Pepper (scientific name:Capsicum50. ) is a genus of Solanaceae.Shrubs, subshrubs or annual;Many branches.Single leaf alternate, entire or shallowly wavy.Flowers solitary, twin or sometimes several clustered in the axils of branches, or sometimes near the axils of leaves due to shortened internodes;Pedicel erect or pendulous.Calyx broadly campanulate to cup-shaped, with 5 (- 7) small teeth, slightly enlarged and persistent in fruit.The fruit is drooping or upright, the berry has no juice, and the peel is fleshy or nearly leathery.The seeds are oblate and discoid, and the embryo is extremely curved.[2]
About 20 species, mainly distributed in South America;Two species are cultivated and wild in China.[2]Peppers are warm, not cold resistant, afraid of frost, and not heat resistant.The suitable temperature for seed germination is 25-30 ℃. The seeds germinate slowly below 15 ℃, and cannot germinate below 10 ℃.Pepper is not too strict with soil, and can be cultivated in loam, clay, sandy soil, red and yellow soil.However, it is most suitable to use sandy loam with fertility and good permeability.[10]
Various varieties of capsicum have been introduced to all parts of the world. There are many varieties, including those used as vegetables and those used as seasonings.[3-4]Pepper plants are rich in ascorbic acid.[1]There is only one plant of the genus Capsicum (colorful pepper) suitable for indoor planting as a potted plant. It is an annual plant with rich fruit colors (flowers in spring or summer, white flowers, not obvious. The fruit is green when it is immature, and yellow, orange yellow, red or purple and other colors when it is mature; the fruit is most beautiful in the early and middle winter).The fruits of a few varieties are spherical, while those of most varieties are conical.[5]
There are about 25 species of Capsicum in the world, most of which are distributed in South America. Several cultivated species are distributed around the world, and only one wild species is found in China.Archaeologists believe that humans began to plant pepper crops around 5000-3400 BC, which is one of the oldest crops planted by humans.Mayans may be the first to plant pepper, and the Spanish first found pepper in South America. However, it was Portugal's powerful sea power that brought pepper to Europe and India around 1500 years ago.Because of its strong adaptability and special taste, pepper is quickly accepted by almost the whole world, making it one of the global crops.There is only one kind of wild capsicum in China, but capsicum is cultivated all over the country, which is one of the important cash crops in China.The cultivated species of Capsicum were introduced into China in the Ming Dynasty. There may be two ways of introduction into China: one is to cultivate in Xinjiang, Gansu, Shaanxi and other places of China via the Silk Road, and the other is to cultivate in Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Fujian and other places of China by sea.[9]
There are 5 cultivated species of Capsicum（Capsicu mannuumL.、Capsicu mchinenseJacquin、Capsicu mfrutescensL.、Capsicu mbaccatum50. AndCapsicu mpubescensRuiz & pav），The original origin center of these cultivated species may be Mexico, and the secondary origin center is Guatemala. They are distributed in Central and South America and the Caribbean.Among them, sweet pepper is evolved from these tropical peppers in Central and South America in North America. After long-term cultivation, domestication and artificial selection, the fruit has grown in size, thickened flesh, lost its pungency, and increased the number of carpels and ovary cavities.Sweet pepper arrived in Europe later than hot pepper, and was introduced into Russia from Bulgaria about the second half of the 18th century.Sweet pepper likes temperature, is not cold resistant and heat resistant, and is not as strong as pepper in stress resistance and adaptability. The world's main production areas are concentrated in temperate regions.Sweet pepper was introduced into China more than 100 years ago and is now widely cultivated throughout the country.[9]
morphological character
Announce
edit
shrub、SubshrubOr annual;Many branches.simple leafMutualism，entireOr shallow wavy.Flowers solitary, twin or sometimes several clustered in the axils of branches, or sometimes near the axils of leaves due to shortened internodes;PedicelErect or droop.calyxBroad bell shaped to cup shaped, with 5 (- 7) small teeth,fruitSlightly increased persistence;CorollaRadial, 5-lobed, lobes valvate;stamen5, adnate to the base of corolla tube,filamentfiliform,antherParallel, longitudinal crack;ovary2 (thin 3) chamber,styleSlender, crowned by a nearly capitate, inconspicuous 2 (- 3) - lobed stigma, with many ovules;Flower DiskNot significant.fruitDrooping or upright,BerryJuice free, skin fleshy or nearly leathery.seedIt is oblate and discoid, and the embryo pole is curved.[2]
Capsicum L
Habitat
Announce
edit
Native to Mexico and tropical America, mainly distributedSouth America；Chinacultivateandwild2 kinds.[2][6]Peppers are warm, not cold resistant, afraid of frost, and not heat resistant.The suitable temperature for seed germination is 25-30 ℃. The seeds germinate slowly below 15 ℃, and cannot germinate below 10 ℃.The suitable daily temperature for seedling growth is about 25 ℃, and the night temperature is 15-20 ℃.Pepper is not too strict with soil, and can be cultivated in loam, clay, sandy soil, red and yellow soil.However, it is most suitable to use sandy loam with fertility and good permeability.[10]
There is usually only one flower at each flowering node;Flowers and fruits usually droop or rarely erect;Corolla is pure white, light blue white or dilute purple.
The plants are thick and tall.Leaves oblong or ovate, 10-13 cm long.The fruit stalks are upright or drooping. The fruit is large, nearly spherical, cylindrical or flat spherical, with many longitudinal grooves. The top is truncated or slightly concave, and the base is truncated and often slightly concave inward. It is not spicy, but slightly sweet or peppery.
Most plants have dichotomous branches.Leaves 4-7 cm long, ovate.The flowers are often solitary between bifurcates, with upright pedicels, slightly drooping flowers, and white or purplish corollas.The fruit stem and fruit are upright, the fruit is small, conical, about 1.5 (- 3) cm long, red or purple after maturity, and extremely spicy.
The height of the plant can reach 1 meter.Leaves ovate lanceolate, petiole slender.The flowers are usually solitary at the lower part of the branch, and several flowers (up to 8-10 flowers in clusters with several leaves) are produced at the top of the branch due to the extremely short internode. The pedicels are thin, upright or oblique, and the flowers are slightly drooping.The fruit stalks are thick, upright, and the berries are finger shaped or cone shaped, 4-10 cm long, slightly curved, standing upright on the stalks, and become red when mature, with a very spicy taste.
Commonly known as millet chili, it has two to several flowers on each flowering festival;Flowers and fruits erect;The corolla is green and white.
reference material:[3-4][7-8]
Key values
Announce
edit
Pepper varieties have been introduced to all parts of the worldVegetablesVarieties and actions ofto flavorThe pungent variety of the agent.[3-4]Pepper plants are rich inascorbic acid。[1]There is only one kind of capsicum（Multicolored pepper）It is suitable for indoor planting as a potted plant. It is an annual fruit with rich colors (flowers in spring or summer, white flowers, not obvious. The fruit is green when it is not mature, and can be yellow, orange, red or purple when it is mature; the fruit in early and middle winter is the most beautiful and moving).The fruit of a few varieties is spherical, while that of most varieties is conical.[5]
Because of its strong adaptability, small seeds and easy spread, as well as its special spicy taste, capsicum soon became a world food when it was found in South America.For example, chili peppers are found in both eastern and western dishes（Capsicum annuumL. var.grossum(L.) Sendt.），There are purple, white, yellow, orange, red, green and other colors, commonly known as pepper, color pepper, sweet pepper, vegetable pepper.Sweet pepper is one of the varieties of chilli, which is artificially selected and domesticated for a long time. Its fruit is thick and crisp, rich in vitamin C, and can be cold mixed, fried, boiled, used as stuffing, pickled, and processed into candied fruit. Sweet pepper is grown in Guangdong and other southern regions. Most of its products are exported to Hong Kong and Macao, or sold to high-end hotels, hotels, and supermarkets,It has good economic and social benefits.[9]
