Japan Aerospace Exploration AgencyJAXA, is responsible forJapanOfaviation、Space developmentIndependent administrative legal person of the enterprise.Its main work includes research, development and launchArtificial satelliteAsteroid exploration and possible futureMoon landing plan。[1]
Aerospace Research and Development AgencyMinistry of Education, Culture and ScienceOn October 1, 2003, three government agencies related to Japan's space industry: Japan Institute of Space Science（ISAS）Japan National Aerospace Laboratory (NAL), Japan Aerospace Development Corporation（NASDA）It is integrated and headquartered in Tokyo, JapanDistribution marketThe first CEO is Chuan Tai Xuan[1]The incumbent CEO is Naoku Okura[2]。
On September 27, 2022, the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) delayed the launch of the lunar probe "SLIM" to the next year due to the priority launch plan of new rockets.[27]At about 9:00 a.m. local time on July 14, 2023, the "JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) Kendai Rocket Test Field" in Kendai City, Akita Prefecture exploded, causing a fireEngine experiment.[36]
On December 25, 2023, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) announced that the small lunar lander SLIM successfully entered the orbit around the moon。[42]
At 0:20 on January 20, 2024, Tokyo time, the small lunar lander SLIM landed on the lunar surface.But the solar cell fails and cannot generate electricity[44-45]；On January 25 local time, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) announced at a press conference that the small lunar probe SLIM achieved "accurate" landing, and the SLIM landing site was located about 55 meters east of the intended target site, achieving accuracy within 100 meterslanding[46]；In July, the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) successfully launched H3-22S from station LP-2 of Yoshinbu launch site of Tanegashima Space CenterNew medium capacity rocket.[54]
The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) passed the（ISAS）, Japan National Aerospace Laboratory (NAL) and Japan Aerospace Development Corporation（NASDA）The merger of three institutions was born.It is designated as a core performance agency to support the development and utilization of aerospace by the Japanese government.Therefore, JAXA can conduct comprehensive operations from basic research and development to utilization.[6]
In 2012, Japan's new legislation extended JAXA's authority from peaceful purposes to include some military space development, such as missile early warning system.
In 2013, in order to commemorate the tenth anniversary of its founding, JAXA created the corporate slogan of "Explore and Realize", which reflects the business philosophy of using space and sky to achieve a safe and prosperous society.[6]
In 2023,The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) announced the first batch of new astronaut candidates in 13 years, and selected a surgeon and a climate scientist from more than 4000 applicants.[43]
Development history
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Initial situation of institutional integration
JAXA's H-IIA carrier rocket 13 launches
JAXA is not only a part of the national administrative reform, but also an organization integrated to eliminate the lack of cooperation among various space agencies and restore Japan's confidence in space development.
After the integration, the launch of H-IIA rocket 6 equipped with information collection satellites began in November 2003, but ended in failure.
Major achievements in later period
JAXA's H-IIB carrier rocket
On February 26, 2005, Multifunctional Transportation Satellite 1 (MTSAT-1R) replaced "Sunflower 6" byH-IIA carrier rocketLaunch 7.It was also successfully launched on July 10X-ray astronomical satelliteRosefinch is launched by M-V-6 rocket.On October 10, successfully carried out the test of the small supersonic test machine NEXST-1flight test。
In January 2006, the Advanced Land Observation Satellite "Daichi" (ALOS) was launched byH-IIA carrier rocketLaunch 8.In February, the multi-function transport satellite 2 (MTSAT-2) was launched by the H-IIA carrier rocket 9.In September, the solar physical satellite "HINODE" (SOLAR-B) was launched by M-V-7.
JAXA has launched several satellites for scientific and technological research.
At 9:55 local time on November 9, 2021, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency launched the "Epsilon 5" carrier rocket at the Uchichiura Space Observatory in Kagoshima Prefecture, carrying nine small satellites.[24]
At 5:00 a.m. local time on July 24, 2022, the "scramjet" developed by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) was launched with the small rocket "S-520-RD" 1 from the launch site of Ganfucho, Kagoshima Prefecture, and successfully conducted flight tests.[26]
Unmanned cargo ship
On November 20, 2023, the Cabinet Meeting of the Japanese Government decided to amend the law on Japan Aerospace Research and Development Agency (JAXA), which plans to set up a space strategy fund.The fund will provide 1 trillion yen (about 6.7 billion US dollars) to enterprises and universities in the next 10 years to support space technology research and development.[39]
In the early morning of September 25, 2019, an H2B rocket was used to launch an unmanned cargo ship "Stork", which was scheduled to arrive at a height of about 400 km on September 28The International Space Station。This launch activity is the transfer of responsibility for the launch of Stork 8 from JAXA toMitsubishi Heavy IndustriesFirst launch after.[8]
Personnel recruitment
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) will recruit new astronauts in the autumn of 2021 after 13 years[22]。
Joint research
In February 2021, Honda launched a joint research on robots with JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency).[23]
At 9:55 local time on November 9, 2021, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency launched the "Epsilon 5" carrier rocket at the Uchichiura Space Observatory in Kagoshima Prefecture.The rocket carried nine small man-made satellites, which are expected to enter the predetermined orbit more than one hour after launch.[25]
On October 12, 2022, JAXA's Epsilon rocket failed to launch, and JAXA released the image of LE-9 rocket engine installed on the first stage of H-3.[28]
On February 17, 2023, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries failed to launch the No. 1 aircraft of Japan's new main rocket H3 at the Tanegashima Space Center in Kagoshima Prefecture on the morning of February 17, 2023, and the launch failed.[29]
On February 22, 2023, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) released a report that the power supply system of the first stage main engine of the rocket was abnormal, leading to the first launch of Japan's new generation main carrier rocket H3 on February 17End.[30]
On February 28, 2023, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) held a press conference and announced the list of new alternate astronauts.The final participants were a 46 year old male and a 28 year old female.According to the plan, the two candidates will be sent to the International Space Station after two years of training.[31]
On March 4, 2023 local time, according to the Kagoshima media in Japan, according to the weather forecast data, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) decided to postpone the launch of Japan's new generation main carrier rocket H3 from March 6 to 7.[32]On March 16, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency said that the launch of the new generation main carrier rocket H3 failed, and continued to investigate the detailed reasons.[34]
In June 2023,The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) signed a memorandum of cooperation with the French National Space Research Center (CNES) and the German Aerospace Center (DLR) at the Paris Air Show, and plans to install a small rover named "IDEFIX" on the Mars satellite probe (MMX) under development.[35]On July 21, Bloomberg reported that Toyota Motor and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries announced that they would cooperate with JAXA to develop the lunar rover.[38]
At about 9:22 a.m. local time on February 17, 2024, the No. 2 aircraft of the H3 rocket newly developed by JAXA and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries launched from the Tanegashima Space Center in Kagoshima Prefecture, and then entered the scheduled orbit.[49]
On July 1, 2024, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) launched H3 rocket 3, successfully putting the Earth observation satellite "Dadi 4" into the scheduled orbit.This is the first time that a new generation of Japanese main carrier rocket successfully launched a satellite.[53]
The experimental module of Hope built by JAXA for the International Space Station
Nengdai Rocket Test Ground: (Nengdai City, Akita County), mainlySolid rocket motorTest, equipment vibration test and destructive test, etc.
Jiaotian Space Center: (Jiaotian City, Miyagi Prefecture), implemented liquid fuelrocket engineDevelopment facilities.It has a facility for launching before the combustion test of the engine, etc.[9]
Atmospheric observation and space observation facilities
International Space Station, JAXA, ESA and NASA modules
Sanlu Balloon Center (Dachundu City, Iwate County) mainly uses balloon facilities for high-altitude (stratospheric) observation.
Dashu Space Test Base (Dashu cho, Hokkaido) can be used for aircraft flight test.
Earth Observation Center (Hatoyama, Biqi Prefecture, Saitama Prefecture)
Usuta Deep Space Center (Sakuhisa City, Nagano County)[9]
Cooperative research institutions
JAXA Participation in the International Space Station
JAXA has close cooperation with the following research institutions:[10-17]
At the beginning of 2010, due to the limitation of the financial budget, Japan was researching and developing manned vehiclesMoon landing planSuspended temporarily.[18]
On December 5, 2023, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) announced that the probe "SLIM" would attempt to achieve Japan's first lunar landing in the early morning of January 20, 2024.[40]
On December 25, 2023, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) announced that the small lunar lander SLIM had successfully entered the orbit around the moon. SLIM had entered an elliptical orbit with a near moon point height of about 600 kilometers and a far moon point height of about 4000 kilometers. It would take about 6.4 hours for the detector to orbit around the orbit. At present, the detector is in normal condition.[42]
At 0:20 on January 20, 2024 Tokyo time (23:20 on January 19 Beijing time), the small lunar lander SLIM landed on the lunar surface.However, the solar cell failed and could not generate electricity.[45]
On January 29, 2024, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) announced that the country's small lunar probe SLIM, which entered a "dormant" state due to the inability of solar cells to generate electricity, established communication with the ground on the evening of 28, and has resumed workWork.[47]
Mars exploration
In June 2014, the Ministry of Science and Technology of Japan said that it was consideringMarsCarry out space exploration missions.In a ministerial document, it pointed out that the mission aimed at manned flight and unmanned exploration missions to Mars and long-term settlement on the moon, and would seek international cooperation and support.[19]
On January 25, 2024 local time, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) announced at a press conference that the small lunar probe SLIM has achieved "accurate" landing, and the SLIM landing site is located about 55 meters east of the intended target site, achieving accuracy within 100 metersLanding.
Lunar exploration
On March 1, 2024 local time, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) announced that the lunar probe SLIM was once again dormant due to the arrival of the moon and night. JAXA is expected to try to restart communication with SLIM in late March。[50]
On April 1, 2024 local time, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) said that the lunar probe SLIM went into sleep again in the early morning of March 30, Japan time.[52]
End of task
On August 26, 2024, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency announced that the operation and mission of the lunar probe SLIM had been completely completed on August 23。[55]
Geospatial exploration
In December 2016, the Institute of Space Science of Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency andInstitute of Space and Earth Environment, Nagoya UniversityJointly operatedERG(Exploration of energy and Radiation in Geospace).As a space science exploration satellite, it is used for high-precision detection of the electromagnetic environment in the space around the earth.[20]
Supersonic aircraft
JAXA，Supersonic aircraft
In addition to H-IIA/B and Epsilon rockets, JAXA is also developing technology for the next generation of supersonic transport, which may become a commercial alternative to Concorde.The project (working name is Next Generation Supersonic Transport) is designed to develop a jet that can carry 300 passengers at Mach 2.In September and October 2005, the sub scale model of the jet was tested for aerodynamics in Australia.In 2015, JAXA carried out tests aimed at reducing the impact of supersonic flight under the D-SEND scheme.[21]
"H3" new rocket
At 10:56 a.m. local time on March 7, 2023, the new "H3" rocket launched by Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan, announced that the launch had failed. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) said that the rocket's secondary engine had failed to ignite successfully.[33]
On February 13, 2024 local time, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) announced that due to weather reasons, the launch of H3 Rocket 2, originally scheduled for February 15, would be postponed.Specific launch timeUndetermined.[48]
H3-22S new medium transport rocket
In July 2024, JAXA successfully launched H3-22S from the LP-2 station of Yoshinobu Launch Complex at the Tanegashima Space CenterNew medium capacity rocket.[54]
Protein crystal growth experiment
The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is one of the institutions active in microgravity protein crystal growth research.One study examined the crystal structure of proteins associated with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.Microgravity crystallization research has produced several promising compounds, including a molecule called TAS-205.[51]
Launch accident
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At about 9:00 a.m. local time on July 14, 2023, the "JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) Kendai Rocket Test Field" in Kendai City, Akita Prefecture exploded, causing a fireEngine experiment.[36]
In July 2023, the Japanese JAXA official announced that the pressure in the engine chamber of the second stage solid rocket of the Epsilon S rocket deviated from the design value after 20 seconds of this test run.After 57 seconds of commissioning, the pressure was 7.5MPa, which was lower than the maximum working pressure of 8.0MPa，Detailed data assessment and failure analysis are in progress.[37]In December, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) said that the reason for the explosion accident of the second stage engine of the "Epsilon S" rocket during the combustion test was that the parts of the ignition device were melted by heat and abnormal combustion occurred in the pressure vessel.[41]
