hinders economic development mainly based on the potential costs of cultural diversity - inter ethnic communication, transaction costs, conflicts of interest, religious prejudice, discrimination, protectionism, etc., which usually affect government behavior, resource allocation, corruption Social stability, which has a negative impact on economic growth. At the same time, the communication costs of cultural diversity lead to cultural distance and hinder economic exchanges, investment, trade and other trading activities. This has become the main mechanism for cultural diversity to affect economic growth.
Although the ten ASEAN countries are geographically close, they have great internal differences. The contradictions within ASEAN countries are mainly reflected in differences in languages and religious beliefs. First of all, there are many official languages in ASEAN countries. Each country has two or more official languages. The same official language has become quite rich in vocabulary after localization and foreign influence, which adds obstacles to communication between countries. Secondly, ASEAN countries have different religious beliefs and cultural differences. Conflicts between different religious beliefs occur from time to time. Different cultures and religious beliefs seriously restrict exchanges between the two sides of cooperation and affect trade cooperation between countries. Except Thailand, other ASEAN countries have long or short colonial histories. Different colonial histories have had a certain impact on the differences in language and religion within ASEAN.
5、 Countermeasures and Suggestions for the Development of China ASEAN Free Trade Area Economic and Trade Cooperation from the Perspective of Language and Culture
Language and culture similarity is one of the important factors affecting international trade, and the higher the language and culture similarity, the greater the positive effect on the import and export trade volume between China and ASEAN countries, and between countries within ASEAN. Cultural diversity brings "disadvantage of outsiders", which leads to the lack of mutual cultural trust, thus affecting economic exchanges and cooperation between the two sides. The diversity of languages in ASEAN countries has increased the barriers to language exchange in the process of investment cooperation, resulting in higher costs of information acquisition and untimely information communication; The ethnic diversity and religious diversity of ASEAN countries are likely to lead to trust barriers between different cultural groups within the country, and even lead to conflicts and instability of national politics and economy, which will affect the investment confidence of enterprises in the other country. The cultural diversity of ASEAN countries has increased the difficulty for investors to understand the culture of ASEAN countries, leading to obstacles for investors to perceive and understand the environment of ASEAN countries. The higher the degree of language use and cultural identity, the less barriers to communication between the two sides, effectively avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation caused by cross-cultural communication, enhance mutual trust and identity, and further promote bilateral trade cooperation. The increasingly close people to people and cultural exchanges between ASEAN countries in China play an important role in promoting Chinese enterprises to invest in ASEAN countries. Therefore, this paper attempts to discuss the development of China ASEAN Free Trade Area economic and trade cooperation from the perspective of language and culture, materialize human factors in foreign trade, explore the role of language and culture in economic activities, and then promote the development of bilateral economic and trade cooperation, which can provide some reference countermeasures and suggestions for China ASEAN Free Trade Area with large internal cultural differences.
From the national level, language and culture factors can affect a country's foreign economic and trade cooperation. Especially in the context of the establishment of the ASEAN Free Trade Area, the implementation of the "Belt and Road" and the 21st Century "Maritime Silk Road" initiatives, China has continuously deepened economic and trade cooperation with countries along the route, including ASEAN. Although China and ASEAN seek common ground while reserving differences to promote cooperation has a cultural foundation and will, its real implementation needs mechanism guarantee. In particular, the establishment of a long-term effective people to people and cultural exchange mechanism and the promotion of mutual "people to people" have become a strategic and fundamental proposition that takes precedence over economic and trade cooperation. As the most basic communication tool, language is closely related to education, culture, scientific research and other aspects of social life. It is also one of the symbols of national culture. From the perspective of long-term social development, different cultural circles that show differences in customs, lifestyles and values are often composed of groups that use no language. These differences usually affect economic and trade cooperation between the two sides in the form of cultural barriers. China's foreign trade and diplomatic activities are increasing, and the flow of economic and trade continues to rise. Language is becoming more and more important in economic and trade cooperation. For China, in order to promote foreign trade and improve the quality of foreign trade services, the influence of language and culture factors can be improved from the following aspects:
First, ASEAN countries and China have very different bases for exchanges and cooperation. Their official languages include countries that use words and countries that do not use Chinese. For these two types of countries, different language policies should be formulated to better serve the cooperation between China and ASEAN countries. First of all, the countries that use discourse are familiar with and identify with Chinese culture to a certain extent. In the process of exchange and cooperation, we should take the common cultural origin as the starting point, pay attention to the cultural differences between the two sides, train professional talents, develop the language industry, form a complete industrial chain, and promote cultural exchanges and industrial development.
Second, strengthen language education in non common languages. By learning the language barriers of trade target countries, people can enhance the language ability of both sides of service trade and enhance the cultural identity of both sides of service trade, thus enhancing China's bilateral service trade flow. In addition to the high English level in some European countries and regions along the "Belt and Road", the English level of most people in the "Belt and Road" countries and regions is low. Therefore, a clear purpose and an orderly plan to improve the Chinese people's ability in non common languages will help China to accurately, timely and comprehensively understand the relevant knowledge of the service trade laws, trade practices and local conditions of the trade target countries and regions, reduce the service trade friction and reduce the risk of service trade. When encountering service trade problems, they can also communicate directly to obtain service trade assistance.
Finally, English education in our country cannot be ignored, and we should continue to strengthen the ability of our people to use English. According to the analysis in the article "Analysis of the Advantages of Indian Software and Service Outsourcing Talents", the number of people who have mastered English ranks second only to the United States in the world. The number of people who have contacted English has exceeded 200 million, and the number of people who are proficient in English has reached 50 million. The educated people generally have good English listening, speaking, reading and writing skills. India's economic development, to some extent, also benefits from its unique English advantages in communication and intercultural communication skills. The survey report of McKinsey, an international consulting company, shows that the lack of English application ability of Chinese college students, especially science and engineering students, has hindered the development of China's service industry as a basic industry. Therefore, English education in China cannot be slackened.
reference:
[1] Sun Xinan Research on the Economic Development Mechanism of China ASEAN Free Trade Area from the Perspective of Linguistic Economics [J] Regional economy, 2021 (02): 76-78
[2] Wang Mengdan An Empirical Study on the Impact of Language and Culture on China ASEAN Trade [D] Shanghai: Shanghai International Studies University, 2017
[3] Li Cuiyun The Economic Value of Language [J] Financial Economy, 2014 (08): 128-130
[4] Xu Jun, self righteous An Analysis of the Economic Value of Language: An Empirical Study Based on Language and China's Foreign Service Trade [J] Journal of PLA Foreign Language Institute, 2020 (03): 66-73
[5] Chen Bing The Impact of Language and Culture on the Development of Cultural Industry in ASEAN Countries [J] Southeast Asia Zongzong, 2009 (09): 52-55
[6] Wei Yonggui, Li Hong, Niu Xiaotong Research on China ASEAN Cultural Diversity and Similarity Measurement and Investment Effect [J] World Geographic Research, 2019 (28): 45-57
[7] Li Zenggang, Zhao Miao English Pragmatic Proficiency and China's International Trade in Services [J] Journal of Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, 2012 (03): 78-81
[8] Wang Hui, Wang Yalan Language Status of Countries along the Belt and Road [J] Language Strategy Research, 2016 (02): 13-19
[9] Zhang Tiangui Expansion and deepening of economic and trade cooperation after the completion of China ASEAN Free Trade Area [J] Reform and Opening up, 2020 (15): 6-10
[10] Li Hong, et al Economic Analysis of International Cultural Cooperation -- Taking China ASEAN Region as an Example [M] Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, 2012
[11] Zhuang Guodi Interaction between economy, trade and migration: new development of relations between Southeast Asia and China -- and the reasons for Chinese migration to Southeast Asia in the past 20 years [J] Contemporary Asia Pacific, 2008 (02): 83-104
Model Essay on Free Trade Chapter 8
Title: Hainan Free Trade Port Law Promoting High Quality Development
Abstract: The Hainan Free Trade Port Law of the People's Republic of China is the basic law of Hainan's reform and opening up, which consolidates the policy advantages of Hainan Free Trade Port in many aspects, such as free and convenient trade, free and convenient investment, financial and taxation systems, ecological environment protection, industrial development, talent support, and so on, so as to continuously optimize the business environment Building a new highland of high-level opening-up provides a solid legal foundation, marks a new stage in the construction and management of the free trade port, and brings new historical opportunities for the high-quality development of Hainan.
Key words: free trade port law, high-quality development, siphon effect
On April 13, 2018, General Secretary Xi Jinping attended the conference to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the establishment of Hainan Province as a special economic zone, solemnly announced that "the CPC Central Committee has decided to support the construction of a pilot free trade zone across Hainan", giving Hainan special economic zone a new major responsibility and mission for reform and opening up. On June 10, 2021, the 29th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the 13th National People's Congress passed the Law of the People's Republic of China on Hainan Free Trade Port, which will come into force as of the date of promulgation.
The promulgation and implementation of the Hainan Free Trade Port Law is a milestone in the history of China's legal system construction and opening up. The rule of law is the best business environment. By taking advantage of the institutional advantages and the introduction of a series of supporting laws and regulations, the construction of Hainan Free Trade Port will be accelerated and innovatively developed. The implementation of the Free Trade Port Law has become an important engine to ensure and stimulate market vitality, opening up a broader prospect for Hainan's high-quality development and bringing new historical opportunities.
1、 Construct the legal and regulatory system of Hainan Free Trade Port
The Hainan Free Trade Port Law provides basic legal guidance for the construction of Hainan Free Trade Port, and effectively ensures that the reform and development of Hainan are carried out orderly on the right track. As the basic law, it plays an important role in the legal and regulatory system of Hainan Free Trade Port. The top-level design of the functional orientation, operation mode and management mode of Hainan Free Trade Port is carried out to clarify the basic framework and key system of the construction of the free trade port, integrate free and convenient trade, free and convenient investment, financial and tax systems, and promote the development of ecological environment protection industry, talent support A series of major institutional reforms and pilot measures in six major areas, including comprehensive support, have been incorporated into the legal framework, providing a legal basis for the construction of the laws and regulations system of Hainan Free Trade Port, pointing out the direction, providing basic guidance for the development of various undertakings in the construction of Hainan Free Trade Port, promoting the formation of a new pattern of reform and opening up at a higher level, and establishing a new system of open economy, So as to make Hainan more clear and confident in comprehensively deepening reform and opening up.
2、 A new milestone in Hainan's high-quality development
Hainan has promoted the construction of international submarine optical cables and landing sites, promoted the creation of offshore innovation and entrepreneurship demonstration areas, fully carried out the special action of government information integration and sharing, and comprehensively promoted the construction of information smart islands. The Hainan Free Trade Port Law gives Hainan greater power of independent reform and opening up in the form of law, expanding more development space.
The Free Trade Law clearly stipulates that the state establishes a leadership system and a management system compatible with Hainan Free Trade Port. The State Council and relevant departments of the State Council, according to the needs of the construction of Hainan Free Trade Port, authorize and entrust Hainan Province and relevant departments of Hainan Province to exercise corresponding administrative powers according to law; The State Council may, as necessary, authorize the Hainan Provincial Government to examine and approve the conversion of agricultural land to construction land and land expropriation; Review and approve the adjustment of the distribution of cultivated land, permanent basic farmland, forest land and construction land in the province. These new system designs have greatly expanded Hainan's space for "bold trial, bold pioneering and independent reform".
3、 Promote Hainan's new advantages of high-quality development
The Hainan Free Trade Port Law gives Hainan a series of policies and measures in the form of laws. Focusing on building the highest level of openness, it has made a series of innovative institutional arrangements for the construction of Hainan Free Trade Port, consolidated a series of preferential policies and measures given to Hainan by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council in the form of laws, and greatly stabilized the social expectations of Hainan Free Trade Port, It has strengthened the confidence of investors and talents in Hainan Free Trade Port, created new advantages and injected new momentum for Hainan to attract investment, gather talents and achieve high-quality development. The Hainan Free Trade Port Law further strengthens three new advantages of Hainan's high-quality development.
1. Build a national offshore financial center
Hainan is building an international undersea optical cable and landing site, with more free information flow. The financial center focuses on onshore financial business. As a free trade port, Hainan has a unique geographical location, which is equivalent to enjoying a new track, and has advantages that other cities cannot have.
(1) Promote the liberalization and facilitation of cross-border investment and financing. Support overseas investors to invest in private and public asset management products issued by securities companies, public fund management companies, futures companies and other financial institutions in Hainan Free Trade Port. Support overseas individuals employed in Hainan Free Trade Port to participate in domestic investment in A-share stocks, funds, specific futures, etc.
(2) We will expand financial openness and innovation. We will support eligible free trade port branches to carry out offshore banking business, encourage them to strengthen cross-border cooperation with insurance companies in Hong Kong and Macao, provide basic conditions for interconnection with Hong Kong and Macao insurance markets, and steadily expand the scope of cross-border asset transfer. Guided by "green" and "science and technology", and focusing on the positioning of Hainan National Ecological Civilization Pilot Zone, accelerate the innovation of green credit and green insurance products and services; We will strengthen innovation in the application of FinTech, build FinTech industry, and create a digital, automated, and intelligent financial service model.
(3) Improve the use efficiency of funds. The existence of offshore financial markets enables the international banking industry to operate continuously 24 hours a day, narrowing the distance between countries in time and space, and forming a global flow system of high-speed international lending funds; Preferential measures such as low tax or tax exemption in the offshore financial market and batch trading have reduced the global capital transaction cost; The continuous external expansion of transnational banks helps to strengthen the competition between global financial industries and financial markets, and improve the efficiency of financial industries and financial markets.
(4) Promote the development of international trade. International trade importers and exporters are usually more willing to obtain short-term financing mainly from the low-cost and high-speed offshore financial market. The powerful financing facilities provided by the offshore financial market for international trade promote the rapid development of the latter.
(5) Promote the development of international investment of transnational corporations. The operation and development of offshore financial markets have provided great convenience for multinational companies to conduct international investment. The offshore financial market, with its low cost, convenience and large amount of funds, naturally becomes an important financing place for multinational companies in developed countries; The advantages of multinational companies, such as large scale, strong strength, high reputation and relatively small loan risk, make the offshore financial market more willing to lend to them. It is the large amount of financing channels provided by the offshore financial market that make the large-scale investment, acquisition and merger of multinational companies in the world go smoothly. And some multinational companies also intend to use the offshore market of tax havens to avoid taxes in order to grab higher profits.
2. Implement preferential tax policies
The economic operation data of Hainan Province in 2021 released by Hainan Province shows that the growth rate of Hainan's main economic indicators has historically ranked among the top in the country, the outward oriented economy has a good momentum of development, and the symbolic economic characteristics of the free trade port have gradually emerged. Under the complex and changeable international environment and the downward pressure of the global economy, investors all favor the construction of Hainan Free Trade Port. The explosive growth of the service industry is attributed to the role of the rule of law. Preferential tax policies include: the highest personal income tax rate of 15% for high-end and scarce talents, the implementation of 15% corporate income tax for encouraged enterprises, and the implementation of zero tariff, low tax rate and simplified tax system in steps according to different stages of the construction of Hainan Free Trade Port, so as to finally form a tax system with international competitiveness.
3. Give play to the siphon effect of tourism industry
Hainan is known as the "Oriental Hawaii" for its unique tourism beauty. Through the development of tourism, it can drive investment attraction, exhibition and trade, and drive the development of the upstream, midstream and downstream industries in the modern service industry. Taking Dubai as an example, we have successfully used the lever of tourism to the extreme, and publicized the tourism characteristics to the world to attract tourists from all over the world, bringing all industries alive. Hainan Free Trade Port will certainly form a good "siphon effect" by giving play to its space and policy advantages. These measures will attract a large number of international and domestic capital and talents to enter Hainan, attract multinational companies, high-tech talents, and new technologies and industries suitable for high-quality development of Hainan. Implement the image orientation of Hainan International Tourism Island, accelerate industrial development, and enable Hainan to become the most dynamic and influential new open highland in the world in the future.
reference:
[1] Xi Jinping Speech at the Conference to Celebrate the 30th Anniversary of Hainan's Establishment of a Provincial Special Economic Zone [N] People's Daily, 2018-04-14 (2)
[2] Wang Chongmin, Cao Xiaolu Legal innovation and legislative guarantee for the construction of a free trade port with Chinese characteristics in Hainan [J] Journal of Jianghan University: Social Sciences Edition, 2019 (1): 14-21
[3] Zheng Xianhong, Ma Zhiyi, Wang Sixing Status Quo, Difficulties and Countermeasures of Legal Construction of Hainan Free Trade Port [J] Chinese Justice, 2020 (1): 30-33
Model Essay on Free Trade Article 9
Title: The dilemma and countermeasures of Hainan's implementation of free trade port investment facilitation
Abstract: By analyzing the current problems of investment facilitation in Hainan, and comparing the investment facilitation measures of China's current free trade zones and famous free trade ports at home and abroad, it is proposed that Hainan should start from the financial environment, market access, management system, legal environment, tax system and other aspects to establish a separate offshore financial market and create a "single window" And "one-stop service platform", implement open and transparent market access, implement the minimalist negative list, reform the tax system, and promote the legislation and judicial work of the free trade port.
Key words: free trade port; Investment facilitation; Negative list; Single window
The free trade port gathers a large amount of capital, is the center of trade and logistics, and is also the "regional or even global financial center". The successful international free trade port usually covers four aspects: domestic and foreign customs, investment facilitation, trade facilitation and functional integration. It can be seen that improving the degree of investment facilitation is an important part of Hainan's construction of a free trade port.
1、 Concept of investment facilitation
Investment facilitation and trade facilitation are closely linked and usually studied together, and they are collectively referred to as trade and investment facilitation. The concept of "investment facilitation" generally refers to the simplification and coordination of various procedures and policies for investors in member countries to participate in international investment activities; In 1995, APEC leaders included investment facilitation in the Bogor Plan and made it one of the "Osaka Action Agenda". In 2008, APEC officially put forward the APEC Investment Facilitation Action Plan (IFAP), which provides reference for the international community through ten specific guidelines. Since then, ten specific guidelines have become the main dimensions for assessing the degree of investment facilitation. China has made positive contributions to investment facilitation. At the G20 Hangzhou Summit in September 2016, China promoted the establishment of the G20 Global Investment Guidelines as a programmatic document for investment policies. In October 2016, China advocated the establishment of "Friends of Investment Facilitation", which attracted 16 developing countries, including Brazil, to join, so as to solve the WTO investment facilitation problem and improve the global investment facilitation level from three aspects of investment, trade and development.
2、 Basic Conditions for Hainan to Implement Investment Facilitation of Free Trade Port
（1） Regional advantages
Hainan Province has unique geographical advantages. In terms of geography, Hainan Island is an independent island, surrounded by the sea on all sides, and its geographical position is relatively independent; As the only tropical island province in China, it has rich marine resources and subtropical and tropical tourism resources. As China's largest special economic zone and the central hub of pan South China Sea economic cooperation, its strategic position is very important, and it is a window for exchanges between China and Southeast Asia. At the same time, Hainan has a vast hinterland and a huge market of 1.4 billion people as the support, which can realize the radiation and linkage with the domestic market and industry.
（2） Policy advantages
Tax exemption policy for outlying islands. Hainan is the fourth region in the world to implement the tax exemption policy for outlying islands, and has added online sales windows on the basis of duty-free stores, becoming a new growth point of Hainan's economy.
Visa free policy. Hainan enjoys the most convenient entry policy in China - visa free policy. Since May 1, 2018, the number of countries enjoying visa free preferential policies in Hainan Province has expanded from 26 to 59. In addition, Haikou Meilan International Airport enjoys Hainan's unique port landing visa policy. Foreigners can apply for landing visa from the exit and entry office of Haikou Meilan International Airport, and can stay in China for up to 30 days.
（3） Strategic significance
With its area advantage, Hainan Free Trade Port will become the world's largest free trade port after completion, shouldering major tasks such as deepening reform, institutional innovation, transforming government functions, and risk control. In the process of exploring the construction of a free trade port, Hainan has adopted a series of open preferential policies to attract domestic and foreign enterprises and tourists, promote the development of logistics, shipping, trade and finance, and provide conditions for building an international tourism island in an all-round way. In addition, it is beneficial for Hainan to build an important strategic node of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road, which is of strategic significance for China to develop and utilize the numerous islands in the South China Sea, as well as rich marine and oil and gas resources.
3、 Difficulties in Hainan's Investment Facilitation
Because of its backward economy, the construction of a free trade port with a high degree of openness is full of challenges for Hainan. In the process of opening up to the outside world, the eastern coastal areas have a huge domestic demand market relying on the vast hinterland, and the opening policy has a significant breakthrough effect on them. At present, there are still some obstacles to Hainan's construction of a free trade port and investment facilitation, in addition to the weak points such as the low proportion of export-oriented economy, the small number and scale of market players, and the low level of industrial technology.
（1） Lack of special laws and regulations
UNCTAD conducted a survey of 108 investment countries from 2010 to 2015, and few domestic laws related to investment facilitation. In accordance with international practice, the construction of a free trade port should be legislated first. At present, Hainan Free Trade Zone does not have special laws and regulations, the level of legal protection is not high, and it does not have legal decision-making autonomy. Therefore, it is necessary to reform the existing system and establish an effective new system.
（2） There are multiple negative lists
At present, China has four negative lists, which means that domestic and foreign capital market access in China should follow one negative list, while foreign capital market access should follow three other negative lists. Therefore, the phenomenon of multiple legislations on the same matter makes the negative list system unable to play a role in improving the level of investment facilitation, and also reduces the level of investment facilitation.
（3） Many types of taxes and fees and heavy burden
China has a long tax preference period and poor tax stability; There is no classified reduction or exemption of capital gains, which is inconsistent with international practices; The policy of replacing subsidies with awards consumes enterprise resources; The wide variety of taxes has led to the increase of transaction costs of enterprises, which has affected the convenience of trade to a certain extent. Therefore, on the one hand, Hainan can learn from the policy experience of domestic free trade zone pilots such as Guangdong and Shanghai, and on the other hand, it can benchmark the internationally advanced and mature free trade ports, but it cannot simply learn from the practices of a country or region, and should consider its own specific conditions and adjust measures to local conditions.
4、 Successful experience of existing domestic free trade zones
（1） Guangdong Free Trade Zone: Negative List System
It has been six years since Guangdong Pilot Free Trade Zone was put into use. Guangdong has the policy advantage of the forefront of reform and opening up and the geographical advantage of being close to Hong Kong, Macao and the South China Sea. Its degree of opening up and the convenience of trade and investment are among the top in China. In order to attract Hong Kong investment, the agreement simplifies the procedures for Hong Kong investment to enter the mainland directly, involving customs, trade, law, investment, enterprise cooperation and other fields. These investment facilitation measures have significantly strengthened Hong Kong's direct investment in Guangdong, with a significant increase in the number and effect of investment. The most effective contribution made by Guangdong Free Trade Zone in terms of investment facilitation is the implementation of two "list" management systems, that is, the mode of "pre access national treatment+negative list" for foreign-funded enterprises and the list management for domestic enterprises. The current negative list has been reduced from 190 in 2013 to 45 in 2018. In addition, set up a pilot project to try the list management model of domestic enterprises' investment projects, and reform the approval system for domestic enterprises' investment.
（2） The "Single Window" of Shanghai Free Trade Zone
As the first free trade pilot zone in China, the measures taken by the Shanghai Free Trade Zone in promoting investment facilitation can provide Hainan with learning experience. As enterprises need to handle multiple licenses for market access, the "single window" system implements "one form declaration, one export acceptance, internal circulation, and parallel approval", which simplifies import and export procedures, greatly improves trade and investment facilitation, and realizes information sharing with the "single window" of international trade. The implementation of "single window" requires building a unified government information platform for data sharing, making import and export procedures electronic and integrated, realizing "one declaration, one inspection and one release", and reflecting the handling of regulatory authorities. This mode avoids the shortcomings of the original mode of personnel, client and document system, and improves the efficiency.
5、 Development experience of famous free trade ports at home and abroad
At present, there are four types of free trade ports in the world, namely, comprehensive port, industrial and trade port, logistics port and tax avoidance port. Singapore and Hong Kong, China are comprehensive, with the highest degree of openness, and have the functions of international trade, processing trade, entrepot trade and international logistics.
（1） Singapore
The infrastructure is complete. Singapore's infrastructure construction ranks second in the world, with Singapore's aviation infrastructure ranking first in the world and port infrastructure ranking second in the world. Perfect infrastructure helps to ensure the quality of logistics services and attract a large number of international logistics enterprises. Free economic policy. On the one hand, Singapore implements trade liberalization. The World Bank has released the latest report on business environment. Singapore's business environment ranks second among 200 economies in the world. On the other hand, Singapore has a high degree of investment openness. The cost of setting up a business in Singapore is low and the procedures are simple; The low registered capital of enterprises and loose regulatory environment are conducive to attracting foreign capital. The entry threshold for foreign capital is low and there are few restrictions. Foreign funded enterprises are encouraged to set up new headquarters. In addition, Singapore has abolished the control of capital inflow and outflow and established an integrated offshore financial market. Singapore has established laws and regulations related to functional positioning, preferential policies, regulatory system, management system, etc., with the Free Trade Zone Law as the core.
（2） Hong Kong
With low tax rates, less government intervention and free trade, Hong Kong has become one of the most open ports in the world and "has been rated as the freest economy in the world by the American Heritage Foundation for 23 consecutive years". In terms of taxes, Hong Kong is famous for its excellent tax environment, low taxes, few types, only three direct taxes, and the tax exemption system. In terms of personnel circulation, the Hong Kong government provides convenient entry and exit conditions and relaxed visa policies for people entering and leaving Hong Kong, and adopts visa free policies for many countries for a certain period of time. In terms of laws and regulations, Hong Kong has established a relatively complete legal system in order to create a good competitive environment, which is conducive to regulating various behaviors and relationships in economic activities. The economic law of Hong Kong accounts for 45% of the written law. The Company Law, the Banking Ordinance and other regulations and restrictions regulate and restrict the behavior of companies, providing legal protection for ensuring fair and free competition and maintaining market order. In addition, Hong Kong has established a sound legal system to protect personal property and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of enterprises.
6、 Countermeasures for Hainan to Implement Investment Facilitation of Free Trade Port
Hainan Free Trade Port aims to realize the free flow of people, goods, funds and information with the highest degree of openness based on international standards, create the most convenient and free investment environment, and provide the greatest convenience for investors around the world. We should learn from the experience of the current pilot free trade zone in China and the experience of the famous international free trade port, and explore and implement investment facilitation measures in line with Hainan's own development in combination with Hainan's actual conditions and development orientation.
（1） Establish offshore financial market
The free flow of funds is the basic feature and important guarantee for the realization of investment facilitation. In 2018, Hainan's financial industry accounted for 6.4% of the province's total GDP, lower than the national average, and far from Shanghai (17.7%) and Beijing (16.6%). Hainan can learn from Singapore's experience, establish an internal and external offshore financial market, isolate domestic financial accounts and offshore financial accounts, and receive some funds from offshore accounts under the premise of strict control and supervision of capital flow and direction, so as to prevent capital flows in the financial market from affecting its monetary policy. In addition, Hainan will promote the reform of its account system to achieve cross-border local and foreign currency settlement; Develop RMB offshore business, expand RMB market pricing power, and promote RMB internationalization in new forms. Finally, strengthen financial prudential supervision capability, effectively but not offside supervise key businesses such as cross-border capital flow, offshore inter-bank capital flow and offshore banking financial business, and maintain the stability of domestic financial market.
（2） Develop a minimalist negative list and establish a more open market access mechanism
China piloted the negative list of foreign investment in 2015, and then adjusted it according to the pilot experience, further promoting investment facilitation by reducing the list content, optimizing the list structure, and adding list descriptions. In terms of access to foreign investment, another 15 restrictive measures were cut. The minimalist negative list should go first. To formulate a minimalist negative list in line with Hainan's reality, restrictions on establishment procedures, foreign exchange control, capital requirements and other aspects should be lifted, and foreign-funded enterprises should be promoted to carry out trade, cross-border investment and financing, offshore payment and settlement and other activities. On the one hand, we will manage all kinds of market entities in a unified way, and handle the qualification and license application of market entities in accordance with unified standards and specified time limits. On the other hand, further cancel the business environment for market entities to obtain qualifications and create fair and free competition in an all-round way. At the same time, we should constantly optimize the negative list of investment access and cross-border service trade, and gradually eliminate the "prohibitive and restrictive measures".
（3） Create a "single window" and build an investment facilitation management system
On the one hand, we will use intelligent means to create a "single window" for international trade. The declarer can declare once, and the supervisor can release after once checking and meeting the standards. The integrated information management service platform provides comprehensive international trade services such as logistics, insurance, supervision, etc. through information sharing and simplified procedures to achieve data information sharing, effective and rapid verification and timely supervision services for all departments.
On the other hand, optimize management services and constantly improve service procedures and methods. Establish a "one-stop service platform" for Hainan government services through the Internet and government service platform, and implement online and offline integration; Implement the "Internet+approval" model, and handle foreign capital business through one network; Integrating the filing management and industrial and commercial registration of foreign-funded enterprises, and constantly simplifying the administrative approval procedures, the approval can be "run once" at most; Cancel the filing system for general investment projects of enterprises, and allow enterprises to carry out independent registration and convenient cancellation, so as to facilitate services for enterprises to make independent choices.
（4） Establish and improve relevant laws and regulations
A sound legal system and a high degree of rule of law are the support and guarantee for the development of Hainan Free Trade Port. Therefore, it is urgent to establish a legal system and an investment dispute settlement and coordination mechanism that are consistent with the reality and development of Hainan Free Trade Port, so as to promote fair competition in the market and provide investors with a good market environment.
First, establish an exclusive legal protection system for the free trade port. A sound and perfect legal guarantee system is an important guarantee for the smooth implementation of various investment activities of the Free Trade Port, and also an important basis for promoting the facilitation process of investment activities. In the new era, if Hainan wants to develop a free trade port, become a frontier window and platform for opening up, and achieve unique free development, it should formulate special laws and regulations as direction guidance and legal basis, and take the definition, principles, functions, positioning, investment management system, trade development system, financial supervision system, administrative management system, tax mechanism The mechanism for settlement and coordination of commercial disputes is established in legal form. Pay attention to economic legislation according to Hainan's demand for promoting the investment facilitation of free trade ports; Clarify the subject of authorization, strengthen legislative work, and gradually adjust and sort out relevant laws and regulations;
Second, establish diversified investment dispute settlement and coordination mechanism
A necessary measure to attract foreign enterprises is to establish a diversified investment dispute settlement and coordination mechanism in line with international trade rules. Therefore, Hainan should establish and improve specialized courts, such as international commercial courts, intellectual property courts, digital courts, bankruptcy courts, etc., based on international rules and practices; Introduce advanced international arbitration concepts and models, support international commercial arbitration institutions to settle in Hainan in various forms of capital, and introduce different arbitration methods of two legal systems to solve civil and commercial cases.
（5） Reform the tax system
As Hainan Free Trade Port is located within the territory, it selectively draws on Singapore's advanced tax system and management experience, combines Hainan's own reality and development orientation, formulates a reasonable tax strategy, and gives full play to the positive role of tax in promoting foreign investment and creating an international business environment.
First, simplify tax procedures. Establish a simple tax system based on direct taxes, reduce the tax rates of enterprise income tax and individual income tax, and eliminate tariffs and turnover taxes on most commodities. At the same time, we will improve tax efficiency by simplifying processes and online payment. In addition, Hainan Free Trade Port can explore a comprehensive exemption from VAT. In addition to imposing certain consumption tax on goods and some luxury goods whose import and export are restricted by the state, it can also exempt consumption tax on other goods and services.
Finally, foreign enterprises are encouraged to use land intensively, adopt legal and flexible employment methods, and reduce operating costs. We will improve the system of attracting investment and attract foreign capital and advanced technology by virtue of good freedom and services.
reference:
[1] Ma Guoqiang, Zhao Xiaotong: Analysis of the Financial Environment for Building Hainan Free Trade Port with Chinese Characteristics, published in Journal of Hainan University (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition), 2018, Issue 4, Page 26.
[2] Bogor Plan for Free Trade and Investment before 2020 (IFAP).
[3] Zhao Wentao: Research on the Policy Effects of Trade Liberalization and Investment Facilitation in Guangdong and Hong Kong, 2017 Dalian University of Technology, page 44.
[4] Wang Shengkang, Bai Ying, Han Jia, Zhang Dongdong, Zeng Ru, Wang Meihui: Analysis and Reference Significance of the Development of Hong Kong Free Trade Port, published on Today's Hainan, 2018, Issue 5, Page 25.
[5] Profits tax, salaries tax, property tax
[6] In addition to tobacco, alcohol and other four tariff lines, other goods were exempted from customs duties.
[7] Including property rights system, credit system, information disclosure system and accounting review system.
[8] Lan Qingxin, Han Meng, Ma Rui: Viewing the Construction of China's Free Trade Port from the Development Experience of International Free Trade Port, published on Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Vol. 2, 2019, p.39.
[9] The research group of China (Hainan) Reform and Development Research Institute: Hainan Explores the Preliminary Assumption of Building a Free Trade Port with Chinese Characteristics, published on Reform Magazine, 4th issue, 2019, page 32.
[10] Fan Xin: Thoughts on Promoting Investment Liberalization and Facilitation in Hainan Free Trade Zone, published on Hainan Daily, October 10, 2018, B4.
[11] Sun Chao: Research on the Tax System of the Free Trade Port -- Also on the Construction of the Tax Incentive Mechanism of Hainan Free Trade Port in China, published on the 4th issue of Tax Economics, 2018, page 50.
Model Essay on Free Trade Article 10
Title: Comparative Study on Domestic Pilot Free Trade Zones under the New Development Pattern of "Double Circulation"
Abstract: Based on the new development pattern of "double circulation", this paper conducts a comparative study of different free trade pilot zones in China from the perspectives of birth, strategy, positioning, mode, location, etc. The study found that the free trade zone has become an important hub for political and economic development. The free trade zone has promoted the high-quality development of regional economy by virtue of the high matching between the model and the location.
Key words: double circulation; Pilot free trade zone; International economy; Economic cycle
CLC No.: F752.8 Document identification code: A
1 Introduction
China's policies indicate that China needs to speed up the exploration and planning of high-quality development of free trade pilot zones at this stage. As a necessary measure for the development of China's free trade market, the new development pattern of "double circulation" has not only stimulated the development of domestic economy, but also left China's mark in the international economic field. To promote China's economy to the world, we must first consolidate the domestic economic foundation and increase China's economic competitiveness. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a comparative study on the development of domestic free trade zones. In order to achieve precise "double circulation", different pilot free trade zones have different specific practices and different quantities and dimensions of thought integration, which results in different development directions and strengths of each free trade zone.
3 Comparative analysis of domestic free trade pilot zones
3.1 Birth and development comparison of free trade pilot zones
The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee proposed that the pilot free trade zone is a great practice of opening up the new economy. Different pilot free trade zones make use of different policy dividends to develop their advantages, and develop trade economy in different regions in a differentiated way due to different natural conditions of geography and humanity. Several provinces in China are gradually forming pilot free trade zones with Chinese and local characteristics. The initial success of Hainan Pilot Free Trade Zone provides a reference for the development of China's subsequent pilot free trade zones. Subsequently, China continued to open multi province, multi region and multi batch free trade pilot zones, which opened a new chapter in the new pattern of China's economic opening up. Since 2015, the country has continued to deepen the reform of the established free trade zones, and has focused on developing new free trade zones, establishing free ports and entrepot trade zones.
Since 2013, Shanghai has been the first to declare a free trade zone. The state has paid close attention to it, enriched the contents of the free trade zone, made investment and trade more convenient, and created a path of economic development with Chinese characteristics with institutional innovation as the core. As the first free trade zone application in China, Shanghai, which has the most distributed areas, has a rapid economic growth, which is closely related to the practice of the pilot free trade zone. With its own geographical advantages and the number of harbors and docks, in June 2020, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council proposed to effectively connect the Hainan Free Trade Zone with the free trade port, and steadily promote foreign investment and trade. The Tianjin Free Trade Zone was established in 2015, and the innovation pilot field launched by the main force is a kind of "external shock", which can significantly improve regional economic growth in a limited time, and can promote the asset investment and industrial chain upgrading of the import and export of the Free Trade Zone. The Tianjin Free Trade Zone is located at an important node of the "Belt and Road". In recent years, the convenience of transportation has improved, providing convenience for the free trade zone's diversified transportation by sea, rail, air and land. Its solid port coverage and air cargo carrying capacity provide more opportunities for its international trade cooperation. Because of its close geographical location to Europe, Tianjin is the hub of China Europe connectivity, and has cooperated to open China Europe trains to promote trade between Asia and Europe. The establishment of Guangdong Pilot Free Trade Zone in 2014 is a high-quality economic development strategy for the Guangdong Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area. Up to now, the pilot zone has become a member of the World Federation of Free Trade Zones. Taking advantage of its humanistic characteristics, it focuses on expanding the development of the service industry and is a pioneer in the liberalization of service trade in China.
3.2 Comparison of strategies, positioning, models and locations of pilot free trade zones
(1) Comparative Study on the Strategies of Their Trade Zones
With the strategy of replication and promotion, China's free trade zones actively promote the strategic principle of "first try, opening to promote reform", learn from and improve on the basis of the successful free trade zones, and actively cooperate with regional policies for development. The Shanghai Free Trade Zone and the Yangtze River Delta regional integration strategy proposed by the state complement each other and help each other. From green integration to building a business district, and then to building a new platform for the international trade center, they have comprehensively promoted the development of Shanghai in both east and west directions. The West is mainly open to the outside world, and the East is mainly open to the outside world, which has balanced and coordinated the new development of double circulation. At present, Shanghai has become the core hub of the Asia Pacific supply chain. The important strategic measures of Tianjin Free Trade Zone are mainly about the development measures of Tianjin Airport Area and aviation maintenance and remanufacturing. The Guangdong Free Trade Zone uses the strategy of optimizing the Hong Kong Macao Free Trade Zone for reference, improves the internal circulation of the economy, provides a good platform for the domestic economic market to be introduced to the world, and deepens cooperation with neighboring free trade zones to provide new momentum for the realization of the "Belt and Road".
(2) Comparative Study on the Positioning of Their Trade Zones
The original orientation of the Shanghai Free Trade Zone was to facilitate investment and trade. In the past two years, with the strength of science and technology and the country's comprehensive strength, the focus of the Free Trade Zone has gradually shifted, and more attention has been paid to the freedom of trade: freedom of investment, freedom of capital, freedom of information, with a view to gaining more initiative in the international trade market. The orientation of Tianjin Free Trade Zone is to reform manufacturing industry and develop modern service industry with policy innovation as the core, logistics and financing as the development focus, and enterprise demand as the guidance. Relying on its geographical advantages and following the instructions and leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Fujian's pilot free trade zone is positioned to closely link the two sides of the Taiwan Straits, communicate the practical problems of the two sides of the Taiwan Straits, serve as a hub for cross-strait ties, complement each other and improve the overall competitiveness of the region. Compared with other free trade zones, the free trade zone should not only consider the economic development of the region, but also play an important political role in connecting the two sides.
(3) Comparative Study on the Models of Their Trade Zones
In September 2017, the Shanghai Free Trade Zone put forward the "offshore" model of attracting overseas talents to return to China to start businesses and drive economic development. The model of "regional registration and overseas operation" has effectively driven the development of electronic information, biological medicine and other fields. Attracting overseas talents to return home has promoted the international trade cycle, which is one of the ways to bypass the international trade contacts. The domestic market is eager for overseas emerging technologies, which has impacted the domestic innovation environment, improved the competitiveness of domestic trade, thus improving the quality of domestic trade, and launched a new journey on international trade in China. Different from Shanghai, Tianjin Free Trade Zone focuses on the development of manufacturing, bonded maintenance and remanufacturing industries, among which the manufacturing industry has achieved good results. The Tianjin Free Trade Zone has actively developed innovative experimental fields, improved market access, business environment and capital accumulation, and accelerated the development of international trade. Simplify the mode, optimize management, improve the customs system, effectively improve cash liquidity, reduce interest losses, and thus optimize the economic status of Tianjin. In order to promote the economic cycle of Tianjin in a more humane, concrete and practical way, under the complaints of customers and some operators, passenger transport companies without maintenance qualifications agree to carry out temporary maintenance business under the entrustment of customers with maintenance qualifications. The implementation of this policy may not be used for reference in the free trade zones of other provinces, However, it has targeted the economic problems in the region. In 2019, the value of bonded maintenance goods in Tianjin exceeded 3 billion, breaking the economic dilemma of the region. Liaoning Pilot Free Trade Zone mainly adopts the thinking integration mode of revitalizing the old industrial base. While encouraging innovation and entrepreneurship, it carries out the old industrial relocation project in the mode of green recreation and coordinated renovation.
(4) Comparative Study on the Location of Their Trade Zones
The development direction of each free trade zone is different due to different landforms, cultural traditions, and regional layout functions. Shanghai has a coastal location, convenient transportation, superior economic conditions and strong support from national policies. The development level of the tertiary industry is in the forefront of China, with a high level of education. It is a gathering place of high-quality talents in China. The Shanghai Free Trade Zone is a forward-looking project, which is based on a larger economic and financial platform and has more business opportunities. Tianjin is located at the junction between countries. It has a vast land area and rich oil and gas resources. It has the largest air cargo airport in the north, a comprehensive port and several railways. Tianjin has many colleges and universities. It gathers about 27% of the country's scientific and technological talents, and is a pioneer of China's high-quality opening up to the outside world. The establishment of the Tianjin Free Trade Zone has driven the economic development of the north and balanced the economic pattern of the north and south of China. The location of Liaoning Free Trade Zone is divided from north to south. This region actively responds to national policies and vigorously develops new energy. It has a certain position in the field of green automobile invention and innovation in China, and is the birthplace of three leading automobile enterprises in China. Because both the north and south regions are close to the Bay Port, its maritime transport advantages are obvious. In terms of transportation, railway transportation and air transportation are very popular. At present, it has gradually developed international markets such as Japan, South Korea, Russia, etc.
reference
Yao Xin, Zhu Liyang, Wang Xiaojue. Supporting the Double Circular Development Pattern by Improving the Resource Recycling System [J]. Renewable Resources and Circular Economy, 2021,14 (08): 13-17+39
Gao Xiaoqin. Research on the Relationship between the Double Circular Development Pattern and the Construction of China's Core Industrial Chain Security System [J]. Trade and Exhibition Economy, 2022, (02): 24-26
What are the great collections of free trade papers?
1. Research on the impact of free trade on the global economy
2. Evolution and development trend of free trade policy
3. Free trade zone construction and regional economic development
4. Challenges and countermeasures of the international free trade system
5. Discussion on the relationship between free trade and environmental protection
6. Research on industrial upgrading and transformation under free trade
7. Analysis of the impact of free trade agreements on international trade
8. The role and strategy of emerging market countries in free trade
9. Interaction between free trade and technological innovation
10. Strategies for improving enterprise competitiveness in the context of free trade
11. Free trade and the development of transnational corporations
12. The impact of free trade on employment and its countermeasures
13. Practice and enlightenment of regional free trade agreements
14. Research on the relationship between free trade and financial market
15. Intellectual property protection under free trade
16. Free trade and reform of international trade rules
17. Interests and challenges of developing countries in free trade
18. Balance between free trade and sustainable development
19. Research on agricultural product trade under free trade
20. Development of free trade and service trade
21. The impact of free trade on international capital flows
22. Relationship between free trade and international division of labor
23. Trade barriers and countermeasures under free trade
24. Solutions to Free Trade and International Trade Friction
25. Analysis of the impact of free trade on different industries
26. Relationship between free trade and international economic cooperation
27. International logistics development under free trade
28. Free trade and changes in international trade settlement methods
29. Impact of free trade on international market prices
30. Free Trade and Improvement of International Trade Legal System
31. Transnational investment strategy under free trade
32. Free trade and international trade dispute settlement mechanism
33. Impact of free trade on international trade pattern
34. Free trade and ways to realize international trade liberalization
35. International brand competition under free trade
36. Free Trade and International Trade Risk Management
37. The Challenge and Innovation of Free Trade to International Trade Theory
38. Coordination of Free Trade and International Trade Policies
39. Analysis of International Trade Competitiveness under Free Trade
40. Free Trade and Maintenance of International Trade Order
41. Risk prevention of international trade settlement under free trade
42. Free Trade and Application of International Trade Information Technology
43. Analysis of International Trade Costs under Free Trade
44. Free trade and improvement of service quality in international trade
45. Innovation of International Trade Supervision Mode under Free Trade
46. Promotion of free trade and international trade facilitation
47. International trade talent training under free trade
48. Free Trade and International Trade Market Development Strategies
49. International trade marketing strategy under free trade
50. Development trend and countermeasures of free trade under the new situation
Conclusion:
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