goldYuanbao(gold coin), which means gold coin in foreign language, refers to ancient times made of precious goldCurrency in circulation。stayHistory of Chinese CurrencyIn the Yuan Dynasty, gold and silver were officially called "Yuanbao".
However, as early as the early Tang DynastyKaiyuan reignWhen he was in the world, the people had the idea of taking it as huge and valuable“Open Yuanbao”Of.In the Yuan Dynasty, gold and silver coins were called "Yuanbao", which means the treasure of the Yuan Dynasty.
In the history of Chinese currency, gold and silver are officially called“Yuanbao”, which began in the Yuan Dynasty.However, as early as the early Tang DynastyKaiyuan reignDuring the reign of the Qing Dynasty, people had the meaning of taking it as huge and valuable“Open Yuanbao”Of.In the Yuan Dynasty, gold and silver coins were called "yuan bao", which means the treasure of the Yuan Dynasty. Gold was called gold yuan bao, and silver was called silver yuan bao, which has both political meaning and the common name for gold and silver coins.
In the 13th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1276), the Yuan army was destroyedSouthern Song DynastyLater, he returned to Yangzhou, the prime ministerBayan The soldiers plundered without restraint, ordered to search the luggage of the troops, and sold all the silver they got as ingots, which were presented to the court.The money selling officer in charge of this matter, Yi Jin DaiSilver collarAs an example, it is made into 52silver ingot, named“Yangzhou Yuanbao”, presented to the Shizu Kublai Khan.The gold ingots cast at that time were in the shape of saddle, with arc at both ends and middleCorsetIn shape, it is very similar to the silver collars of the Southern Song Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty.The "Yangzhou Yuanbao" was mostly unearthed in later generations, with a length of about 14.5 cm and a thickness of 3 cm."Yuanbao" engraved on the backYin scriptLarge type.
In the history of Chinese currency, silver was discovered and used later than gold. Experts believe that this isSilver oreOften combined with copper, lead, etc. for smeltingDecomposition techniqueDifficult to grasp.Therefore, silver acts asCoin materialyesMartial EmperorLater, asweighed money Melting and casting into various shapes for payment began in the Tang and Song Dynasties.
Know silver as early as Genghis Khan's time, when Mongolia and the Mediterranean coastturkeyStan and other traders have close trade relations, and caravans also have frequent exchanges. The current Khwarazm silver coins are used in the transaction;After becoming the master of the Central Plains, the silver level has been improvedMonetary function。In the early Yuan Dynasty, the imperial court explicitly prohibited the private circulation and trading of gold and silver, but the borrowing, daily transactions and evenLabor remunerationIt has become a common practice to pay in silver.The importance of silver money is reflected in the fact that after the government established the paper money system, it is guaranteed to issue paper money based on silver.One obvious phenomenon is that it was initially usedBao ChaoAt that time, it was also calculated in terms of silver ingots. Later, it was simply measured in terms of ingots.It can be seen that the Yuan Empire loved silver very much.[1]
Development history
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Kaiyuan reign
Yuanbao
moneyA great calligrapher in the early Tang DynastyOuyang XunThe word making and book writing are solemn, meaningful, and straight, which is called "work" at that time.The characters are between the seal script and the official script, and the Qian text is the firstRear lower, secondary rightLeft readingOf.Read it from the top and right, and its meaning is also clear. Circulation is called the opening yuan coin.It is recorded in Longchuan Brief Discussion that,Su ZheGo to Beijing to learn about politicsWang Jiefuaskcoin。He said, "It is best to open money in Tang Dynasty, but it is difficult to reach it today.".KaiyuancurrencyThe emergence of Kaiyuanbao and TongbaoSquare hole round coinIt was the first to announce thatBaht two currencyEnd of.Since then, the square hole round coins in China are mostly called Tongbao and Yuanbao, which is the beginning of Baowen coins.Its characters, weight and shape have all become models for later generations to cast money.As in the Five DynastiesZhou Yuan Tongbao, Song DynastySong Yuan TongbaoThey all imitate the characters of Kaiyuan Tongbao.JapanVietnam?The Korean money system was also influenced by Kaiyuan Tongbao, and the title of Tongbao has been extended to modern times.
KaiyuanTongbao coins have an epoch-making position in the history of Chinese coins."Kaiyuan" means opening upnew era；“currency”, meaning passingTreasure goods。Kai yuanThe epoch-making position of
Yuanbao bottom
(1) Coins before the Tang Dynasty were mostly named after shape or weight, such asKnife coin、Five baht coinsAfter the yuan coin was opened, it was renamed "Bao", "Tongbao", "Yuanbao", etc.
(2) In ancient China, the weight was counted byFace textIn terms of weight, 24 baht is taken as one or two. Since the circulation of Kaiyuan Tongbao with two baht and four silk threadsBalance systemOne or two dozen coins in this series, the twenty-four digit bahtTwo systemsIt ends.numismatic Actual weightIt is no longer measured in steroids and baht, but in liang, qian, fen and liDecimalMethod of measurement.The Kaiyuan Tongbao coin is eight cents in diameter (about 2.4 cm). It weighs two baht and four silk threads (about 4 grams). Every ten wen weighs one or two. A thousand wen weighs six jin and four liang.This new scale system is convenient for conversion and suitable for commoditieseconomic developmentNeeds.
(3) In terms of the shape and weight of the coins, Kaiyuan coins became the standard of copper coins in the later Tang Dynasty.
In the 13th year of Tongzhi, in 1874 AD, Muzong died,CixiThe empress dowager welcomes her ownYounger sister(Prince AlcoholicFujin）His son became emperor and changed the yuanGuangxu reign period, cast successively“Guangxu Yuanbao”、“Guangxu treasures”And“Guangxu Tongbao”, Tongbaostandard copper coinsIt was cast between 1875-1908. The weight of the coin gradually decreased from one cent at the beginning to eight cents, and finally to six cents. The calligraphy of the coin is regular scriptBaofu BureauIt has also cast seal script money. The back of Guangxu Tongbao money is the name of a bureau in ManchuStar Moon PatternThe characters include Baohe, Baozhen, Baojin, Baoyun, Baoqian, etc“The Thousand Character Classic”Those (that is to say, one word in the "thousand word text" can be seen on the back, which means Yu, Zhou, Sun, Moon, Tongxiang, etc.).In additionWu ZiIn 1888 (A.D. 1888), there was a kind of money with the word "Wu Zi" on the left and the word "He" on the right.Guangxu reign periodFifteen years, Governor of HuguangZhang ZhidongThe machines purchased from Britain in Guangdong were the first batch in China's historyMechanism currency, no longerSquare hole round coinSince then, it has been popularized in various provinces and replaced the "square hole round coin".
Guangxu Yuanbao
Yuanbao bottom
1. Money:Bead circle"Guangxu Yuanbao" in Chinese inside and Shanghuan outside“Mint”，Lower ring"KupingSeven dollars and two cents”, one star on both sides.Money back: inside the bead circlePanlongPicture, "Made in Guangxu" on the outer ring, and the rest are in English.
Background: Tianjin in 1908, the 34th year of Emperor Dezong Guangxu of the Qing DynastyDegree branchMintCasting.With KupingSeven dollars and two centsA quarter of a coin, a quarter of a coin, a quarter of a coin, a quarter of a coin, a quarter of a coin, a quarter of a coin, a quarter of a coin, a quarter of a coin, a quarter of a coin, a quarter of a coin, a quarter of a coin, a quarter of a coin, a quarter of a coin, and a quarter of a coin.It is widely circulated.
2. Money noodles: "Guangxu Yuanbao" in Chinese inside the pearl circle, and the upper ring four outside the circleManchu script, the lower ring is "Kuping Yiliang", the left and right are "Hu", "Bu", and a circle of stars.
Qian Bei: The dragon in the center, the outer ring in English, leaning to the leftArabic numerals“29”。
Yuanbao
Background: Tianjin during the 29-30 years (1903-1904) of the Guangxu period of the Qing DynastyMinistry of HouseholdIt was minted by the Mint.Tianjin Hubu Mint was opened in 1901, the 27th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu. It was formally minted in 1904, the 29th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu,Monetary ValueThere are ten liang, one two, five yuan, two yuan, one yuan and five cents in total.
3. Money surface: the bead circle is filled with four characters of "Guangxu Yuanbao" in Chinese, and the outer circle is surrounded by the upper ring“Mint”In the lower ring, "Kuping is a quarter of a penny", and there is a star on the left and right.
Money back: the dragon pattern inside the bead circle, the upper ring outside the circle "made in Guangxu year", and the lower ring in English.
Background: In the 34th year of Guangxu's reign (1908), the Mint General in Tianjin recast two units of "Guangxu Yuanbao", includingSeven dollars and two cents, one dollar, four cents, seven cents, two cents, three cents, etc.This is the official coinage of the Mint General, which is widely circulated.
4. Coin surface: the Chinese characters "Guangxu Yuanbao" in the pearl circle, the upper ring "Mint" outside the circle, and the lower ring "Kuping 7.2cm", with a star on the left and right.
Money back: the dragon pattern inside the bead circle, the upper ring outside the circle "made in Guangxu year", and the lower ring in English.
China Gold Group said in this statement that it proposed two solutions to Mr. Shen, namely, after the company confirmed that it was the company's product, it would replace it with a new product of the same specification and quality as required, or buy it back at the real-time gold price, but Mr. Shen refused."Mr. Shen has repeatedly rejected our solution of going to the national authoritative quality inspection institution for inspection."China Gold Group Marketing Co., LtdJiang Yuntao, the chairman of the board of directors, said that if there was a problem with the product, the company would solve the problem in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations, but the premise was that the authority should be asked to check and find out the reason for the "rust".[2]
Erythema origin
National gold and silver productsQuality supervision and inspectionYang Pei, director of the (Nanjing) Center, said that gold itself is an inert metal, which is very stable,Impossiblechemical reaction, spots and rust are contaminatedBase metal, mostly iron, formed by long-term oxidation.
Although gold itself is not corrodedsulfideThe chemical affinity ofhydrogen sulfideclassAcid gasThe surface may appear dark colors, such as orange, brownish red, etc.From the perspective of modern manufacturing technology, the production of gold products in Chengdu requires many complex processes.withbullionGold coin seals, for example, have to be smelted, pressed, cut into blanks, held in blanks, quenched, fried, polishedCalender, flame fading, acid frying, polishing, pressing, edge holding, etcProcessThe working environment ofVacuum environmentIn each link, dust and impurities in the air may be adhered to the blank of the product, and these impurities may become erythema after a period of storage without flame fading and pickling.
Judging from the modern market situation, there are more red spots on gold coins and bars, especially those that have been laminated.At the same time, do not touch gold products directly with your hands during daily appreciation.In case of erythema, professionals can be invited to burn the gold products on the fire, which can solve the problem without affecting the quality of gold products.
"Although the purity of AU9999 is high, there are still 1/10000 impurities, which is usually not enough to cause color change. However, during processing and handling, the gold surface may be contaminated with other metalsresidue。”Yang Pei, for exampleCasting mouldThe main component contains iron. When workers wear gloves to carry gold bars, if they contact other tools with iron as the main component, iron may remain on the gloves. These residues attach to the gold surface, which cannot be seen at that time. After long-term exposure to the air, they will become red and rust.
In addition to erythema, if the gold surface is contaminated during storagemercuryElements will also produce white spots."The chemical reaction between mercury and gold will produce a very unstable alloyAmalgam, appears white. "Yang Pei said that some cosmetics contain trace amounts of mercury, which may also be caused by mercury on gold.[2]
Weight reduction
If it is not cleaned thoroughly, there may still be residues on the surface of the gold ware.But cheapmetallic elementOnly the surface of the attached gold affects the appearance, not the fineness and weight of the gold.Consumers can go to professional quality inspection institutions and use dilutedhydrochloric acidornitric acidClean and reusepurified waterWash and blow dry.For gold products contaminated with mercury, high temperature heating can be used to volatilize the amalgam, and then dilute acid and pure water can be used to clean the gold surface and air dry, so that the gold will return to its golden shine.
Due to the high price of gold products, consumers have aMysteryIt is only when such stable and precious metals have "deteriorated" that tension arises.China Gold Group Marketing Co., Ltd. said that the company always attaches great importance to product quality, regards quality as life, and regards service as the source. The products sold are in line withnational standardAnd sincerely accept the supervision from all walks of life.[2]
Irrelevant fineness
In the event of gold ingot "rusting", the most puzzling thing is why gold still has rust in the bank.In fact, this is calledBlack spotThis has a lot to do with the shape of Jin Yuanbao.
Black spots appear, which is due to the fact that in order to make the "gold material" easier to reach the boiling point, the green cake is often addedactive agentIf the borax that is not easily observed by the naked eye becomes hard after high temperature and rubs with the mold, it will produce scratches and spotsProduction processIt is not easy to be found by the naked eye. After a period of time, it is possible to "reveal the original shape", especially for non coin shaped products such as pots, bowls, cups, etc., including gold ingots.The residual quartz rod used for smelting and stirring may also have the above conditions, which are not directly related to the quality of the color.
Preservation and maintenance
In addition to red and black spots, gold products sometimes have white spots, especiallyGold jewelry。This is mainly because consumers tend toGold jewelryPut it in the drawer at random, in case ofMercuryIn particular, when women use mercury containing cosmetics, long-term contact will also produce white spot gold productsPlatinum, silver jewelry wearing at the same time will also produce white spots after long-term friction[3]。
