synonymAriana 5 rocket(Ariane 5 rocket) generally refers to Ariane 5 carrier rocket
Ariane 5 rocket is a disposable rocket developed in EuropeCarrier rocketArianaThe latest model in the series of rockets, mainly used to launch artificial satellitesGeosynchronous orbitOr lowlandtrack。The Ariane 5 carrier rocket was funded by the European Space Agency and the French National Space Research Center, and Airbus Group was the main contractor and builder. It was launched for the first time on June 4, 1996.The Ariane 5 rocket has been improved since its first successful launch. The models derived from it include G, G+, GS, ECA and the latest ES.
At 0:00 on July 6, 2023 CET, the European Ariane 5 rocket was launched from the Kuru Space Center in French Guiana. After successfully putting two satellites into orbit, it ended its 27 year service life.[8]
Ariane 5 rocket is composed ofEuropean Space Agency(ESA) and the National Central Launch Site toEADSSpace vehicle company is the main contractor, responsible for integrating downstream contractors.Ariana Aerospace is responsible for operation and salesAriana Rocket。Space vehicle companies build rockets in Europe and launch rockets at the Guyana Space Center.
Ariane 5 rocket has been improved since its first successful launch, and its derivative models include G, G+, GS, ECA and ES.The European Space Agency originally planned to launch the small manned space shuttle "Hermes" with the Ariane 5 rocket and build it according to the "manned level standard". When the European Space Agency cancelled the Hamilton plan, the Ariane 5 rocket was completely used for carrying objects.
Development process
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The Ariane 5 carrier rocket is the first "small series, large diameter" large vehicle developed by Europe in the 1990sCarrier rocket。
Ariane 5 carrier rocket
In November 1987, the Ministerial Conference of the European Space Agency officially approved the development of the Ariane 5 large carrier rocket.In January of the next year, the plan was officially implemented.It was originally planned to launch twice in April and October 1995, and then put it into commercial use.Later, due to development progress and financial reasons, the plan was forced to be postponed.
On June 4, 1996, the first launch was finally carried out, but unfortunately it failed, which had a significant impact in the world.From the determination of the plan in 1987 to the first flight in 1996, the Ariane 5 carrier rocket program lasted more than eight years, and the development cost was more than 8 billion dollars.Although the first launch failed unfortunately, it has accumulated rich experience for future development work.
On October 30, 1997, the Ariane 5 carrier rocket was successfully launched for the second time.
On October 28, 1998, after the success of the third launch mission, it was officially put into commercial use.By 2002, Ariane 5 carrier rocket had completed 10 commercial launch missions, of which 9 were successful.
On July 12, 2001, when the seventh commercial Ariane 5 carrier rocket was launched into a double satellite, the unstable combustion of the upper stage engine caused the satellite to enter a useless orbit much lower than the scheduled orbit.This was the first time that the Ariane 5 carrier rocket encountered a failure after it was officially put into use. For this reason, the European Space Agency stopped other launch missions of the Ariane 5 carrier rocket in 2001, and established a special failure investigation team to investigate the cause of the failure. The launch resumed in March 2002.
Ariane V GS and ECA models were first demonstrated on flight V26 on October 5, 2007. The engine test began after the successful deployment of the satellite.The test of re ignition capability is also part of the mission. On March 9, 2008, the automatic carrier spacecraft was sent to the circular temporary mooring orbit with two degrees of ignition. Then the spacecraft separated and was sent to the low earth orbit for the third time by the terminal section.
As of 2012, the Ariane 5 rocket under the European Ariane Space Company has successfully launched 53 times in a row in 10 years, sending many satellites and spacecraft into space.[2]
Structural characteristics
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3.1 Overall structure
3.2 Engine
GS type sectional view of Ariane 5 carrier rocket
One main engine of liquid hydrogen oxygen rocket is used in the first sub stage. Because the number of rocket stages and main engines is reduced, the separation control of the carrier rocket is simplified, thus increasing the system reliability of the carrier rocket;In addition, the use of non-toxic and pollution-free propellants is also conducive to environmental protection.
3.3 Main engine
The engine is called EPC (EtagePrincipalCryotechnique). The fuel tank is 30.5 meters long and divided into two tanks, which respectively contain 130 tons of liquid oxygen and 25 tons of liquid hydrogen. The basic model of Vulcain engine can produce 115 tons of thrust (1.13 million newtons). The empty weight of the first section is about 15 tons.
3.4 Booster rocket
3.5 Fairing and launcher
Ariane 5 carrier rocket is the commercial carrier rocket with the largest delivery capacity in the world up to 2002.When carrying out a single satellite launch mission, it can send a 6500kg payload into the geosynchronous transfer orbit, while when carrying out a double satellite launch mission, it can send a 6000kg payload into the same orbit.Since the mass of the world's largest commercial communication satellite is not more than 5.5 tons, and the mass of most commercial communication satellites is between 2.5 and 4 tons, the Ariane 5 carrier rocket not only has the ability to launch the world's largest high orbit commercial communication satellite, but also has the ability to launch two large high orbit satellites with one rocket, which can greatly reduce the launch cost of users.
Two satellites can be stacked with SYLDA (SYsteme de Lancement DoubleAriane) shelves;Three artificial satellites use SPELTRA (Structure Porteuse Externe Lancement TripleAriane);If there are more than eight man-made satellites, usually experimental satellites orMicrosatelliteThe ASAP (Ariane Structure for Auxiliary Payloads) platform can be used.
Main models
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prototype
Ariana V G+
Ariane V GS
Ariana 5 ECA
Section of Ariane 5 carrier rocket ECA type
It can carry 10000 kg (multiple satellites) to geosynchronous transfer orbit or 10500 kg (one satellite). This improved model uses the new Vulcain 2 engine as the first engine, and the second one uses ESC-A (EtageSuperiorCryogenique-A) and HM-7B engine as cryogenic propellant weighing 2100 kg and 14000 kg.The fuel is liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen, and the payload compartment and end section are covered by fairing, and separation will occur when they reach enough height.The second section of Ariane V carrier rocket was once used asAriane IV carrier rocketIn the third section of the ECA model, the length of the fuel tank will be shortened after improvement.The Balkan engine has been modified to become longer, and the more efficient nozzle makes the use efficiency of propellant improve a lot.The new calculation requires modifying the length of the fuel tank in Section I.In addition, the EAP components of the solid auxiliary rocket also use lighter welded metal clusters, so more propellant can be loaded.Compared with Ariane V G carrier rocket, the low earth orbit payload capacity of ESC-A cryogenic section II has not been significantly improved. Therefore, Ariane V ECA carrier rocket will not be used to launch automatic carrier vehicles (ATVs).
Ariane V ES
The main function is to send the automatic carrier ship toInternational Space Station。In addition, the Ariane V ES carrier rocket also integrates all the modified equipment, and gets the first main engine EPC (French: EtagePrincipalCryogenique, English: Cryogenicmaintenance) and auxiliary rocket EAP (French: Etaged'AccelerationaPoudre, solid auxiliary rocket, English: solidrocketbooster) from the Ariane V ECA carrier rocket;The second section is obtained from Ariane V GS carrier rocket: EPS (Etagea Propergols Stockable).It is estimated that the Ariane V ES-ATV carrier rocket can deliver 21000 kg payload to low earth orbit (LEO).The first launch date was 9 March 2008Greenwich Mean TimeAt 04:03.
Future development
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Ariane V ECB carrier rocket program stalled
Budget shrink.In October 2005, the European Space Agency (ESA) did not mention the plan to restart or cancel the Ariane V ECB carrier rocket at its Berlin meeting, which means that the plan was just put on hold.The Vinci engine was originally planned to be used for the ECB type end joint, but the research and development progress was slow.
Therefore, the restarted Ariane V ECB carrier rocket will not fully accelerate its development at the 2008 European Space Agency meeting.
Solid auxiliary rocket (EAP)
The graphite filament epoxy base (carbon fiber) is much lighter than the stainless steel shell material.The new integrated control nozzle was also realized because of the development of special heat flow insulator materials and more detailed pipelines (to increase the diffusion efficiency of fuel), and then this new combination was taken for comprehensive testing.In addition, the new nozzle has an electromechanical actuator instead of the original heavy hydraulic method of vector control thrust.These materials will be used in the near futureAriana series carrier rocketOn.
Launch record
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prototype
Ariane 5 carrier rocket
The first test launch of Ariane V carrier rocket (Ariane V carrier rocket flight 501) failed on June 4, 1996. The whole rocket destroyed itself 37 seconds after launch because of the software failure of controlling the rocket flight, which can be said to be the most disastrous software failure event in history.A data dialog shows that the whole information of 64 bit floating point jumping to 16 bit is wrong, causing the processor to get stuck (operator error).The number of floating-point operators is too large for 16 bit operators, so they cannot be operated.Considering the performance design, the software processor (Ada code) cannot be loaded, although other converters can use variable passwords to protect.
On October 30, 1997, L502 carried out the second test flight, but the result was partial failure. The nozzle of Balkan engine caused the problem of overturning, which also made the propulsion of the first section of main engine end early. Although the terminal section was still successfully propelled, it could not reach the scheduled orbit.
On October 21, 1998, the Ariane V carrier rocket was finally successful, and the first commercial flight was carried out on December 10, 1999. The payload satellite was XMM Newton X-raySpace telescope。
On July 12, 2001, two payloads entered the wrong orbit, reaching only half the height of geosynchronous orbit.The Artemis communication satellite of the European Space Agency reached its intended orbit on January 31, 2003 through the experimental ion propulsion system.After the accident, Envisat environmental satellite (8100kg) was launched on March 1, 2002 to reach an orbit of 800km. This is the eleventh launch and the heaviest payday before the launch of the automatic carrier spacecraft (9000kg) on March 9, 2008.
GS and ECA
Ariane 5 carrier rocket
The first launch was on December 11, 2002, but it failed because the auxiliary rocket failed to turn due to problems. It was destroyed three minutes after the launch. Two payloads, Stentor and HotBird 7, worth about 630 million euros, also disappeared in the sea.The accident was caused by the engine temperature being too high due to the rupture of the cooling pipe. After the accident, SA of Ariana Space Company delayed the launch date of the Rosetta satellite from January 2003 to February 26, 2004, but it was also delayed to early March 2004 due to a small problem with the cryogenic fuel tank.
On September 27, 2003, the last Ariane V G carrier rocket carried three satellites (including the first European lunar probe, SMART-1), belonging to Flight 162.On July 18, 2004, Ariane V G+carrier rocket carried the heaviest AnikF2 satellite at that time, weighing about 6000 kg.
Ariane V ECA carrier rocket was not successfully launched until February 12, 2005. The payloads include XTAR-EUR military communication satellite, 'SLOHSAT' small scientific satellite and MaqSatB2 simulation payloads. It was originally scheduled to be launched in October 2004. Due to additional tests and military requirements (after the launch of Helios2A observation satellite), the scheduled launch time was delayed.
On August 11, 2005, Ariane V GS carrier rocket carried the heaviest Thaicom-4/iPStar-1 satellite at that time, which weighed about 6505 kg, into orbit.
On November 16, 2005, the third launch of Ariane V ECA carrier rocket (the second successful launch) included Spaceway-F2 satellite of DirecTV and Telkom-2 satellite of PT Telekomunikasi of Indonesia. This was the heaviest multi satellite payload, with a total weight of more than 8000 kg.
On March 11, 2006, Ariane V ECA carrier rocket was launched for the fourth time, which is also a multi satellite payday. The payday satellites include Eutelsat's HotBird7A satellite (instead of the first ECA failed Firebird 7 satellite) and SPAINSAT satellite, which provide a Spanish government with a communication satellite of HISDESAT.
On May 27, 2006, Ariane V ECA carrier rocket set a new commercial payday record of 8.2 tons, including two satellites, including Thaicom 5 and Satmex 6.
On May 4, 2007, the Ariane V carrier rocket ECA type carrier rocket set a new commercial payload record again, with the total weight of the two satellites Astra1L and Galaxy17 communication satellites, including other payloads, totaling 8.6 tons.This record was broken again on November 11, 2007. The payloads of Skynet5B and StarOneC1 satellites weigh 9535kg.
On March 9, 2008, Ariane V ES-ATV carrier rocket launched its first autonomous spacecraft to the International Space Station, named Jules Verne.
On April 18, 2008, Ariane V ECA carrier rocket launched StarOneC-2 satellite and Vietnam's first satellite, Vinasat-1 satellite.
At 22:54 on August 2, 2012, the Ariane 5 rocket was launched from the Kuru Space Center in French Guiana, putting into orbit the HYLAS-2 communication satellite of the British Avanti Communications Company and the INTELSAT-20 communication satellite of the American Intelsat Group.
On July 25, 2018, the "Ariane 5" carrier rocket carrying four Galileo satellites was launched from Kuru, French Guiana, and successfully entered the scheduled orbit.[3]
On September 25, 2018 local time, in Kuru, French Guiana, the 100th Ariane 5 carrier rocket was launched at the European Space Launch Center in Guyana. This launch carried two high orbit communication satellites, and the whole launch lasted 42 minutes.According to ESA tweets, this launch mission has been completed, and Horizons-3e and Azerspace-2/Intelsat-38 communication satellites have entered the scheduled orbit.[4]
At 3:30 on August 7, 2019, an Ariane 5 rocket was launched from the Kuru Space Center in French Guiana, successfully putting the Intelsat 39 satellite of Intelsat Group and the EDRS-C satellite jointly developed by the European Space Agency and Airbus into orbit.This is the third successful launch of Ariane 5 rocket in 2019[1]。
On December 22, 2021, the official website of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) announced that due to the severe weather conditions at the European Space Port in French Guiana, flight VA256, which was originally scheduled to launch Weber Space Telescope on December 24, was postponed, and the new launch date was December 25.The team authorized Ariane 5 rocket to carry Weber Space Telescope and start the launch mission, but the execution was suspended due to weather reasons.[5]
At 9:15 local time on April 13, 2023, the European Space Agency (ESA) was scheduled to launch the Jupiter Ice Moon Explorer (JUICE) at the European Space Port in French Guiana.However, due to the monitoring of lightning during the launch, the European Space Agency announced that it would postpone the launch by 24 hours and change it to 9:15 local time on the 14th.[6]
According to the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), the weather station monitored that there was a risk of thunder and lightning over the European Space Port in Kourou, French Guiana, during the launch of the rocket, so ESA announced that the launch was postponed for 24 hours.[6]
On April 14, 2023, Beijing time, the "JUCIE" launched from the Kuru Space Center in French Guiana with Ariane 5 carrier rocketEmpty.[7]
At 0:00 on July 6, 2023 (Beijing time, July 6, 2023), the European Ariane 5 rocket was launched from the Kuru Space Center in French Guiana. After successfully putting a French military communication satellite and a German experimental communication satellite into orbit, it completed its 117th and last flight mission, ending its 27 year service career.[8-9]
