The disciples were raised in the families of ancient dignitaries. Some of them had real talent and knowledge and could work for their masters at critical moments, but some of them had false names and cheated on food and drink.Their identity is different from that of domestic slaves. They don't have fixed jobs and don't have to workFactotum, and still get paid for eating and drinking.Only when the master needs them to do something, he will arrange work for them.
As a symbol of aristocratic status and wealth, doormen first appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period, when the custom of raising guests was prevalent.every lastVassal statesThe noble children ofChun Shenjun, Zhao GuodePingyuan Jun, of the State of WeiEmperor Xinling，Qi StateMeng Changjun, etc.
A person who lives under the noble family and serves it.The Book of Jin · The Record of Shile: "Zhang Pi and Zhang Bin are chivalrous men. They travel more than one hundred times every day, and all things come to them, which is not the benefit of the state." The third and seventh chapters of The Scholars: "An old Lou father is just a disciple of the great master. He was ill, but he sent him back with a few silver coins." Lu Xun's Collection of Collected Books:“《A New Account of the Tales of the World》It didn't say it was selected, as if it was collected by Liu Yiqing or his disciples. "
two
A teacher of a private school.On the volume of Sun Gong Tan Pu (Sun Gong Tan Pu) by Song Sunsheng: "Later, I got Zhao Xuejiu, that is, I was in Biandi. Du Hou recorded Chen's past, summoned to the door, and became a disciple of Zhao." On the third volume of Notes of Laoxue Nunnery by Song Luyou: "There were ten guests in Qin's meeting, and Cao Guan taught his grandson to be a disciple." Ji Junxiang of the Yuan Dynasty, "The Solitary Son of the Zhao Family"The third part: "It's better to just be a doorman in my home, and honor your child to grow up and learn from your roots."
Gatekeeper culture
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brief introduction
The gatekeepers are divided into several levels according to their roles.The lowest level only reaches the level of food and clothing, while the highest level guests have fish and cars.The gatekeepers mainly play their roles as the advisors and bodyguards of the master, and may also develop into the private arms of the employer when necessary.As for the hegemonZhou DynastysinceYi KingSince the etiquette and music were unknown, the princes became powerful.Fight against each otherZhou TianziPut it in the eye.Some small vassals often sufferethnic minorityThe bitterness of invasion.So some big vassals proposedHonor the king and fight against the barbariansWe have absorbed some allies and formed a political group headed by ourselves.During the Spring and Autumn Period, wars often broke out between major powers for hegemony.As a hegemon, the country has a right to its alliesDominion。itsDependent countryIt is to pay tribute to it.Raised by dignitariesHelperOr people who work: tens of disciples.
Culture and Literary Outlook
A recent reading of Professor Li Heping's The Relationship between the Culture of the Gate People in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States PeriodQin and Han DynastiesZhiyong's view of literature and art is a new one. I feel that its major proposition can be compared withWang Xuetai"Vagrant culture"Yu YingshiThe "scholar culture" of.The research objects of the three are different,Big conceptDifferent connotations and overlapping extensions help us understand China from different perspectivesTraditional Culture and Cultural Tradition。
In contrast, Yu Yingshi's concept of "scholar" has the smallest extension, and his research started fromConfuciusEpochalIntellectual class；"Shi" andQin and Han DynastiesLater, the "literati and officials" were all what Li Xiaoping called "disciples". Among them, the "tourists" who were living under the son, Wang Sun, or who chose their own masters to serve as generals and ministers were the most obvious "intersection" of "scholars" and "disciples".However, the gatekeepers are not necessarily warriors. They may not be warriors or scholars, and they may be "diners" who only have skills such as cock crowing and dog stealing.
CentralizationAfter the establishment of the Imperial Court, the disciples had no choice but to compete to please a master.
Goal of doorman
In a broad sense, Li Zhu's concept of "door guest" almost covers people of all classes and strata in ancient China, except the one who is destined to occupy the supreme throne in the world.Because in Li Zhu's definition, the life goal of "gatekeepers" is to seek wealth, honor, and immortality. Their path is to "instrumentalize" themselves by attaching to a master to achieve the relationship between feeding and being fed."The Holy Master"ConfuciusIt is also unavoidable to show the appearance of guests from time to time.He did not shy away from his anxiety of "having no king for three days", and even rushed tothe various states or nationsBe ridiculed as a bereaved dog.Chen Tan, who has always been ambitious, encouraged his followers to say that "princes, generals, ministers and ministers should have seed" when he rose up;Nape feather、Liu BangseeFirst Emperor of QinGo out to patrol the guard of honor, sigh "If you are a great man," and have the heart of "taking and replacing";But at the beginning, they must act as "gatekeepers"（Guest will）, Young Master Chen ShiyiFusuandXiang YanXiang Yu and Liu Bang raised the banner of King Huai of Chu.They consciously put themselves in the guest seat under the door.Of course, this does not prevent them from taking the lead and seizing the highest power when their wings are full.Young Master ChuChun Shenjun's guestsLi Yuan, Grand Eunuch of Qin Dynastyeunuch who conspired with Li Si to influence the succession to the First EmperorIt is a successful example of taking conspiracy as the main means to turn back visitors.
Wanderers and Doormen
Li Heping's concept of "doorman" andWang XuetaiThe "vagrants" have more in common.They are all people wandering on the edge of the society, always looking for their own belonging, but what the "gatekeepers" are looking for isWithin the systemA prominent sect, while vagrants may go to Liangshan to "walk for heaven" or join the Beggars' Sect and the Green and Red Sect.Wang Xuetai said that the main source of vagrants was bankrupt farmers,agricultural societyHow many people don't flow the blood of farmers?Zhuge LiangFrom Shandong to Nanyang to avoid chaosLongzhongObviously, he is a farmer. Although he wakes up to study the general situation of the world because his family is rich and can "sleep late in spring", it is not a false accusation to say that he is a "vagrant".as forZhu Yuanzhang, Emperor Taizu of the Ming DynastyIt was a typical bankrupt farmer, a vagrant.As Wang Xuetai said, "From refugees to urban vagrants" obviously includes people like Feng Yuan.What he said about vagrant intellectuals and vagrants are actually two and one.model official revered for wisdom and integrity, Wu YongLiu BowenSuch people are their representatives. They areSu Qin、Zhang Yi、Fan Ju、Cai ZeSuch as the Miao descendants of the pre Qin disciples.By the way,Wang XuetaiLi's major isliterary study。Wang Xuetai is right《Romance of the Three Kingdoms》、《Water Margin》EtcPopular novelThe sociological interpretation ofChinese societyPenetration.Li Heping explored the origin of the literary and artistic concept of "pragmatism" ("literature carries morality", "adult ethics, teaching assistant"), traced it back to the door guest culture in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and summarized it.The concepts of "vagrant culture" and "door guest culture" created by the two people obviously overflowstudy of art and literatureCategory of.
Yu YingshiThis phenomenon is explained from the pattern of victory and defeat in the battle between "shi" and "dao".What he called "shi" is the force of realityPolitical authorityThat is, the right to rule the countrysocial resourcesOfDominance；And "Tao", whether it is the "Heaven Way" with religious meaning represented by ancient rites and music, orconfucianThe "humanity" with "benevolence" as the core and the moral principles of "monarch and minister, father and son" are both spiritual and cultural forces.Both "shi" and "dao" are constructive politicsSocial orderRequired.In the situation of competing for hegemony, princes need more "Tao"
We should give spiritual support to their "Shi" so that they can become famous and their political power can have some kind ofLegitimacy。But realize the world“Unification”After that, the intellectuals who "assumed their own responsibility by virtue of Tao" could not compete with the emperor's "Shi" at all.The "Tao" of ancient intellectuals is invisible, and there is no guarantee other than individual personality.Therefore, in an authoritarian and centralized society, "facing the huge and organized power with a lonely and insignificant individual,MenciusThe fear of "bending the road to follow the trend" is very easy to happen, and in fact, it often happensGongsun Hong'Qu Xuea Shi' is the most famous example "(I wrote the Ancient Tradition of Chinese Intellectuals).
Although there are some unwilling people in the future, such as those in the late Ming DynastyLv KunHe said, "The reason and the potential are the most respected in the heaven and earth. Although the reason and the potential are also the most respected. If the reason is stated in the temple, the Son of Heaven can't take advantage of the potential..." This is just inexhaustiblePre QinIt is said that most of them are "people who have not been ordered to be only, but have not made promises": "people who are on the river and sea, and whose heart isWei QueThe fake hermits and the fake Daoism "dressed in elegant clothes and walking like dogs" are full of holes.In the pre Qin period, it was advocated that "Tao" respected "Shi". Kong's disciples said that only their teachers were worthy of "the Son of Heaven",Xun QingThe disciples declared that their teacher should be the emperor directly. This kind of words would be against the law in later generations and would kill the nine ethnic groups.Han YuWith“Orthodoxy”The heir considers himself,Yu YingshiCalling him one of the intellectuals representing social conscience in the Tang DynastyGao Song"The king of heaven is sage, and his ministers should be punished".It is not that his bones are too soft, and his "potential" is different from time to time.
Institutional model
Li Heping developed the power of "momentum" and "Tao" toCentralizationBefore and after the establishment of the imperial court, it can be summarized as two modes: "subject to two objects and one object" (one object and multiple subjects) and "subject to one object and two objects" (multiple objects and one subject).In the former mode, the doormen run around among the kings, marquises and nobles of various countries and choose to join in. They are not ashamed of themselves at all times, but become a legend when they are well qualified“Capable men choose the right leader to serve.”"If you agree, you will stay; if you disagree, you will go" is a matter of course.If you say《Strategies of the Warring States Period》A book is a counselorStrategistPriggishspeechAnd story collections, includingWang Po sells melonsSuspicion;So,LissOf《A letter of remonstrance to expel guests》, listthe Qin stateThe figures in history have proved the great contribution of the disciples to the transformation of the Qin State from weak to strong, and the realization of "crossing the sea and controlling princes"strategic targetIrreplaceable.
Seek equality
Since in the fierce competition among countries, those who gain talents will win, and those who lose talents will lose. As talented people, they naturally have the capital and qualification to bargain with their masters.As a result, some Mencius refused to pay homage to the King of Qi first when he was ill, and some Yan Jin refused to come to the hall of Shu, but dared to say to the angry King of Qi, "The scholar is noble, the king is not noble!" Under the background of one guest and many masters, the disciples, for their high status, often asked the master to give special or even "equal" treatment with the master.Feng Yuan first played for "eating no fish", then "getting out of the car", and then sang for his mother who had no one to support him three times.
For spiritual pursuit
In the pre Qin era when the heroes were competing for hegemony, some disciples not only asked their masters to give them higherMaterial treatmentAnd even seek to establish a spiritual "bosom friend" relationship with the master.Only when they are respected by the "unparalleled national scholar" can they be loyal to them.CompromiseOnce worked in Fan'sZhongxingI am a guest, not avenging their demise, but I change my appearance to beZhiboassassinateZhao Xiangzi, saying that "a man dies for his bosom friend, and a woman looks good for herself".Cao Mo、Jing KeThey are also such guests. Their masters all have a face of being courteous and caring for talents.
No longer reserved
butCentralizationAfter the establishment and the unification of the world, the guests have no choice but to compete to please a master.Without the gatekeepers who choose freely, they lose their relatively independent personality and free spirit (Li Zhuo called it "the heroic spirit"), and can no longer be reserved.Mencius said, "There is no gentleman who can take goods";And the later generations of the Traveller's Sect were satisfiedLife credoBut it is“Learn civil and martial arts, goods and imperial families”。They turned the "libido" into absolute recognition and obedience to imperial power, and the competition for favor could only lead to increasingly fierce rivalry between "gatekeepers".Those who know that they don't deserve or can't "buy goods with the emperor's family" have become the pilgrims in the Jia familyZhan Guang(stained with light)Bu Shiren(not people).
Means value
The inferior products of the disciples in the Pre Qin period were miscellaneous. There were not only the children of the dilapidated nobility, but also the bottom vagrants who were unwilling to be poor.Their common feature is that they pursue their own values in the "troubled times" when etiquette is broken and joy is broken.They are eager to make contributions, like Confucius, who "died of illness without fame". Even if they pay the price of their lives, they are willing to be famous for their extreme behavior.Some of them have no principles, such as Su Qin, Zhang YiShang YangWhich set can win the favor of the Lord will use that set (this can also be said to be a "principle");If Yu Rang Is a "Villain" Zhibo（Sima QianRevenge, I will work hard for those who value me.Some people are inhumane. For example, they killed Qi Ji's wife to win the trust of LuWu Qi, such as killing his wife and children to disguise and offend himTo leave, killed his classmates out of jealousyHan FeiLi Si of Zi.Some people are more cunning than chameleon, such ascourt riteAnd made him "known today as the most valuable emperor"Shusuntong；In case of money fraudFirst Emperor of QinseekElixir of life, which led to the disaster of "burning books and entrapping scholars"necromancerXushi、Lu Sheng。There are also high performers among the disciples, such as "Yibu Di Qin"Lu ZhonglianAnd pay "bosom friend" with deathHou Ying, the people of Dongming don't love powerchief counsellor of Liu Bangwait.However, such high scholars and wise people are rare among the visitors, and they are strange to the visitors' culture.
master-slave relation
The subject and guest in the door guest cultureRelational theoryThe relationship between master and slave is determined by their feeding and being fed status.This dependence determines theInstrumentality。The so-called "bosom friend" relationship is just a fake.zhi The dialogue with the Yuan brothers of the public security bureau was straightforward: the master was just trying to lure you to be a slave for him.Liu BeiThree Visits to the Thatched CottageZhuge LiangGoing out of the mountain and putting on airs, don't you want him to feel the kindness of the encounter and "devote himself to the death of Liu's father and son"?Qu YuanI have long realized the true meaning of the relationship between subject and object, and compared myself to "beauty" in Ci Fu.Patriarchy In the era, no matter how beautiful and high a woman is, she is just like the clothes of her master. If you don't want to wear them, you can throw themrubbish dumpWhere does spiritual equality come from?
Later influence
Li Zhu summed it up with the word "Zhiyong"Qin and Han Dynasties(and later generations), and traced back to the door guest culture of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States PeriodChinese cultureThe essence of serving the secular, political and powerful.His conclusion andYu YingshiOf《On Chinese Intellectuals》Coincidentally, the word "door guest" reveals this secularity and dependence more clearly.This kind of culture of eyes climbing "up" to power, from a large level, only stresses "good" (etiquette, righteousness, moral principles and order), despises the truth (pursuit of universal truth, development of science and technology), and ignores beauty (purely non utilitarianAesthetic pleasure）, which has greatly hindered the progress of Chinese society;At a lower level, everyone pursues the power of standing out and inviting favours by all meansRetentionThey fought with each other to get into the imperial palace, which greatly wasted their intelligence and corrupted themMoral sentiment。The legacy of this kind of door guest culture has a long history, and its shadow still can be seen. We need to make great efforts to clean it up.Li Zhu is a pioneer in this field, right?
Reference: The Spring and Autumn and Warring States PeriodsQin and Han DynastiesTo use the concept of literature and art, written by Li Xiaoping
