Preface: I have sorted out 5 reference model articles for you on low-carbon economy for your reference. I hope it can help you get inspiration in writing and make your articles more rich and profound.
Part 1: Model Essay on Low Carbon Economy
Low carbon The economic development has brought us opportunities and challenges. China should seize the opportunities and meet the challenges, so that the low-carbon economy and financial support can promote each other, take finance as the power source, support the development of China's low-carbon economy, and ultimately achieve a win-win development of low-carbon economy and the financial industry. China should learn from the experience of foreign low-carbon economic development, and take the following measures to establish an innovative financial support system for low-carbon economic development model based on China's actual national conditions.
（1） Improve the bank's "low-carbon indirect financing" system
To establish and improve the bank's "low-carbon indirect financing" system, on the one hand, it requires the government to establish corresponding supporting policies and incentive mechanisms to promote the bank's low-carbon credit, such as tax relief and financial interest subsidy, so as to mobilize the enthusiasm of commercial banks to promote low-carbon credit; On the other hand, commercial banks should seize the opportunities brought by the development of low-carbon economy, become "practitioners" of low-carbon economy, give priority to supporting low-carbon enterprises and low-carbon projects that ease resource bottlenecks, improve environmental pollution, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, vigorously promote low-carbon mortgage loans, and provide credit support for low-carbon, energy-saving, environmental protection enterprises and projects, Actively organize "syndicated loans", actively develop credit guarantee financing, and give necessary preferential treatment to key low-carbon economic projects in terms of loan review, loan issuance, repayment period, interest rate, etc. to improve the level of financial services.
（2） Vigorously develop low-carbon derivative financial products
With the attention of international countries to the carbon market, the carbon trading market has been growing in recent years, and carbon monetization has also attracted the attention of many countries. The degree of monetization is also increasing, and the carbon emission right has also changed from extensive to refined, and gradually derived financial assets with liquidity and investment value, It has become an important financial innovation in the international financial field in recent years. The global demand for carbon emission reduction has increased year by year, and the scale of carbon trading market has also changed greatly. With the change of market environment, financial derivatives based on carbon trading have also shown a diversification trend, such as forward products, futures products, options products, etc. Their emergence is free from the previous single product. Therefore, in order to further improve the low-carbon indirect financing system and build a low-carbon capital market, China should learn from the experience of other countries in the world, strengthen the cultivation and development of the carbon emission trading market according to China's national conditions, and further accelerate the development of various financial derivatives to support the development of low-carbon economy and the marketization of products, Make the low-carbon financing market more smooth, so as to realize the rapid growth of low-carbon economy.
（3） Actively utilize foreign capital
Since the reform and opening up, foreign capital has played an important role in China's social development and economic progress. China should formulate corresponding isolation policies to actively attract foreign investment and play its due role in industrial structure upgrading, technological innovation and progress. For this reason, in the development of low-carbon economy, we need to continue to adhere to the policy of introducing foreign capital, so that foreign capital can play an important role in low-carbon development. By formulating a series of incentive measures, we can attract more foreign investment in fields such as high-end new technologies, new energy, energy conservation and environmental protection industries. In form, we can also adopt diversified ways, such as sole proprietorship, equity participation, mergers and acquisitions, so that China's low-carbon economy market can obtain the capital needed for developing low-carbon economy from the international financial market.
2、 Conclusion
Part 2: Model Essay on Low Carbon Economy
1.1 Construction scheme risks in engineering economy and preventive management measures
1.1.1 The construction scheme risk existing in the engineering economy For the former construction companies in China, they paid more attention to the benefit distribution in the development process. At present, with the arrival of low-carbon economic environment, the construction companies have paid more attention to the comprehensive development. Therefore, when designing the construction scheme of the project, they will think about it from a new perspective. However, in the process of construction project scheme construction in China, there is a lack of systematic and standardized management on the site selection of the project, the environmental protection benefits of the project, the pollution discharge involved in the project, and the energy-saving and environmental protection materials that should be used in the project construction. The current construction scheme construction in China is still affected by the traditional construction, making China not ready for the international low-carbon economic environment, especially for the management and control of environmental protection low-carbon indicators in the construction scheme and the selection of environmental protection construction scheme. Under the low-carbon economy, it is required to expand the predictable risks of China's engineering economy and make it a diversified indicator.
1.1.2 Management measures to prevent economic risks in the construction scheme Chinese construction units have been studying the economic risks in the management of the construction scheme. At present, there are two management measures with great use value. First, in the bidding stage of undertaking the project, the project is planned to focus on energy conservation and environmental protection. In the specific design of the construction scheme, the environmental protection effectiveness of the project construction, environmental site selection, sustainable use of design energy, selection of environmental protection materials, etc. are emphasized. In the low-carbon economy, these engineering schemes and designs that focus on energy conservation, emission reduction and environmental protection are used to gain the attention of the bidder. The engineering construction company takes the enhancement of energy conservation, emission reduction and improvement of environmental quality as the basic means to let bidders pursue the development of low-carbon economy projects, which can avoid bidders' price depression, thus improving the economic efficiency of the enterprise. The second is to use scientific and technological means to predict the economic risks of the project, reduce the economic losses caused by the existing unstable risk factors, establish a foundation of mutual trust between the project bidding unit and the bidding unit, and correctly understand the role and management of the project economy. First of all, it is necessary to correctly understand the relationship between the duration and benefits. As for the correct handling of the two, the engineering construction enterprise should coordinate and communicate with all project participants, ensure the integrity of the duration while ensuring the quality of the project, and do not make too much concession to the project price. Secondly, we must combine engineering technology with economic management, and deal with the technical problems in the construction link through scientific construction technology.
1.2 Bidding risks in engineering economy and corresponding preventive management measures
1.2.1 The economic risks of bidding in the project Through the analysis of the development situation of China's engineering construction market, it is found that there are more construction units than buyer units in this industry. Therefore, bidding generally faces more competitive pressure than bidding. With the increasing competitive pressure faced by bidding, some construction units reduce the project quotation in order to obtain competitive advantages. If the project quotation is deliberately reduced, it is very likely that the project quality will be reduced due to the low investment cost, or some construction units will reduce the wages of construction workers. The existence of these problems may lead to vicious competition in the bidding market, which results in economic risks in the bidding of engineering projects.
1.2.2 Management measures to prevent economic risks in project bidding There are bidding and quotation risks in the project, which is mainly due to vicious competition. In the low-carbon economic environment, if the engineering enterprises want to gain advantages in competition, they must change their development philosophy, apply the development concept of low-carbon economy to effectively manage enterprises, and take energy conservation, emission reduction and environmental protection materials as the project scheme design philosophy, Improve the competitive advantage of enterprises in a low-carbon environment, so that energy-saving and emission reduction projects can obtain opportunities for survival and development. In addition, it can also improve the quality of project construction design, reasonably evaluate the project cost, prevent errors in the bid price, effectively avoid the risk factors in the cost scheme, and avoid the loss of enterprise project cost.
1.3 Contract risks in engineering economy and corresponding preventive management measures
1.3.1 Contract risks of the project As far as the contract of the project is concerned, its contents all contain the use standards of relevant construction materials. Under the low-carbon economic environment, it is necessary to modify the relevant provisions of construction materials in the project contract. Under this requirement, the price of environmental protection materials will inevitably rise, which will increase the cost borne by the construction enterprise, thus reducing the economic benefits of the enterprise. This risk is transferred from the contract to the construction unit.
1.3.2 Management measures to prevent project contract risks In order to effectively avoid enterprise contract risks, it is necessary to constantly strengthen the contract management and low-carbon concept of enterprise personnel, so that they can fully control the information of environmental protection suppliers in the market, government low-carbon economic management information and logistics distribution information, and reduce the risk factors in the contract through effective information management, Avoid waste and cost escalation. In addition, several emergency plans should be prepared in the early stage of the project, mainly to deal with equipment damage, shutdown and technology update caused by human factors, unforeseen external factors, etc. in the project construction. To avoid the impact of these conditions on the project construction, corresponding countermeasures are proposed for the risk problems in the project construction to avoid economic risks in the project construction.
1.4 Environmental protection system risks existing in the project economy and corresponding preventive management measures
1.4.1 The environmental protection system risk of the project. For the project, the implementation of the environmental impact assessment system is to estimate the environmental impact that may be caused by the project, propose corresponding preventive measures, reduce the adverse impact, and then track and monitor its implementation. In the low-carbon economic environment, engineering construction enterprises must consider the cost of environmental factors in the specific construction design scheme. In the fierce market competition environment, this undoubtedly reduces their competitive advantage and reduces the economic benefits of enterprises. In the low-carbon economic environment, this contradiction is mainly reflected in the cost of environmental protection of the project and the laws and regulations to be improved, which is reflected in the economic risk of environmental protection system.
1.4.2 Management measures to prevent project environmental protection system risks The economic risks existing in the environmental protection system are inevitable. Under the low-carbon economic environment, it is required to increase the environmental protection costs of the construction project, but this requirement leads to the reduction of the economic benefits of the enterprise, which hinders the survival and development of the project construction unit. In order to solve this contradiction, we need to take effective preventive measures to solve it. First of all, the country should support the development of low-carbon economy, establish relevant laws and regulations, require the project construction unit to increase its environmental protection costs, and at the same time, give appropriate economic subsidies to corresponding enterprises to reduce the economic risks of the project construction unit in the low-carbon economic environment. Secondly, the engineering construction unit should improve the environmental protection awareness, strengthen the learning and training of environmental protection knowledge, improve the low-carbon environmental protection awareness of enterprise employees and managers, and improve the enterprise development concept through the improvement of environmental protection awareness.
2 Conclusion
Part 3: Model Essay on Low Carbon Economy
（1） Develop agricultural circular economy
In the process of social development in China, the contradiction between man and land is very prominent. Agricultural production benefits are low, and pollution is serious. If we want to make the limited resources to feed more people, we must maintain economic development, constantly change the agricultural development mode, and develop agricultural circular economy. Developing agricultural circular economy is the requirement of building a resource-saving and environment-friendly society, and also an important way to achieve sustainable development. In accordance with the principle of resource utilization and reuse and the requirements of constantly promoting the development of a conservation oriented society, specific measures such as energy conservation and water conservation should be taken to promote the comprehensive utilization efficiency of resources and improve the recycling efficiency of renewable resources. Circular agriculture is a new development mode and a new form of agricultural economic growth that effectively realizes the coordinated development of population, resources and environment. Through this circular mechanism, it can effectively achieve the coordination between economic development and ecological balance, and achieve low consumption of agricultural production. The development of agricultural circular economy is an important way to transform from extensional growth to connotative development, which can effectively solve the current situation of resource shortage and environmental degradation in agricultural production.
（2） Develop agricultural ecological economy
In the era of low-carbon economy, developing agricultural ecological economy is an important form of transforming agricultural economic development. The development of ecological agriculture can effectively use China's agricultural production resources, continuously improve its production and utilization efficiency, reduce resource waste and environmental pollution, effectively improve the efficiency of China's agricultural production, increase farmers' income, and break through international trade barriers to promote China's agricultural products to go global. The development of ecological agriculture requires rational use of agricultural resources, active use of advanced science and technology, improvement of agricultural production methods and production environment, and sustainable development of agricultural economy. Specifically, when developing the agricultural economy, we should evaluate and design agricultural resources in accordance with various current laws and regulations, select a more appropriate agricultural production mode, actively, effectively and orderly develop agricultural resources in accordance with the principles of environmental protection and reasonable development, We must resolutely resist. In agricultural production, we must develop ecological agriculture, reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and actively produce pollution-free green products.
（3） Increase investment in science and technology, change the mode of agricultural economic development
In the era of low-carbon economy, the transformation of agricultural economic development mode mainly depends on scientific and technological forces. If we want to effectively play the role of advanced science and technology in promoting agricultural production, we should do the following: first, we should constantly strengthen the research of agricultural science and technology, and the government departments should actively play their own functions and increase policy support; Secondly, establish a sound agricultural technology promotion and service system, constantly strengthen the role of publicity and guidance, improve the promotion and popularization of agricultural science and technology, improve farmers' understanding of scientific and cultural knowledge, and establish a sound contractual management mechanism to strengthen scientific guidance for farmers; Finally, establish an agricultural information station, strengthen the relationship with farmers, do a good job in the corresponding research work, provide timely and effective information to farmers, and provide guidance for agricultural production.
（4） Develop agricultural tourism
In the era of low-carbon economy, people's quality of life is generally high, and more and more urban residents are more inclined to experience life in the rural environment, resulting in tourism agriculture. The concept of sightseeing tourism is based on the ecological and economic environment. It can not only provide people with good places for leisure and entertainment, but also provide people with opportunities for production and life experience. Sightseeing tourism is a new form of agricultural economic production. It is a form of organic combination of agriculture and tourism industry, which can effectively reflect the goal of building an environment-friendly society. Leisure, sightseeing, tourism, agriculture can provide citizens with a natural leisure environment, effectively meet the needs of people to visit the natural environment and return to rural life, and attach importance to people's experience. It is an effective form of integration of agriculture and tourism. Actively developing this form can effectively promote the construction and development of our new countryside, increase farmers' income, constantly improve the rural production environment, and promote the common development of urban and rural economy.
2、 Conclusion
Part 4: Model Essays on Low Carbon Economy
As the pillar industry of China's economy, coal enterprises can better promote the development of China's economy, adapt to the requirements of modern enterprise development and promote the development of socialist market economy only through continuous development and expansion. At the same time, the country must also stand on the high level of the overall situation to require enterprises to conduct low-carbon emissions and protect the ecological environment. Therefore, coal enterprises need to organically combine their own development and environmental protection to ensure that on the one hand, they can promote the development of China's economy, and on the other hand, they cannot have a great impact on the environment. Under the circumstance that coal price is mainly regulated by the market, coal enterprises must reduce production costs if they want to obtain the maximum economic benefits. Through the low-carbon economic model, effectively reduce the cost of coal enterprises in economic trade, and promote the further development of coal enterprises.
2、 New trade model of coal enterprises in the perspective of low-carbon economy
1. Electronic coal trade
With the rapid development of science and technology, the Internet and electronic computers are widely used in modern commerce. The introduction of e-commerce by coal enterprises can reduce cost input and achieve low-carbon trade, which is a new form of trade for coal enterprises based on the perspective of low-carbon economy. To be specific, e-commerce mainly manages the trade of enterprises through electronic management systems. Under e-commerce, a transaction can be completed without face-to-face negotiations. At the same time, electronic fund transfer can be carried out to complete fund settlement without actual cash delivery. The advantages of the electronization of coal trade are obvious: first, e-commerce consumes electricity, and networked payment means reduce face-to-face negotiations, which naturally avoids the consumption of fossil energy by means of transportation, thus reducing carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere, thus making coal trade more in line with the requirements of low-carbon economy; Secondly, the convenience of e-commerce means also reduces the transaction costs of enterprises. In traditional transactions, the process of negotiation undoubtedly prolongs the process of capital circulation. Product capital cannot be quickly converted into monetary capital, and the links and time saved by e-commerce can achieve faster growth in the total profits of enterprises per unit time. Thirdly, the use of e-commerce has reduced a large number of fixed asset expenditures of coal enterprises, and the comprehensive cost has been greatly reduced. In addition, e-commerce can also reduce the energy consumption that may occur in the sales process of coal enterprises, reduce carbon emissions, and promote the growth of profits of coal enterprises. Finally, e-commerce can also enable coal enterprises to reduce the input of personnel at the management level, flatten the management level, directly control the whole process of transactions, and reduce the unnecessary losses caused to enterprises by the speculation of intermediate link personnel. In short, the implementation of e-commerce will greatly reduce the carbon emissions of coal enterprises and maximize the profits of coal enterprises. The total cost of coal enterprises consists of two parts: fixed cost and variable cost. The application of e-commerce has saved a lot of variable costs.
2. Intensive coal trading
2.1 Basic content. The mode of intensive trade mainly includes three aspects: intensive sales places, intensive storage facilities and intensive distribution channels. Among them, the intensive sales place provides space for the realization of coal intensive trading by establishing a large coal trading platform for coal production and sales enterprises within a certain range. Intensive storage facilities can centrally manage the storage process of coal enterprises and reduce repeated construction. Intensive distribution can guide transport enterprises to the coal industry to provide them with a complete regional logistics distribution business model. Intensive coal sales mode requires the cooperation of coal enterprises. Under the leadership of local governments or industry associations, the great role of sales integration is clearly defined, so as to consciously participate in it. The production and operation of modern coal enterprises depend on independent legal entities and company members, and company decisions often become untrustworthy due to their competitive relationship. This phenomenon will undoubtedly hinder the coordination and communication between coal enterprises and the formation of an intensive sales framework. This requires the macro guidance of local governments and industry associations to actively promote mutual cooperation between coal enterprises.
2.2 Function and significance. The reduction of transaction costs is of great significance, because in developed regions, transaction costs can account for more than 50% of the gross social product. Saving transaction costs can accelerate the turnover of capital, increase the level of capital accumulation, and promote the healthy development of enterprises. Intensive sales mode can help enterprises reduce costs, form a low-carbon operation mode, and promote the rapid development of enterprises. First, it can reduce the transaction costs of enterprises and realize economies of scale. For the entire coal industry, the establishment of intensive sales channels will greatly reduce the cost of repeated purchase of fixed assets and increase profits for enterprises. The application of new electronic equipment in coal enterprises can greatly improve production efficiency and production capacity, and form a situation where internal and external economies of scale develop together. Secondly, the intensive sales mode can greatly reduce carbon emissions. After the coal enterprises implement the intensive mode, the electronic sales form will be further strengthened.
3、 Conclusion
Part 5: Model Essays on Low Carbon Economy
The low-carbon era has made great changes in the external business environment of enterprises, which contains both opportunities and risks. The biggest opportunity will be the innovation and application of new generation energy technology, which will lead the global economy into the energy technology era; The biggest risk is that the requirements of low-carbon economy for economic transformation will eventually be implemented to every micro enterprise. If the behavior of enterprises cannot be effectively constrained, then the emission reduction goal will not be achieved. Enterprises must start to think about how much responsibility each enterprise should bear for carbon emissions in the industrial chain of products, and how the cost curve of enterprises will change when carbon constraints are added. How to seize the opportunity, change their own business model, transform their business model and carry out value innovation has become an important factor for enterprises to reshape their core competitiveness.
（1） Changes in the external environment of the enterprise
Climate change has brought changes to the external business environment of enterprises, resulting in new business risks for enterprises. Climate related legislation is frequently introduced and harsh emission reduction targets are proposed. Although how these indicators will be implemented to each enterprise remains to be improved, enterprises are facing increasing pressure on climate legislation. In addition, barriers from international trade policies in the form of carbon tariffs, carbon quota purchase, carbon access, carbon audit and information disclosure are bound to affect the international competitiveness of enterprises. First, the pressure on carbon emission reduction from the supply chain has become more extensive and in-depth. Many large enterprises, under the pressure of domestic legislation or public opinion, have begun to adopt strict carbon emission management plans, and at the same time, they have put forward requirements for suppliers. Therefore, more and more enterprises have to face the pressure of supply chain giants to adjust their business strategies. Secondly, investment risks from climate change are gradually entering the investment decision-making models of financial institutions and enterprises. In the face of strict climate legislation, the living space of high carbon products in traditional industries is greatly squeezed, which further affects corporate rating, financing and other follow-up behaviors. Thirdly, in a low-carbon environment, consumers are more aware of environmental protection and pay more attention to carbon footprint; The product carbon footprint label makes the carbon emission information explicit. The carbon footprint has become an important factor in consumers' product value cognition and utility function, which has a greater impact on market demand and market share. The change of consumer utility function on the demand side will become one of the guiding and driving factors of carbon emission reduction in the supply chain. The brand risk faced by enterprises is not only related to its carbon emission density, but also depends to a considerable extent on the consumption habits and cognitive ability of the public. "Low carbon loyalty" may better describe consumers' psychological tendency when choosing products and services. In addition, under the low-carbon economy, a virtual carbon value chain has emerged in the competitiveness model of enterprises. Although it is generated by the actual business activities of enterprises, it is obviously different from the production cost or profit distribution of these products or services, or even completely disconnected. Some links that create the most profits may bring little carbon emissions, while the links with lower profits may dominate most carbon emissions. At the same time, there are differences in the cost and efficiency of reducing emissions in different links. If carbon is priced, the value curve of enterprise products and services will change significantly. In the future, the cost of economic transformation will be allocated to each industry and enterprise. This allocation is neither egalitarian nor completely based on fair market mechanism, and there may be many unreasonable factors. This will bring a series of uncertain changes to the existing business environment. Therefore, enterprises must reassess the risks and opportunities for survival, internalize external influences, rapidly change business models and management methods, carry out value innovation, and reshape low-carbon competitiveness.
（2） Changes in internal factors of the enterprise
1. Changes in the cost structure of enterprises under the low-carbon economy The low-carbon economy requires enterprises to constantly improve "carbon productivity" (GDP output per unit of carbon dioxide), that is, to produce the same amount of products consumes less energy, thus greatly reducing the production costs of enterprises. Under the development strategy of low-carbon economy, the government implements corresponding policies to limit the emission of greenhouse gases by enterprises. No matter whether the government chooses to levy carbon tax or carbon emission index trading, enterprises adopting low-carbon economic development mode will reduce the corresponding carbon emission index cost and the total amount of carbon tax paid, thus reducing the production cost of enterprises. However, the research and development of new technologies will increase the research and development costs of enterprises. At the same time, the management costs will rise at the initial stage of low-carbon economic development because of the imperfection of the new management system and the immaturity of low-carbon technologies. With the increasing maturity of low-carbon technology application, the management costs of enterprises will also decrease.
2. The financing channels of enterprises have changed under the low-carbon economy. In order to support the development of low-carbon economy, the government has favored low-carbon industries or low-carbon enterprises in policy, so that enterprises can obtain government subsidies and preferential credit policies. Enterprises can obtain financial support from developed countries through the CDM project in the carbon emission mechanism, and gain profits through transactions in the voluntary emission reduction market.
3. Under the low-carbon economy, the scope of enterprises' assets has changed. Under the carbon emission mechanism, carbon has been introduced into the market as a new commodity. Carbon trading has included the climate factors that have been floating off the balance sheet into the enterprise's balance sheet, changing the income and expenditure structure of enterprises, so that under the traditional profit and loss mode, enterprises have added a factor that affects cash flow and profits. Therefore, when judging the business status of enterprises, we need to consider this new form of assets - carbon assets.
2、 Innovation of enterprise profit model in low-carbon economy
（1） Create a profit model of low-carbon industrial chain
The industrial chain originates from the connection between upstream and downstream industries. Upstream enterprises deliver products or services to downstream enterprises, and ultimately form a product or service support chain with complete functions and services. Under the traditional industrial chain, the links or industries that generate high value are likely to have the lowest carbon emissions, while the links or industries that generate low value are likely to have the highest carbon emissions. Under the low-carbon environment, the value distribution of the industrial chain that adds carbon emission factors will change greatly. To build a whole low-carbon industrial chain, first of all, change the distribution of the industrial value chain. The distribution of the traditional industrial value chain has always been inclined to resource-based enterprises, while most of China's resource-based enterprises have very high carbon emissions. Therefore, from the perspective of the low-carbon industrial value chain, it is necessary to change the production status of resource-based enterprises, vigorously develop high-tech industries, and tilt to the links and chains that master low-carbon core technologies, Take the development mode of low-carbon industrial chain and industrial structure. The emerging industrial revolution under the low-carbon economy itself means the innovation of the existing industrial system. Its core is to improve the existing industrial system under the high carbon emissions from the perspective of the vertical high carbon industrial structure and the horizontal high carbon industrial chain.
1. Change the high carbon industry in the industrial chain High carbon industry Low carbon industry First of all, shorten the industrial chain derived from high carbon industries such as energy, chemical industry, building materials, steel, automobile, transportation, etc., and make the upstream and downstream industrial chains of these industries "low-carbon", through the introduction and transformation of low carbon technology, to become a key area for exploring low-carbon economic development. For example, in the field of transportation closely related to logistics, we should speed up the elimination of old cars with high energy consumption, speed up the development of diesel vehicles, large tonnage vehicles and professional vehicles, promote vans, develop containers and other professional transport vehicles, and control the development of high fuel consumption vehicles; Accelerate the development of electrified railways, develop efficient electric locomotives, promote power saving measures, develop locomotive power supply technology for passenger cars, promote the use of passenger car power, and gradually reduce and eliminate diesel power generation vehicles; The fuel saving model is adopted to improve the load factor, passenger load factor and transportation turnover capacity, improve fuel efficiency and reduce fuel consumption.
2. Develop low-carbon industries, adjust the high carbon industrial structure, gradually reduce the high carbon industries, and promote the extension of industries and products to both ends of the profit curve: that is, extend to the front end, and form independent intellectual property rights from ecological design; Extend backward, form brand and sales network, improve core competitiveness, and finally make the industrial structure of the national economy gradually tend to the standard of low-carbon economy. In the case of emission limitation, we must adjust the structure of energy utilization and develop clean energy. For example, solar energy, wind energy, biomass energy, etc.
（2） Introduce the profit model of carbon management
1. On the basis of carbon inventory, the implementation of carbon emission reduction carbon inventory is to calculate the total amount of greenhouse gases directly or indirectly emitted by the company or group in each link of production activities, compile it into a greenhouse gas emission inventory, and carry out the certification of the greenhouse gas management system (ISO14064). The carbon emission reduction solution is based on the carbon inventory and the preparation of the enterprise greenhouse gas emission inventory report according to ISO14064. It includes the carbon emission reduction goals, carbon measurement, carbon emission reduction measures and other contents to reduce the enterprise greenhouse gas emissions, implement carbon management and optimize the enterprise carbon management system. Under the low-carbon economy, to develop carbon emission reduction solutions, first of all, it is conducive to enterprises to comprehensively master and manage their greenhouse gas emissions, and obtain accurate and complete enterprise carbon emission inventory and greenhouse gas management system (ISO14064) certification; Secondly, clear carbon emission reduction goals and clear opportunities for energy conservation and carbon emission reduction not only provide possibilities for exploring potential energy conservation and carbon emission reduction projects, but also provide support for enterprises to reduce energy consumption, save costs and improve operational efficiency; Thirdly, it is conducive to improving the corporate carbon management and social image, as well as the ability to deal with the risks brought by climate change, reducing the risks of interested parties. Finally, it is conducive to the ability to deal with relevant national and regional laws and policies, fulfill social responsibilities, connect with international standards, change the traditional economic growth model, and explore opportunities to participate in international and domestic carbon emissions trading, To achieve sustainable development in a low-carbon economy.
2. Obtain the right to use the carbon label by measuring the carbon footprint, so that enterprises can gain more market share. The carbon footprint of a product or service refers to the total greenhouse gas emissions in the life cycle of a commodity production or service. For a product, all carbon footprint assessment processes are included in its life cycle from the collection of raw materials for the production of the product to the production, transportation and use of the product to the final abandonment or recycling of the product. The assessment of carbon footprint is divided into three stages. First, in the start-up stage, it is necessary to set goals, select the target products for carbon footprint measurement, and involve suppliers to consider the total greenhouse gas emissions from the supply chain according to the product life cycle. Secondly, in the phase of product carbon footprint calculation, the priority is determined by drawing the carbon footprint project process diagram, the boundary is defined, the data within the scope is collected, and finally the product carbon footprint is calculated according to PAS2050 (ISO14067), the carbon footprint data report is prepared, and the uncertain links and data are finally determined. Finally, the results should be reviewed and verified in the subsequent stage, and emission reduction measures should be implemented according to the carbon footprint report to evaluate the emission reduction effect. Report the carbon footprint, obtain the right to use the carbon footprint label, and publish emission reductions. To develop carbon footprint, enterprises can obtain accurate carbon emission information within the product life cycle, potential energy conservation and emission reduction opportunities and product carbon emission baseline, provide a basis for enterprises to determine emission reduction goals and ways, and at the same time, meet the increasingly stringent international standard requirements to meet consumers' requirements for product carbon information disclosure and use of low-carbon products, Improve brand and enterprise awareness, gain recognition from customers at home and abroad, and improve the competitiveness of products in the industry.
（3） Profit model of developing carbon assets
Under the carbon regulation, greenhouse gas emissions, including carbon dioxide, are subject to restrictions, which makes carbon emission rights and carbon emissions (credits) scarce. The 100 member countries of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and signatories of the Kyoto Protocol, under the premise of their responsibilities under the Kyoto Protocol, make it a valuable product, known as carbon assets. In reality, developed countries have high energy utilization efficiency, optimized energy structure, and a large number of new energy technologies have been adopted. Therefore, further emission reduction in developed countries is costly and difficult. However, in developing countries, energy utilization efficiency is low, and there is a lack of research and development of new technologies and new energy development. If advanced technologies and new energy technologies in developed countries are used for energy, there is much room for emission reduction and low cost compared with developed countries. This leads to different costs of the same emission reduction unit in different countries, resulting in a high price difference. The CDM mechanism in the Kyoto Protocol makes this kind of transaction possible. Developed countries and developing countries can help developing countries reduce emissions through project cooperation, and the amount of emissions reduction can be bought and sold in the form of transactions. Then the international carbon trading market will emerge. Although the carbon trading market has not yet expanded to the global scope, this market has created a new type of virtual commodity. With the introduction of this new commodity, enterprises have added a factor that affects cash flow and profits under the traditional profit and loss mode. The criteria for judging the operating conditions of enterprises have changed. The two criteria are not completely overlapping in nature. If this new form of asset (carbon asset) is written in the financial statements, it means that the virtual economy will inevitably enter the micro level of enterprises and directly affect the operating results of enterprises.
1. The CDM mechanism is the only one of the three carbon emission reduction mechanisms signed by the Kyoto Protocol to develop enterprises' carbon assets through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project, which includes developed countries (buyers) and developing countries (sellers). Under this mechanism, governments and enterprises of developed countries can purchase certified emission reductions (CERs) generated by greenhouse gas emission reduction projects in developing countries to offset their emission reduction obligations under the Kyoto Protocol, from which governments and enterprises of developing countries can obtain financial and technical support. For China's manufacturing industry, the CDM project can reduce the obstacles and risks of project investment and financing, obtain financial and technical support from developed countries, and increase the economic attractiveness of the project. Once the project is signed and issued successfully, it will gain direct economic benefits every year.
2. Voluntary emission reduction project (VER) Voluntary emission reduction project (VER) is a carbon market formed with the development of the mandatory market under the Kyoto Protocol. In the voluntary market, any organization or individual voluntarily trades carbon credits to offset various forms of greenhouse gases emitted by itself. The voluntary emission reduction market provides a way for those carbon emission reduction projects that cannot enter the CDM development due to high initial costs or other reasons. VER is implemented by different institutions and different standards. In the voluntary emission reduction market, as long as you can find buyers to buy, you can trade, which saves a lot of intermediate applications and time. Moreover, no capital investment is required during the project development; Gains can be directly obtained from project emission reduction transactions. Companies or individuals can reduce their carbon footprint by voluntarily purchasing voluntary emission reductions that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The resulting benefits can help reduce investment and operation costs, introduce cleaner and more efficient technologies, and reduce the impact on the environment, thereby improving corporate image, enhancing brand competitiveness, and preparing enterprises for participating in the domestic carbon trading market.
3. Through the China Voluntary Emission Reduction Project (CCER), according to the Interim Measures for the Administration of Voluntary Emission Reduction Transactions of Greenhouse Gases, the emission reductions involved in voluntary emission reduction shall be registered and recorded in the national voluntary emission reduction transaction register by the national competent department, and the recorded emission reductions are called "Certified Voluntary Emission Reduction (CCER)". After the emission reductions of voluntary emission reduction projects are recorded, they are registered in the national register and traded in the recorded trading institutions. Domestic and foreign institutions, enterprises, groups and individuals can participate in voluntary greenhouse gas emission reduction transactions. Voluntary emission reduction projects that can be applied for filing include:
(1) Construction started after February 16, 2005;
(2) Voluntary emission reduction projects developed with methodologies filed by national competent authorities;
(3) Projects approved by the National Development and Reform Commission as CDM projects but not registered with the Executive Board of the United Nations CDM mechanism;
(4) Projects that have been approved by the National Development and Reform Commission as CDM mechanisms and have generated emission reductions before registration with the Executive Board of the United Nations CDM mechanism;
(5) Projects registered with the executive board of the United Nations CDM mechanism but whose emission reductions have not been issued by EB.
3、 Summary
