Contactless IC card

electronic device

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Contactless IC card, also known as RF card, is composed of IC chip , inductive antenna, packaged in a standard PVC There is no exposed part of the chip and antenna in the card. It is a new technology developed in the world in recent years, and its success will RFID technology and IC card The combination of technologies ends the problem of passive (no power supply in the card) and contactless electronic device A major breakthrough in the field. The card is close at a certain distance (usually 5-10cm) Reader writer Surface, passing through radio waves To complete data reading and writing operation 。

Chinese name: Contactless IC card
Foreign name: Non-Contacted IC Card
Alias: RF card

Composition: IC chip, induction antenna
Housing: PVC card
Technology: RFID technology and IC card
Delivery mode: radio waves

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working principle

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The RF reader/writer sends a set of fixed frequency electromagnetic wave There is a LC series resonant circuit in the card, whose frequency is the same as the frequency emitted by the reader writer, so that under the excitation of electromagnetic waves, the LC resonant circuit will resonate, so that there will be charges in the capacitor; At the other end of this charge, there is a unidirectional conduction electronic pump, which sends the charge in the capacitor to another capacitor for storage. When the accumulated charge reaches 2V, this capacitor can be used as power supply for other circuits working voltage , transmit the data in the card or receive the data from the reader writer.

Emission principle

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Non-contact IC card and card reader Reading and writing operations are completed through radio waves. Between the two Communication frequency Is 13.56MHZ. The non-contact IC card itself is a passive card. When the reader/writer reads and writes the card, the signal sent by the reader/writer consists of two parts: one is the power signal, which is received by the card and generates an instant energy with its L/C to supply the chip for work. The other part is the instruction and data signal, which commands the chip to read, modify and store data, and returns the signal to the reader writer to complete a read/write operation. The reader writer is generally composed of singlechip , dedicated Intelligent module And antenna, and equipped with communication interface , print port, I/O port, etc., so that they can be used in different fields.

classification

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Contactless IC card can be divided into:

1). RF ID is commonly called ID card 。 RF card information is accessed through radio waves To complete. There is no mechanical contact point between the host and the RF. For example, HID, INDARA, TI, EM, etc.

Most schools use meal card (thicker), entrance guard card , belonging to ID card.

2). radio frequency Storage card (RF IC) is commonly referred to as Contactless IC card 。 The RF memory card also accesses information through radio. It is in the Memory card The RF transceiver circuit is added. For example, MIFARE ONE.

Early used in some cities Bus card The meal card and hot water card used by some schools belong to the RF memory card.

3). radio frequency CPU Card（ RF CPU) is commonly referred to as Active Card, in CPU card RF transceiver circuit is added on the basis of. CPU card has its own operating system COS Is a real smart card.

Bus cards in big cities, Financial IC card A few school meal cards belong to RF CPU cards.

Support Agreement

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because Contactless IC card When communicating, it Reader writer Data is transmitted through radio frequency, so both parties must comply with the same Communication protocol The standard can meet the normal communication requirements. The standard protocols of contactless IC card commonly used in China are ISO14443A, ISO14443B ISO15693 Etc. Under different protocol standards, corresponding to different IC cards, common IC cards are:

ISO14443A: General Logical encryption card There are: Mifare 1K, Mifare 4K FM11RF08, Ultralight, Ultralight C, Mifare Mini, DesFire; CPU card: Mifare ProX T=CL TYPE A

ISO14443B: Common logical encryption cards include: SR176 SRI512, SRI1K, SRI2K, SRI4K, SRIX4K; CPU card: AT88RF020 T=CL TYPE B

ISO15693: Label card NXP I.CODE SLI TI Tag_it HF-I、ST LRI

Technical indicators

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	parameter
Overall dimension	IS0 standard card 85.5 × 54 × 0.76 card/special-shaped card
storage capacity	8Kbit, 16 partitions, two sets of passwords for each partition
working frequency	13.56MHz
Communication rate	106KBoud
Reading and writing distance	2.5~10cm
Reading and writing time	1~2ms
working temperature	-20℃~85℃
Erasure life	>100000 times
Data saving	>10 years
Packaging materials	PVC, ABS, PET, PETG, 0.13mm copper wire
Packaging process	Ultrasonic automatic wire planting/automatic butt welding
Executive standards	ISO 14443，ISO 10536
function	Support one card multi-purpose
Typical applications	Enterprise/campus One card solution , bus stored value card, expressway toll, parking lot, community/park management, etc

Internal partition

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The inner part of the contactless smart card consists of two parts: the system area (CDF) and the user area (ADF).

System area: used by card manufacturers, system developers and card issuers.

User area: used to store the relevant data information of the cardholder.

AB standard

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At present, the International ISO Organization is determining two main standards for contactless cards, one is based on Philips 、 Siemens One of the proposed TYPEA is based on Motorola ， STC TYPEB proposed by the company. Both have their own advantages:

TYPEA

The most widely used Mifare technology is compliant with the TYPEA standard. Its difference from TYPEB mainly lies in the communication between the card and the reader writer modulation mode To put it simply, when the message is "1", the signal will have a gap of 0.2-0.3 microseconds; when the message is "0", the signal may or may not have a gap, which is related to the front and rear information. The advantages of this method are obvious information difference, less chance of interference, fast response speed and no easy misoperation; The disadvantage is that the energy may fluctuate when it needs to continuously improve the energy to the non-contact card.

TYPEB

This standard has just been developed. Its card communicates with the reader writer in a 10% ASK modulation mode. That is, the difference between information "1" and information "0" is that the signal amplitude of information "1" is large, that is, the signal is strong, while the signal amplitude of information "0" is small, that is, the signal is weak. The advantages of this approach are continuous signal transmission , there will be no energy fluctuation; The disadvantage is that the information difference is not obvious, relatively vulnerable to external interference, and there will be false signals. Of course, it can also be made up by inspection.

From the above comparison, it can be seen that it is difficult to say which is better or worse for the two technologies, which is one of the reasons why the International ISO Organization determines the two standards. However, for the public transportation system, a careful analysis is needed, and it is better to adopt a standard. stay bus On the one hand, there is a lot of interference, and the clocking time must be very fast, so the smaller the probability of false signals, the better. In this respect, TYPEA is relatively suitable. In addition, due to the limitations of national conditions, there is little chance for buses to use contactless CPU cards in the short term. Generally, contactless logic encryption cards will be used. In the process of using the contactless logic encryption card, because there is no CPU working in the card Sustainability The requirements are not very strong, so TYPEA can work well, which is also the reason why TYPEB pushes non-contact CPU cards. They basically do not produce non-contact logical encryption cards.

advantage

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High reliability

wrong Contact IC card There is no mechanical contact with the reader writer, avoiding various faults caused by contact reading and writing. For example: due to rough card insertion, non card foreign matter insertion, dust or oil stain poor contact Fault caused by. In addition, there is no exposed chip on the surface of the non-contact card, so there is no need to worry about chip falling off, electrostatic breakdown, bending damage and other problems, which not only facilitates card printing, but also improves the Service reliability 。

easy operation

Because of non-contact communication, the reader writer can operate the card within 10CM, so it is not necessary to insert or dial the card, which is very convenient for users. The non-contact card has no directionality when used. The card can sweep across the surface of the reader writer in any direction, which can not only complete the operation, but also greatly improve the speed of each use.

Conflict prevention

There is a quick anti-collision mechanism in the contactless card, which can prevent data interference between cards. Therefore, the reader can process multiple contactless IC cards "simultaneously". This improves the application's Parallelism , which can improve the working speed of the system invisibly.

application

The serial number of the non-contact card is unique. The manufacturer has solidified this serial number before the product leaves the factory and cannot change it again. A two-way verification mechanism is used between the non-contact card and the reader writer, that is, the reader writer verifies the Legitimacy At the same time, the IC card also verifies the validity of the reader writer.

Before processing, the non-contact card and the reader writer must be mutually authenticated for three times, and all Data Encryption. In addition, each sector in the card has its own operation password and access conditions.

The memory structure of the contact card makes it versatile and can be used in different systems. Users can set different passwords and access conditions according to different applications.

Good encryption performance

Contactless IC card consists of IC chip and induction antenna, and is completely sealed in a standard PVC There is no exposed part in the card. The reading and writing process of non-contact IC card is usually completed by radio waves between the non-contact IC card and the reader writer.

Composition: one part is the power signal, which is generated by the card and its own L/C after receiving resonance , generate a moment of energy to supply the chip. The other part is to command the chip to complete data, modify, store, etc. and return to the reader writer by combining data signals. Formed by non-contact IC card Read-write system Both the hardware structure and the operation process have been greatly simplified. At the same time, with the help of advanced management software, the offline operation mode makes the data reading and writing process easier.

Development trend

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CPU card chip replaces logic encryption card chip Development trend

The most common contactless IC card in the market is the contactless logic encryption card. With its good performance and high cost performance, this type of IC card has been favored by the majority of users, and has been widely used in public transportation, medical Campus all-in-one card , access control and other fields. Because the non-contact logic encryption card chip uses stream Cryptography ， secret key The length is also not very long (the typical password length is 48 bits of Mifare), so there are some security risks in logic encryption card chips, which may be cracked by hackers. In areas with high security requirements such as finance, identity recognition and e-passport, they prefer to use embedded microprocessor Non contact CPU card chip.

The CPU card chip has dual security mechanisms inside, the first is the integration of the chip itself encryption algorithm Module, chip design companies usually Practical test Several of the most secure encryption algorithms are integrated into the chip. Common security algorithms are RSA ，3- DES Etc. Domestic chip design companies will also introduce the national secret algorithm (SSF33, SCB2, SM2 ， SM3 To enhance the security of the chip. The national secret algorithm is not open to the public, so the national secret algorithm generally has higher security than other public encryption algorithms. The second protection is the COS (Card Operation System) system unique to the CPU card chip. COS can set multiple mutually independent passwords for the chip. The keys are stored in a directory. The keys under each directory are independent from each other and have firewall Function (keys in different directories will not affect each other). At the same time, COS also sets the maximum number of password retries to prevent malicious attacks. This shows that the non-contact CPU card has higher security than the non-contact logical encryption card.

Three threats

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With the progress and development of society, smart card technology has also been applied to our lives, which brings about a large number of smart card security controllers Hacker attack 。 More and more attacks have also announced the end of many previous claims that their products are very safe.

about Contactless card For applications, a very high level of privacy protection and data protection 。 The specially designed security controller can meet the high-level requirements of privacy protection and data protection for such applications.

The goal of chip manufacturers is to design effective, testable and verifiable Safety measures . to resist the following three types of threats: false sensing attacks Physical attack and bypass Channel attack.

Missense attack

Disrupting the function of smart cards has evolved into a comparative attack method, which is used by thousands of hackers from amateurs to very professional all over the world. Therefore, this false sensing attack (also known as semi intrusion attack) has become the main object of security performance evaluation and verification of security controllers.

smart card The controller is usually made of silicon chips. The electrical properties of silicon chips will vary with Environmental parameters But different. For example, the electrical properties of a silicon chip will vary with the voltage, temperature, light ionizing radiation And around electromagnetic field Change. The attacker will try to introduce some wrong behaviors by changing these environment parameters, including introducing errors into the program flow of the smart card controller. Usually, attackers force the chip to make wrong decisions (such as receiving wrong input Authentication code ）, allow access storage Confidential data in. This so-called "memory dump" is gradually becoming an area of interest for error attacks.

However, for an attacker to extract a complete key using a complex algorithm, the use of "different error attacks (DFA)" is only effective for a single error operation in some cases. There are various methods to induce unknown errors, including changing power supply, electromagnetic induction visible light Or radiant materials to illuminate the surface of the smart card, or change the temperature, etc. Some of the above methods can be implemented with very low-cost devices, thus becoming an ideal choice for amateur attackers.

Although countermeasures against these attacks are given in the data of the security controller, they can only be proved to be truly effective through actual tests. Because the performance of these countermeasures varies up to several Order of magnitude . Therefore, it is necessary to check the Safety level Is extremely important. When the chip is approved for ID or E-Passport Before, it must undergo a large number of security tests. However, for different ID card systems in different countries, the standards for these security tests are also different. The realization of the concept of error induced attack must be seen from different perspectives, and a strict mutual cooperation mechanism must be constructed. Chip card Controller's Safety concept It is established in the following three aspects:

1. Prevent wrong induction;

2. Test error inducing conditions;

3. Various measures against the wrong behavior of the security controller.

Filter power supply and Input signal As the first barrier, a fast reaction stabilizer is used to prevent the sudden change of voltage in a given range. Similarly, some irregular behaviors related to clock power supply are also prevented. For example, if the security controller is attacked by a very high voltage that cannot be resisted by ordinary rules only, the sensor is used as part of the second barrier. If the sensor detects critical value , an alarm will be triggered. The chip will be set to Security status 。 Voltage sensor Used to check the power supply, the clock sensor checks the irregular behavior of the frequency, and the temperature and Optical sensor Check for light and temperature attacks. South light attack can be realized through the back of the chip, and the optical sensor is effective for attacks on both sides of the device. The second barrier is built from the security controller core itself. The combination of hardware and software forms an effective third barrier. Here, the combination of hardware and software is crucial, because in some cases, pure software measures themselves are the target of error attacks.

Controllable physical layer attack

Attackers may also manipulate circuits on the chip in a more direct way, for example, by using electrical equipment Direct connection micro controller On The signal line . to read the confidential data transmitted online or Data injection In the chip.

In order to deal with physical attacks, the most important thing is to bus system Encrypt, which means that the data on the chip itself needs to use a powerful cryptographic algorithm Encrypt. This means that even if an attacker can get these data, only useless information can be generated.

On the other hand, effective Shielding net It is an effective barrier for attackers. In this case, micron grade superfine Protective line To override the security controller. These protection lines are continuously monitored if some Line and Other short circuits, cuts off or damages will start the alarm. With such multi-level protection measures, the controller can be protected from physical attacks, even attacks from advanced attack devices.

Bypass attack

Attackers will also use methods to obtain confidential data information (such as authentication code), which is achieved by carefully observing various parameters when the chip is working. Using power analysis (SPA - simple power analysis. DPA - different power analysis. EMA - electromagnetic analysis), attackers can electromagnetic radiation To extract information, because the power consumption and radiation intensity It is changeable.

advantage

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1. High reliability, which can prevent various failures caused by card insertion, dust and oil contamination; There is no exposed chip on the card surface, no chip falling off Electrostatic breakdown , bending damage and other problems; The operation is convenient and fast, and the card can be operated within the effective range; nothing directional ； The reading speed is improved, and there is no mechanical contact between the card and the reader writer.

2. Anti conflict (automatic Resolution ）The RF card has a quick anti-collision mechanism to prevent data interference between cards. The reader/writer can handle multiple cards at the same time Induction card 。

3. Convenient operation. Due to non-contact communication, the reader writer can operate the card within 10cm. Generally, the card reading distance depends on different machines and tools.

4． Scope of application Wide, RF card Memory structure Its features make it possible to apply one card to different systems, and users can set different passwords and access conditions according to different applications.

5. Good encryption performance, two-way verification mechanism a sector There are operation passwords and access conditions.

Production instructions

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1、 Correctly place the draft as coreldraw, AI , photoshop ， pdf File. Characters, symbols and patterns must be converted into curves after special effects Lattice diagram ；

2、 Inner frame specification: 85.5mm * 54mm, outer frame specification: 88.5mm * 57mm, card fillet is 12 degrees;

3、 The small embossed code is font 14, and the large embossed code is font 18, which can be represented in bold. The small embossed code and the large embossed code, including spaces, can only be 19 digits at most. The embossed code can be gilded or gilded with silver or other gold and silver, and can be used for personalized embossed code in special requirements;

4、 Convex code and card Margins Must be greater than 5mm Magnetic stripe The inner frame edge (upper and lower) of the spacer is 4mm, and the width of the magnetic strip is 12mm;

5、 Contactless IC card: the convex code design position should not press the chip on the reverse side, otherwise the chip will not be able to swipe;

6、 Do not press the convex design position to the reverse IC chip Otherwise, the barcode data cannot be read, IC card Leave space according to the barcode model provided by the customer;

7、 color Step tone : The ideal stage range is 18% - 85% if the highlight is less than 18% or Undertone If some of them are higher than 85% Color Grad Poor;

8、 Color mode Should be CMYK Front and back pure black text or black background filling K100 solid color block reverse White words , white words need white edges;

9、 The thickness of the line shall not be less than 0.076mm, otherwise the printing will not be presented;

10、 Shading or Base map The color setting should not be less than 8% to prevent the finished product from being rendered during printing;

11、 The following items shall be noted in the manuscript before the order is placed for the document of making non-contact IC card:;

A： Indicate how many cards are made in total, indicating where the card number starts and special requirements. The card number is small convex, large convex, flat or Inkjet code ； Whether bronzing is required Hot silver Or not hot? How many signature notes are there on the back? If the card number or tail number meets "4" or "7", it should be removed;

B： If there is a pattern or text on the front that needs to be gilded or gilded, it also needs to be highlighted;

C： If the non-contact IC card has a special manufacturing process, it should be explained in detail in the next single manuscript;

12、 Because the printed carrier of the card is different, the printed finished product is the same as that displayed or printed by the computer Color manuscript There will be a certain color difference;

13、 The color shall be filled according to CMYK color book screen color And printer printing color, not as printing color.

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