Evaluation of History of Song Dynasty
According to The History of the Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi's comment on An Shi "takes the moral economy as his own responsibility, especially the moral economy. He was met by the Shenzong, was sent to the prime minister, and the world admired him for his achievements.", Junior college See the prosperity of two emperors and three kings again. However, Anshi takes wealth, profits and military reform as the priority, quotes evil and evil, rejects loyalty and impetuosity, and makes people in the world lose their happiness. The group of soldiers raped and abused their heirs, which was poisonous all over the world. As for the time of Chongning and the declaration of peace, there was a lot of trouble. " This is the public opinion of the world. In the past, the God Clan wanted to have a destiny. Ask Han Qi He said, "What is Anshi like?" And he said, "Anshi is more than a scholar in the Imperial Academy, but it is not necessary to be in the place of Fubi." Shenzong If he doesn't listen to me, he will meet Anshi. Woo hoo! Although this is the misfortune of the Song family, it is also the misfortune of Anshi.
Evaluation of the Northern Song Dynasty
In the first year of Yuanyou (1086), after Wang Anshi died, author of the history Zizhi Tongjian He once said: "Jiefu's articles are full of moral integrity. Now... unfortunately, he has passed away, and repeated disciples will slander Baiduan,... The court should pay more generous gifts to encourage the trend of frivolity." Sima Guang affirmed Wang Anshi's moral integrity, while he completely denied Wang Anshi as a politician. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the opposition criticized Wang Anshi and his later studies by compiling history. Zhu Xi criticized Wang Anshi and his later studies for many times: "academic misconduct", "bad scholars", but Zhu Xi Wang Anshi was highly praised personally.
Southern Song Dynasty to Late Qing Dynasty
Wang Anshi used to be "fearless when the weather changed, the ancestors were not good enough at law, and people were not good enough when they spoke". However, due to his character, luck, the opposition of the old party and the rich, and improper employment of people, the reform failed. His people were also labeled by the old party as "the turmoil of the ancestors' laws, the destruction of the country and the people". The party struggle that helped accelerated the subjugation of the Northern Song Dynasty. In order to exonerate his father and brother from their historical guilt, Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty, with the comments made by the literati and officials since the first year of Jingkang's reign, changed the "loss of national affairs" from Cai Jing Go up to Wang Anshi. In May of the fourth year of Shaoxing, Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty ordered the revision of the True Record of the Shenzong to deny Wang Anshi's reform To fix a sentence It has a profound impact on later generations. Wang Anshi, as the prime culprit of the Northern Song Dynasty's national subjugation, inherited from the history of the Song Dynasty to the revision of the History of the Song Dynasty by the people of the Yuan Dynasty, and became the official verdict of the Chinese imperial power era.
After the Southern Song Dynasty, Wang Anshi's reform was generally denied, but there were positive views on some of Wang Anshi's new measures to varying degrees. Among the new measures, the imperial examination reform, the exemption law, the armour protection law, and the horse protection law were more affirmed.
Affirmators in the Southern Song Dynasty Lu Jiuyuan , Yuan Dynasty Wu Cheng 、 Yu Ji In the Ming Dynasty, there were Chen Ruqi Zhang Gun , after being cleared Yan Yuan 、 Li Fu 、 Cai Shangxiang 、 Yang Ximin 、 Gong Zizhen 、 Lu Xinyuan Etc. Wang Fuzhi It is believed that Wang Anshi's theory of "three deficiencies" is "to blame the world and offend the famous religion". For example, Cai Shangxiang thought that "at the time of Jinggong, the country was prosperous, the Xihe River was swift, and the land expanded thousands of miles, which was unprecedented since the founding of the country. Nandu in the future, Yuanyou The descendants of all sages, and the former officials of Su Cheng's disciples, were angry at the scourge of the party ban, and took attacking Cai Jing as a failure, which was the reason for the defeat of the chaos. It was all nonsense. In fact, the disaster of Huiqin was caused by Cai Jing. Cai Jing used it because of Duke Wen. and Guishan Because Cai Jing and the waves pushed each other, it had nothing to do with Jinggong. "
There are two main reasons for their high praise of Wang Anshi: First, they are mostly Linchuan people, and their praise of Wang Anshi is actually a manifestation of the fine tradition of respecting and admiring "local sages" in ancient China; Second, Yan Yuan Gong Zizhen The affirmation of Wang Anshi and his political reform is inseparable from their similar ideological path with Wang Anshi.
The most representative criticism from the Southern Song Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty has three points: First, it believes that Wang Anshi's rebellion against the patriarchal clan and "harmed the country and the people" led to the subjugation of the Northern Song Dynasty. This view was set in the "Shenzong Factual Record" in the early Southern Song Dynasty, which was inherited from the history of the Song Dynasty to the history of the Song Dynasty, and became the official verdict of the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. It was not only recognized by historians, but also widely accepted by the society. Second, yes Jinggong New School A sharp attack was made. The new learning of Jinggong is the guiding ideology and theoretical basis of Wang Anshi's political reform. Since the Emperor Lizong of the Song Dynasty banned Wang Anshi from sharing Confucian Temple Later, the criticism of Jinggong's new school was far more severe than the denial of the measures of the new law. The criticism of Neo Confucianism in the Southern Song Dynasty mainly focused on two aspects: one is to denounce the new learning of Jinggong as heresy, "improper learning", "mixing Buddhism and Taoism" or "learning based on form and name"; the other is to mercilessly strike the new learning as the theoretical basis for the overthrow of Northern Song Dynasty due to the upheaval of patriarchal clan system. As Neo Confucianism was regarded as the dominant ideology in the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, "it was the mainstream of the ideology at that time", Jinggong's new doctrine as a heresy became difficult to argue. Third, Wang Anshi's various new methods are called the art of convergence, "convergence harms the people". Taking Wang Anshi's financial management thought as the way to promote benefits "stripping the people to promote benefits" is the main point of view of the anti change school of Xining and Yuanyou in the Northern Song Dynasty to criticize the new law. From the Southern Song Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty, it is still one of the basic views of most historians and thinkers to comment on Wang Anshi's new law.
Evaluation in the first half of the 20th century
Completely overturn the case for Wang Anshi and his political reform
Liang Qichao 《 Wang Jinggong 》It is the most lasting work in the 20th century to comment on Wang Anshi and his new law. Wang Jinggong completely overturned the case of Wang Anshi and his political reform. Liang Qichao called Wang Anshi "three generations of people are striving for perfection, but the public is enough". He regarded the Qingmiao Law and the Shiyi Law as the banks of modern "civilized countries", the Exemption Law as "exactly the same as the income tax collection law of all civilized countries in this world", "the most famous social revolution in the history of the country and the world", and also believed that the Baojia Law was "just like the so-called police in this world". Hu Shi There are also similar evaluations. Later researchers have covered all aspects of Wang Anshi and his reform, but Liang Qichao's positive evaluation was respected by most people and became the mainstream view in the first half of the 20th century.
Evaluation since 1949: affirmation, negation and incomplete affirmation
1、 He also made a comprehensive affirmation of Wang Anshi and his political reform. Scholars who have studied Wang Anshi's political reform and had great influence should Deng Guangming Sir and his disciples Lacquerman sir. The nature of their affirmation of Wang Anshi and his reform is different from that of the first half of the 20th century. Their characteristics are: first, they emphasize the ideological nature of Wang Anshi's reform, that is, they put Wang Anshi's reform in the specific historical environment of the Song Dynasty. Second, the effect of Wang Anshi's reform was basically positive, that is, Wang Anshi's reform made his country rich and his troops strong, and promoted the development of social productivity and historical progress in the Song Dynasty. The third is the negation of Sima Guang and his opposition. He believes that the political movement of the conservative group led by Sima Guang has hindered the progress of history. This is a complete negation of the traditional view that it is Sima Guang rather than Wang Anshi since the early Southern Song Dynasty, and it is also different from Liang Qichao's evaluation, Liang Qichao The reversal of Wang Anshi's reform did not negate Sima Guang. Fourth, the failure of Wang Anshi's political reform is generally attributed to the strong conservative forces, the internal division of the reformists, the vacillation and premature death of the Song Shenzong.
2、 Wang Anshi was regarded as an outstanding representative of Legalists in the Cultural Revolution, and his reform was regarded as a typical example of the struggle between Confucianism and Legalism. Between 1973 and October 1976, more than 150 relevant articles were published. The authors of articles can be roughly divided into three categories: first“ Gang of Four ”The propaganda team of the "Gang of Four" specially created public opinion for the "Gang of Four". Although their articles were not many, they had a heavy weight, like a heavy bomb, which had a great impact at the moment. Luo Siding From Wang Anshi's Reform to See the Evolution of the Confucianist Legalist Debate - Reading the Chronicle of Wang Jinggong. Second, the articles written by the theoretical and learning groups in factories, schools and the army are all based on the tone of the Gang of Four, which are on the upper level and have no academic significance. Third, some experts and scholars could not withstand strong political pressure and wrote some books and articles against their will. From 1977 to 1979, the academic community published twenty or thirty articles criticizing and correcting the distortion of Wang Anshi and his political reform by the Gang of Four, and tried to clarify some basic historical facts and restore the true nature of history.
3、 Since the 1980s, there have been three views in the academic circle: affirmative view, negative view and incomplete affirmative view. In 1980《 Chinese Social Sciences 》The third issue published Wang Zengyu Mr. Wang Anshi's Brief Comment on the Reform of Wang Anshi, the re evaluation of the reform of Wang Anshi was carried out enthusiastically. Affirmative theory basically follows the affirmative opinions since the 1950s and 1960s. There are two different opinions on the negation theory. The first one is the total negation of the positive view in the 1950s and 1960s: Wang Anshi should not be counted as the representative of small and medium-sized landlords. The objective effect of Wang Anshi's reform is to increase the burden on farmers and hinder commodities Economics During the reform period, the social contradictions were still sharp, and Wang Anshi's words that "a rich country has skills, but a strong army has no way" should be basically denied. Another negative opinion is to completely deny Wang Anshi and fully affirm author of the history Zizhi Tongjian , which is characterized by "respecting horses and suppressing kings". On the one hand, it is fully affirmed that Wang Anshi's reform was an important reform activity in ancient China, which has obvious progressive significance. During the reform period, production developed and the financial situation improved, basically achieving the goal of enriching the country. On the other hand, it also points out that the new law has added new political and economic burdens to the working people in the process of implementation. As for the relationship between Wang Anshi's reform and the development of commodity economy, we also recognize that it has a positive impact on the development of commodity economy, and also recognize that it has a negative impact on the development of commercial activities.
Chinese American historian Huang Renyu It is believed that Wang Anshi's many reforms involved large-scale commerce and numeral management in China at that time, but they were not compatible with the official culture at that time, and they also lacked the relevant technical ability to achieve success. According to Mr. Huang Renyu, he can advance Chinese history by 1000 years at a stretch, because reform is a partial negation of the past system or laws. At first, a few sensitive discoverers perceived the irrationality of the original system. Through efforts, more people had a request for reform, which not only caused necessary pressure on the court to promote its reform, It also reminds the court to comply with the requirements of the majority to carry out reform. Wang Anshi's thought of reform, the thought of all reformers before him and after him, is the civilized result of human thought resistance. It is these results that make it possible and direction for human beings to get rid of barbarism.
![Wang Anshi]( "Wang Anshi")
Wang Anshi See entry: Wang Anshi's Political Reform Relevant evaluation of
Han Qi : An Shi is more than a scholar in the Imperial Academy, but not in the place of Fu Bi.
Zeng Gongliang : God and Jiefu are like one person. This is heaven.
Tang Jie : An Shi is fond of learning, but he has a long history. Therefore, his argument is wide and circuitous. If he is in charge of politics, he will change many things. The world will be troubled by the use of Anshi fruit.
Zeng Gong : Wang Anshi, one of the friends of Gong, has an ancient style of writing, which is called "Wen".
author of the history Zizhi Tongjian : If people say that the evil and evil of Anshi will be destroyed too much; But he is ignorant and stubborn.
Huang Tingjian : I am familiar with his (Wang Anshi) demeanor. He really regards wealth as a floating cloud. He does not indulge in wealth, wealth, wine and sex. He is also a great man in his life.
Zhang Yunlao: Wang Jiefu is like a voice in the air. If you want to have a look, you can't get it.
Yang Shi : The disaster of today (The Jin people surround the capital, and the soldiers of the king are diligent in the fourth episode) , Shi'anshi has the enlightenment.
Zhu Xi : Take the article as an example, and take the moral economy as its own responsibility (However) The group of soldiers raped and abused their heirs, which was poisonous all over the world. As for the time of Chongning and Xuanhe, there was a lot of trouble.
Lu Jiuyuan : The knowledge of the public in the past and the career of Xining cannot be evaded. And is the person who arranges public affairs, or is he called Rongyue, or is he called catering, or is he called changing what he abides by, or is he called obedient to what he has learned, still able to be a public official? Yingmaite has always disdained the habit of popular voice and appearance, but no hair can enter his heart. The pure and white exercise is colder than the frost, and the public quality is also good. The reason for sweeping away the common learning and the way to shake up the bad ways is that the Taoist art must be Confucius and Mencius, the merit must be Yizhou, and the public ambition must also be. Unexpectedly, people knew that Ye Yi was a great public and famous for a while, and he was the second best. It was not a coincidence that the public got this.
Zhu Guangting In the past, when Wang Anshi was in power, he only wanted to undermine the patriarchal system. Every time he talked about his ways, he bought more private people and kept friends with them, which caused great harm.
Yan Youxi: Only Wang Mang, Wang Anshi and Jia Sidao can do whatever they want, and they are all disturbing people.
Cui 鶠 : Except for those who are different, they wrote the Three Classics to select talents. The world is all the same, and Lingyi is in chaos.
Ao Qizhi: Jinggong, like Deng Ai letting his soldiers down into Shu, should take advantage of danger.
Luo Da Jing : Wang Anshi is also guilty of the unity of the country and its split.
Yan Xizhai : ① Jinggong is honest and noble, and Haoran has the meaning of the ancients to rectify themselves and the world. When he came out, he felt regretful that Yao and Shun would replace him three times. ② And the public action is also effective. Xue Xiang and Zhang Shangying were used to govern the country, Wang Shao and Xiong Ben were used to govern the army, and Tubo was destroyed in the west, Dongman in Nanping, and fifty-two villages of Xia people were captured. When Korea came to the court, the Song Dynasty was almost revitalized.
Cai Shangxiang At the time of Jinggong, the country was prosperous and the Xihe River was swift. It expanded thousands of miles, which was unprecedented since the founding of the country.
Cai Dongfan : There is a famous leader who has made great contributions, and I have a feisty and innovative minister. It is like the Shenzong to Wang Anshi. The Shenzong wanted to be Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, but Anshi came in with Yao and Shun, the Shenzong saw Anshi as Zhuge and Wei Zheng, and Anshi was proud of Gao, Kui, Ji and Qi. Try to think about the famous master who is eager for kung fu. Is he confused? At that time, except Wu Kui, Zhang Fangping and Su Xun, those like Li Shizhong said that they would disrupt the world. The new law is not necessarily feasible, and Anshi is not necessarily able to implement the new law. The mistake is that he has not reviewed the national conditions and has his own opinion, but knows the end of financial management, but does not know the origin of financial management. When Anshi knew Yin, he slightly implemented new laws, and the people of the city called it convenient, that is to say, "I have more than enough to kill the world.". The world has criticized each other, and Anshi is more aware of his own integrity, dethroning Zhiyu and taking whatever he wants. As for the case of Dengzhou women, compared with other quail fighting teenagers, it is particularly immoral. The colleague said that it is not appropriate to reduce the crime, but he would like to reduce it, which is nothing more than an affectation. The actions of the Imperial Court are related to the safety of the world, but can Gu feign feelings and make a different career? I don't want to talk about Anshi's method. I have to punish Anshi first.
Liang Qichao : ① If we want to be perfect in three generations, only the common people can do it. For thousands of years, great people have emerged from time to time, which is the light of the national history. People should buy silk to embroider and cast gold to worship. It has been thousands of years since I left the Duke. During these thousands of years, how did the people regard the Duke? Every time I read the history of the Song Dynasty, I would never stop writing and mourn. ② In Taixi, there is Klingwell, and in our country there is Jinggong.
Lenin Wang Anshi was a reformer in China in the eleventh century, and the land was not nationalized.
Mao Zedong (Wang Anshi) It can be said that there are special scholars, but the losers have no general knowledge and do not know the reasons of the society, so they take inappropriate measures.
Huang Renyu : Wang Anshi can arouse the interest of Chinese and foreign scholars today because his economic thought is close to our vision. His so-called "new law" only involves large-scale commercialization of finance and taxation. When he argued with Sima Guang, he put forward the theory of "the state uses enough without adding taxes", whose policy is to stimulate the production and circulation of goods with bureaucratic capital first. If the amount of the economy expands, the tax rate will remain unchanged, and the total revenue of the national treasury can still increase. This is also a principle shared by modern state financiers, but it is not practical to implement it only in the Northern Song Dynasty in the 11th century.
Yu Yingshi : Since the Shenzong and Wang Anshi jointly established the country, the emperor has in fact become a party with the ruling party headed by the prime minister, and no longer has the status of transcendence.
