Jia Dao (August 27, 779-843), a native of Tang Fanyang (now southwest of Beijing), is known as Langxian, once known as Langxian, and named himself "Jieshi Mountain Man".[1]Poet of Tang Dynasty, known as“inferior poets”。[33]
Around the ninth year of Zhenyuan era (793), Jia Dao became a monk in Hengshan Mountain, the northern mountain, because he had no livelihood.There is no law name, but the law name is Jieshi Mountain people.It is said that Jia Dao wrote poems and complained when he was in Luoyang because he was ordered not to go out in the afternoonHan YuDiscovered talent, persuaded by Han Yu, around the seventh year of Yuanhe (812)Return to vulgarity, and participated for the first timeimperial examination, but finally failed.After tiredness, I can't win the first place.September, 837, was demoted for libelSuizhouChangjiang County(TodaySuining CityDaying County）Registrar Therefore, it is called "Jia Changjiang River".In September of the fifth year of its inauguration (840), it moved to PuzhouSicang joined the army。In the third year of Huichang (843), Jia Dao was in Puzhoupublic buildingDeath.
Jia Dao lived a miserable life and wrote poems. His poems mostly wrote about desolate and desolate places. He was good at five laws and stressed words and sentences.AndMeng JiaoEqual fame, later generations“similar poetic conception”It is a metaphor for his poetic style.Author《Yangtze River Collection》。[1]
Jia Dao was born in 779, the 14th year of Dali.[36]Jia Dao lived in a poor family in his early yearsFangshan stoneYukouShicun.[9]
In 788, the fourth year of Zhengyuan era, Jia Dao left his hometown.[36]
Around the ninth year of Zhenyuan era (793), Jia Dao became a monk in Hengshan Mountain, the northern mountain, because he had no livelihood.There is no law name, but the law name is Jieshi Mountain people.[9][36]Later, he lived in Luoyang Stone Tower and Songshan Mountain.[49]
Around the beginning of the 17th year of Zhenyuan (801), Jia Dao arrived from the Buddhist temple in FanyangLuoyang, East CapitalLongmenXiangshan TempleBe a monk.In March, they went to poem Han Yu, from which they met and made friends.In November, I followed Han Yu to Chang'anQinglong Temple。[36]
Returning to common customs
Around the spring and summer of the 18th year of Zhenyuan (802), Jia Dao andHan YuReturned to Luoyang together and left this yearXiangshan Temple, go back to the hometown of Fanyang, live in a Buddhist temple and prepare for studyThe imperial examination。[36]
In the spring of the seventh year of Yuanhe (812), Jia Dao made《Pisces Ballad》Poetry.In autumn and winter, I went to Chang'an from Fan Yang by Yishui Fu《Yishui Nostalgia》Poetry.After arriving in Chang'anLongevity extending Li, neighboring Zhang Ji.Around this year, Jia Dao returned to the secular life and failed in the imperial examination for the first time.[40]
In September of the 11th year of Yuanhe (816),Li ZhengciHe was demoted to be the governor of Jinzhou, and Jia Dao wrote《To Li Jinzhou》Poetry is a gift.[13]
In the second year of Changqing (822), Jia Dao was admitted as a Jinshi in Chang'an《Sick cicada》Poetry satirizes the minister, andPing ZengWhen they are demoted at the same time, they are called the ten evils of lifting.[15][41]
In the second year of the Baoli calendar (826), he lived in Shengdaofang, Chang'an, and sang with Zhang Ji and Yao.In the same year,Zhu QingyuAnd return home, Jia Daozuo《Send Zhu Kejiu to Yuezhong》Send off poems.About this year《Return to Li Yichang》Poetry is delivered to Li Yi.[18]In addition, he also made《Qingmen Li Zuo》Poetry.[9]
In the autumn of the second year of Taihe (828),Wang JianOut asShanzhouSima and Jia Dao wrote a poem to send off Sima, the King of Shaanxi.In autumn and winter《Stay at Yaohe House to send Zhang Siye》Poetry.In the same year, Luo Shaojing retired and returned home. Jia Dao wrote《Send Shaofu Luo to Niuzhu》Send off poems.[41]
In the spring of the eighth year of Taihe (834),Yong potteryJinshi and his return to Chengdu, Jia Daozuo《Send Yongtao to Chengdu Ningqin》Poetry.[26]In July, Yao He was appointed governor of Hangzhou, and Jia Dao wrote《Send Yao Hangzhou》Poetry.[41]
In September of 837, Jia Dao was demoted toChangjiang County(Present SichuanSuining CityDaying County), so it is called "Jia Changjiang".[3][26]Send the poem "Send Linghu to the Prime Minister in the Yangtze River" to the Prime Minister on the wayLing Huchu。October, arrivalZizhou，Dongchuan Festival EnvoyRushi YangCalling him to watch the winter setting, he received great courtesy and Jia Dao made《Watching Winter, Yang Shangshu from Dongchuan》Poetry.From October to November, we arrived at Changjiang County, and then received the cold clothes sent by Linghu Chu, who wrote a poem "Thank Linghu's Minister for Nine Things to Give Clothes" to thank each other.[27]
The third year of Huichang (843)JulyOn August 28, Jia Dao was in Puzhoupublic buildingDeath.[28]
On March 17 of the fourth year of Huichang (844), his wife Liu followed his will and moved Jia Dao to Nangang, Yifeng Township, Anyue County, Puzhou.[28]
Main impacts
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style of art
The Statue of Jia Dao in Sancai Tuhui in the Ming Dynasty
1、 Strange
For Jia Dao's poems, many poets have always had a "strange" evaluation.Jia Dao's remoteness is first manifested in the choice of poetic images.Jia Dao devotes himself to the description of trivial, obscure and even strange things, and reviews his poetry collection. Everywhere, he can see the images of barren banks, cave ants, hidden cicadas, abandoned houses, autumn fireflies, cold grass, Xinghong and other ordinary poets rarely enter into poetry.The images Jia Dao chooses are basically common things, but what he shows is that these things are decaying, sick, disabled, and disliked by people, such as broken ranks, strange birds, withered trees, horses, and tumors.Or things that people seldom touch and are not easy to get close to, such as snakes and insects.Jia Dao can keenly catch the correspondence between these images and his specific mood or circumstances, so they are used in poetry to convey deep feelings.[48]
Jia Dao's remoteness is also reflected in the use of sentence patterns.In order to avoid the flat narration of his poems, he often uses inversion, causal sentences, etc., which makes the sentence patterns curious and intriguing.Such as《Ji Shan You Chang Sun Qiqiao》"The crane is like a gentleman, and nothing happens. The wind blows and the rain blows all over the mountain." "The crane is like a gentleman," in fact, it is like a crane. The crane is a metaphor for the master's elegant character.However, Jia Dao deliberately reverses it. He compares the crane with the king and looks like the crane more than the king. This shows his painstaking efforts in making sentences.[48]
2、 Fresh
Poets of all dynasties have "Qing" comments on Jia Dao's poetry.Jia Dao himself often uses "Qing" to evaluate other people and his own works, and also uses "Qing" to summarize his own poetic style.The connotation of "Qing" is diverse. According to the situation of Jia Dao's poetry, the style of "Qing" should be more accurately summarized as fresh, with the following specific manifestations:[48]
One is that Jia Dao, under the influence of Zen thought, has constructed a static image full of Zen, which makes his works show an empty, clear, and transcendental temperament.Such as《Climb the river pavilion and watch at night》：[48]
Immersed in the misty cloud roots, the mist is not far away from the village.The bird returns to the sand with traces, and the sail passes through the waves without traces.
Look at the water to know flexibility, look at the mountain to tired soul.Indulgence is still in the way, and I want to return to dusk.
In the first couplet, the poet saw that the river was vast and the waves were beating the rocks on the bank;There is fog flowing on the distant mountain, and the villages on the mountain are submerged in it.In the couplet, birds have returned to their nests, but there are still traces of their claws on the beach. There are boats rowing across the river, but there are no marks left on the river.When the poet saw the birds returning and the sails passing by, he never remembered what had happened, and he never saw what would happen. It was full of philosophy.In the latter two couplets, the poet integrated himself with nature, immersed himself in the mountains and rivers, and realized the harmony in silence and the leap of life.The poet went from the tranquility of nature to the tranquility of spirit, thinking deeply about his understanding of the id of life.[48]
Second, the language is clear, concise and unconventional.For example, "To No One to Go":
Guifeng looks fresh after finishing, so send it to the people in the Thatched Cottage.Zhuwei left the temple with him, and he said goodbye temporarily.
Walk alone at the bottom of the pool and beside the tree.There will be a misty sunset, and the rooftop will be a close neighbor.
This was written by the poet who sent his younger brother Wukeshan people to Guifeng for cultivation.The first couplet was written and sent. The sky was clear after rain, and the poet sent his brother away.Jise presents people with fresh and indifferent colors, which is the same as the artistic conception of "Farewell to the White Emperor in the Morning".The couplets are written in the order of farewell. Whisk dust and his younger brother leave together, and temporarily leave their relatives in the sound of the crisp chirp of the cricket worm.The neck couplet writes goodbye and then walks alone.When I returned, I was alone and my figure was reflected at the bottom of the pool;At rest, only trees are around.These two sentences reflect the poet's understanding of Zen philosophy.The poet comprehends the relationship between non ego and id in the shadow at the bottom of the pool and the body beside the tree.The shadow at the bottom of the pool is just a phantom, and the one beside the tree is just a color body. In this case, why is it sad to leave?But after all, the poet could not completely eliminate secular feelings, so he made an appointment with his younger brother at the end of the couplet, "the roof is a close neighbor".[48]
The third point is that Jia Dao often expresses poverty and embarrassment in his poems. In the midst of hardship, he has the meaning of sticking to poverty, not changing his heart, and not falling into the blue.Such as《Go hungry》There is no rice and no firewood among the extreme writers, and they are hungry and cold. But at the end, "Hunger cannot reach other people, and the ancients have humble words" to encourage themselves.
Fourth, it refers to the clear, severe and bitter air often found in Jia Dao's poems.This is the psychological state caused by the poor life, the difficult experience of seeking promotion, and the failure of success. The objects observed in this psychological state are cold and sad.Such as《Niyang Hall》：[48]
Guests worry about where to get up at the same time, and send their old friends back at dusk.The abandoned hall is full of fireflies in autumn, and the empty city is cold and rainy.
The setting sun is white with dew, and the shadows of the trees sweep away the moss.Sitting alone and looking miserable, can not be lit by a single lamp.
The first couplet points out customers' worries.The poet's sorrow is still lingering, and he adds the sorrow of parting, sending people back in the twilight.The guest worries rise at the same time, because the guest sees off the guest, this is double the method, which makes the poet's guest worries more serious.The latter three couplets depict scenes to show the poet suffering from guest anxiety at night in the museum.The poet combined the images of "abandoned museum", "autumn fireflies", "empty city", "cold rain", "sunset", "white dew", "tree shadow", "moss", "solitary lamp", and so on, and covered all the scenes with dim colors to express the deep loneliness in the heart.[48]
5、 In terms of conception and artistic expression, we should abstain from being familiar and strive for novelty.Jia Dao devotes himself to this in his poems.Such as《To Huashan Monk》：[48]
Distant white stone chamber, pine and cypress hidden hazy.When the moon sets, look at your heart, and the clouds grow and close your eyes.
At five o'clock, ten thousand feet of water hung in the air.The moss rock socketed site is vaguely accessible.
This is the work of Ji Yuan. Every sentence in the poem depicts the scenery, but it sets off the image of monks everywhere.Pines and cypresses surround the residence, high mountains and waterfalls, and moss trails, all of which demonstrate the detachment and dedication of the Huashan monk.It is Jia Dao's most commonly used and best used way to describe people with scenery and combine reality with fiction.[48]
3、 Bland
In the evaluation of Jia Dao's poetic style, the most influential one is Su Shi's proposal of "thin in the suburb" in "Sacrifice to Liuzi Jade". For a long time, "thin" is considered to be the main style of Jia Dao's poetry.Now, with the in-depth study of Jia Dao, it can be concluded that "thin" can not generalize his overall style, and after careful investigation, it is found that Jia Dao's poetry is more accurate than "thin".[48]
Like Tao Qian, Jia Dao creates a plain and natural style of poetry with a painstaking attitude, which shows the following characteristics: in the creation of images, he uses the vision, ordinary things into poetry, and conveys feelings that are difficult for ordinary people to understand deeply and subtly.As Jia Dao has been stuck in Chang'an for many years, his life is difficult, resulting in his narrow vision of life. Things and things that are written in poetry are common in life, even ignored by people.However, Jia Dao is good at capturing the characteristics that touch poetic thoughts, and after deep speculation, it comes out tactfully.Such as《Send Tian Zhuo to Huashan》Write a poem saying goodbye to Tian Zhuo, and imagine a friend's life in the mountains.The couplet "The waterfall is five thousand feet high, beside the Thatched Cottage Waterfall." It writes about Tian Zhuo's residence.The waterfall is thousands of feet high, which means the mountain is high, and the waterfall is flying down, while the Thatched Cottage is simple and low.The scenery on both sides, one is grand, the other is short and simple, the other is flowing and flying, the other is silent, forming a sharp contrast.In contrast, it sets off Tian Zhuo's internal spirit of being independent and unyielding in the changing world.This couplet is not only about scenery, but also about people.[48]
Jia Dao seldom uses allusions. He often uses ordinary language to describe scenes and express his feelings. His language shows a natural and clean feature of "words go beyond words, meaning comes out unintentionally" (Send Monk Away).Such as《To Han Chaozhouyu》：[48]
This heart has been with the Mulan boat until the tide head of the south of the sky.
I came to Huayue across the mountains, and sent letters through Longliu.
The peak overhangs the post road, the clouds are broken, and the city roots are soaked in the sea in autumn.
One night, the miasma and wind swept away, and at the beginning of the moonlight, we went to the Langxi Tower.
This poem was written during Han Yu's demotion to Chaozhou. Jia Dao expressed his yearning with poems.The poem begins with "this heart", which is also the master of the whole poem.The poet of the first couplet is willing to accompany Han Yu with his sincere heart until he is demoted to Chaozhou.Three or four sentences describe the correspondence between the two people after parting.Five or six sentences describe the scenery of Chaozhou. The sea soaked old tree is not only a sketch of the scenery, but also a description of Han Yu's stubborn style. The language is extremely calm.The last two sentences remind the poet that one day, the wind blows clear and the moon shines on the west tower.It means that Han Yu's grievances will be cleared up and his loyalty and integrity will be revealed to the world.These two sentences express Jia Dao's sincere hope through the painting. On the other hand, they are also a portrayal of Han Yu's broad-minded mind.[48]
In Jia Dao's poetry collection, there are many beautiful lines describing the scenery, which mostly use line drawing techniques and are decorated by Jueyuan.Such as《Yuanshangqiu Residence》The last couplet: "Rely on the staff to chat and watch, the Tian family has not cut the grain".Write about the scenes of the rural life of the original people, express the comfortable and leisurely life of the countryside in plain and indifferent language, and comfort the poet's depressed heart.[48]
Later influence
Jia Dao was generally respected and loved in the late Tang Dynasty, which had a great influence.According to Li Zhiwen's "Jia Dao's Position in the Development History of Tang Poetry"《Complete Poetry of the Tang》Poets in the mid and late Tang Dynasty remembered Zhuihe and Jia Dao with 38 poems, which greatly exceeded the memory of ZhuiheLi Bai、Du Fu, Han Yu and others.WeizhuangHe once asked Jia Dao and other Jinshi to be awarded the title of "pick up the leftovers and fill the gaps", which best reflects the admiration of the scholars in the late Tang Dynasty for Jia Dao.It can be seen from the above that Jia Dao's poems had a wide influence on the thoughts, feelings and aesthetic concepts of the literati in the late Tang Dynasty.Poets in past dynasties have often acknowledged the fact that Jia Dao is an integral part of Tang poetry.
Jia Dao had an important influence since the Tang Dynasty.In the early Song Dynasty,Song poetryHe has no style of his own. He has learned from the poets of the middle and late Tang Dynasty by inheriting the styles of the five generationsBai Juyi、Li ShangyinThe three sects of Jia Dao, Jia Dao has a wide influence.At the end of the Song Dynasty, Jiangxi poets blindly imitated the ancients by taking books as their poems.In order to change this habit of Jianghu poets, the Four Soul Poets advocated learning from Jia Dao.itinerant poets Liu Kezhuang，Dai FuguHe also studied and praised Jia Dao and the poetic style of the late Tang Dynasty, and later turned to study under the influence of the national crisisLu You。
Late Ming DynastyJingling SectPoet's RepresentativeZhong Xing、Tan Yuanchun, forGong'an SectThe tendency of archaism puts forward its own proposition: learn from the ancients, not from their ways, but from their "true spirit".Their so-called "true spirit", that is, the ancients' "deep feelings and single thoughts" and "strange interests and different reasons", tends to highlight Jia Dao and his poetry style in the late Tang Dynasty.Li Huaimin andLu Wenchao。[30]
Historical evaluation
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Jiadao
Tang Dynasty litterateurHan Yu: ① The crazy words are in torrent, and the low words are comfortable.To wipe out the poor and become strange, we often make peace talks.（《Send no teacher back to Fanyang》）[20]② Meng Jiao was buried in Beimang Mountain. Since then, the situation has been temporarily relaxed.Heaven feared that the article would be cut off and Jia Dao would be reborn.（《To Jia Dao》）[16]
Poets of Tang DynastyMeng Jiao: The bones of poetry soar in the east, and the waves of poetry rush back. Sometimes they stagger, and people startle the crane and the teacher.It's a pity that Li Du died.（《There is no script for drama gift(One of them)[21]
Officials of the Tang DynastyJiangsu: Air between male and long timbers, super simple and vigorousIt is inscribed with the name of Jia Gong, and the legend is written by heaven.The crane is not in the cloud when the name is high.Early sound and light, high step out of the group.(The Tomb Inscription of Tang Gu Sicang Joining the Army and Jia Gongmu)[19]
Poets of Tang DynastyLi Dong: ① There are relegated stars outside the crane in the Tang Dynasty, and cold Cangming is injected into the east of the Yangtze River.Search Songxue Immortal Island in the border and chant at the master book hall of Linquan.The moon is already dark, and the sky is far away.Every year, who does not climb the top, is not better than riding a donkey into the painting screen.（《Go past the old place of Jia Langxian》）② Everyone gets it, sir.The humble position ends in Shu, and poetry occupies the Tang Dynasty.A new grave is small, and one's soul is far away from home.I came here for libation, and set up a stone as a mark.（《Jia Dao Tomb》）[29]
Poets of the Late Tang DynastyWeizhuang: Poets and talents have left their talents from time to time. They don't commit themselves to sainthood, and don't hate bones for thousands of years.As far as I know, there areLi He、Huangfusong、Li Qunyu、Tortoise shellZhao Guangyuanwen tingyunLiu Deren, Lu Kui, Fu XiPing ZengJia Dao, Liu ZhixuanLuo YeThere is no obvious experience of, square and thousands of people. All of them have outstanding talents. They have beautiful sentences and clear words, which can be found everywhere in the mouth of the poets. Their grievances and hatred are the dust of the nether world.[29]
Poets of the Southern Song DynastyYan Yu: In terms of people, there are:Metamerite(Li Ling, Su Wu),Cao Liuti(Zijian, Gonggan), pottery (Yuanming), Xie (Lingyun)Jia Lang Immortal Body......, YangChengzhai style(He first learned half a mountain, back a mountain, and finally learned quatrains from the Tang people. He has abandoned all the styles of various schools and created new ideas, which is the same as his own preface.).（《Cang Lang's Notes on Poets and Poetry·Poetic Style)[31]
Wang Yuan, an official of the Southern Song Dynasty: Lang Xian is famous for his poems. After the prosperity of Zhenyuan, Yuanhe and his articles, Meng Jiao died and cried for his poems. His poems and his suburbs were separated and galloped together, straight and deep. His emotions were restrained and his thoughts were sad in spring and autumn. Reading them made him love his work and pity his ambition. It was like listening to the sad songs of Yan and Zhao, the manning voice of moth eyebrows, the crying of Qin and Chu, and the crying of Jing Mountain.(Preface to Jia Changjiang Collection)[22-23]
Poets of Yuan DynastyFang Hui: ① However, there are different poetic schools among Han people（Xiang Si）Zhang JiSchool of;Yao He, Li DongSquare trunkHowever, Jia Dao's faction is also.（《Summary of Ying Kui's Law》Volume II)[30]② Jia Langxian's five character regular poems are very ancient. Those who exert themselves to the utmost in life can't catch the seven character regular poems.(《Ying Kui Lv Sui》)[24]
Meta agentWu Shidao: Lu Quanxiang is an old man, and Jia Dao is cold and astringent. He has his own family.（《Wu Libu's Poetry》 ）[30]
Poets of the Yuan DynastyXin Wenfang: The island looks clear and elegant, and talks about holding the Buddha in Xuan's arms. It is known to people outside the world.What's worse, the life is not good.（《Biography of Tang Scholars》）[2]
Ming Dynasty litterateurLi Dongyang: The four foot title of Qiong Zen is in, and the style of ci fu is more than eternal love.(Titles on Jia Dao's Tomb)[29]
Poets of Ming DynastyHu Yinglin: ① The ancient Dongye, the law of wave immortals, Changji Yuefu, and Yuchuan Singing House are all outstanding because of their talent.Like a desperate peak, deep streams and flowing springs, they have their own interests and do not follow each other.（《A poetry den·External edition)[19]② Qujiang is clear and distant, Haoran is simple and plain, Suzhou is leisurely and graceful, and the wave fairy is secluded and strange. Although the tunes of early prosperity, middle and late Tang Dynasty are different, they are all made of five characters alone.(Volume IV of Shisou - Internal Compilation)[30]
Poets of Ming DynastyXu Xueyi: ① After the Dali period, the May 7th speech rule became exhausted, and Yuan and other princes gathered together to shake it up. Jia DaoWang JianRakuten's creation of novelty has changed greatly. ②Although Jia Dao's seven character rule is rarely included in the list, it is fresh and steep. It is another kind, slightly different from the five character rule, but also slightly biased.(《Poetic Source and Style》)[24]
Chen Zhang, a poet of the Ming Dynasty, said that while the temple was still in the green mountains, there were no tiles in Chang'an.The flea has a poetic name that startles the officials, and urges them to add scarves and hats to become floating butchers.Looking back at Yao and Li Feng, it is not lonely to pick up Cen Wang Dao.I only love Junshi thin and healthy, and it takes time to think.（《Jiadao Memorial Temple》）[32]
Poets in the Late Ming and Early Qing DynastiesCostumeAs for Jia, although he was blind in chanting things, only his poems have good lines.（《Poetry of Zaiyuan》）[24]
Lu Wenchao, a collating scholar in the Qing Dynasty: ① Although the Yangtze River poems are not elegant, they still have a sense of antiquity. Reading them can be familiar with the habit of flattering.(Volume 13 of the Collection of Baojingtang Essays, After the Collection of Poems on the Yangtze River)② I don't like Jia Shisu, especially because he is very famous in recent times.After being evaluated by He Yimen, I began to realize the depth of its meaning, and almost no words were left idle.In the past, people judged the island by its thinness. How could it be easier to be thin?Those who are fat and faltering are afraid that they cannot thin their ears.Jia is thin, so he can become a family.However, this is not popular in the pavilion, but can be enjoyed with people in the mountains and forests.（《Collection of Scripture Hall》Volume XIII After Retitling Jia Changjiang's Poetry Collection)[30]
Qing Dynasty litterateurXu Yinfang: After Li and Du, the two men (referring to Meng Jiao and Jia Dao) avoided the wide range of families and took the narrow path of narrow paths, aiming to make their own faces, thus becoming a secluded and astringent combination.(Collection of Poems)[19]
Modern poetsWen YiduoFrom the late Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, the poets learning from Jia Dao were not counted. Except for a few distinct exceptions, they moved towards the artistic conception and vocabulary of words. The rest of the general poets, that is, the poets of the public, belong to Jia Dao.From this point of view, we can call the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties Jia Dao era.（《On Tang Poetry》）[29]
Director of the Teaching and Research Section of Ancient Literature, Shanghai Academy of Social SciencesSun Qin'an: The seven laws of the wave fairy are steep and towering, but few people have smooth tones. Sometimes there are good sentences to pick up, but they are not as good as the five laws.YaoYao He）Jia said that the five laws are the foundation, while the seven laws are different in style and character.Jia Zhuan is refining sentences, while Yao is active and free in chapter syntax.("Tang Qilv Poetry Criticism")[24]
Anecdotes and allusions
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The dust is still on
It is said that Jia Dao, 30 years old, had been elected several times, but failed.Frustrated, and forced to make a living, he became a monk, and his name was useless.Jia Dao became a monk with a lot of complaints, so although he was in Buddhism, he could not forget his earthly troubles.When he was a monk in Luoyang, the authorities stipulated that he should not leave the temple in the afternoon.If another monk is allowed to leave, he will not leave.There is no limit to the country of Buddhism. Where can we not cultivate our morality?However, he felt that freedom was bound and unbearable.So he sighed, "It's better to go home at dusk than cattle and sheep."[33]
A promise to return to the secular life
Jia Dao has a cousin called Wuke, who is also a poet.At that time, they became monks together.Jia Dao couldn't stand loneliness and killed the bullet;But Wuke is still closing his hands to Buddha.Jia Dao had an appointment when he returned to secular life, and he would still become a monk in the future, but when he fell into the dust net, he was covered.He had no choice but to write a poem to remind him not to forget the appointment.Jia Dao said, how can I forget?"I want to visit famous mountains all over the world, and I will arrive at Songqiu sooner or later."（《Send it to nobody》）"There will be a misty sunset, and the rooftop will be a close neighbor"（《Send it to the invincible》）。He still yearns for the quietness of Buddhism.But to say that action is action, the two are full of contradictions.[34]
Examine the origin
Monk Knocks at the Lower Gate of the Moon
When he was young, Jia Dao settled down and became a monk, living in Congdi Shiwuke Chang'an Guifeng Thatched Cottage Temple.He is obsessed with poetry, and attaches great importance to refining words and sentences. He has become addicted to reciting hard.According to the History of the Tang Dynasty, Jia Dao returned from a visit to Li Ning, a hermit, one day and got a couplet: "Birds stay in the trees by the pool, and monks push (knock) at the door of the moon." He was still uncertain whether to use the word "push" or "knock" in the poem. He made gestures of "push" and "knock" from time to time during the chanting, which fascinated me.It happened that the minister, Wai Lang Han Yu, was passing by when he was out of town. Jia Dao couldn't avoid it. He ran into the third guide of Han Yu's bodyguard team and was stopped. The bodyguard took him to Han Yu. Jia Dao told him truthfully, "Because of the uncertainty of 'pushing' and 'knocking', he wandered around and didn't know how to avoid it." Han Yu didn't blame him after hearing this. After a moment of thinking, he smiled and said, "The word 'knocking' is good!" Since then,Han Jia is a close friend.[47]This story also gave birth to the word "pondering", which is used to mean that when writing an article or doing something, you should think over and over again, and keep improving to get the best results.
Take away the scroll and disobey Xuanzong
It is said that Jia Dao and his later residence methods cannot be abandoned.One day, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty went on a journey in disguise. When he came to the temple, he heard people chanting poems, and then went upstairs. Seeing the poem scroll on the case, he took it for browsing.Jia Dao was in the back and took it away with one hand.He didn't know Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, so he stared and shouted, "How can you understand this?" He was very nervous afterwards, and Fu Que was ready for punishment.The court gave him a small official who was the chief clerk of Changjiang County and demoted him from Chang'an.There are works of two poets in the Tang Dynasty, involving this matter.An Qi said in his poem, "Riding a donkey to rush the great Yin, robbing Xuanzong of his evil deeds." Li Kegong said in his poem, "When Xuanzong was exiled to do nothing, Han Yu knew that he had become famous."[34]
similar poetic conception
The two men, Meng Jiao and Jia Dao, are famous for their bitter chanting. Because their life experiences are roughly the same, the style of their poems is simple and sorrowful, secluded and desolate, the pattern is narrow and narrow, broken and hasty, and they pay attention to their bitter chanting and pondering, hammering and refining sentences, which often give people a sense of coldness and embarrassment, so they are called "Jiao Han Dao Shou" by later generations.The first person who made this comment wasSu Shi"In the Yuan Dynasty, people are light and white, and in the cold country, people are thin"("Sacrifice to Willow Jade")。[35]
interpersonal relationship
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Wife: Liu Shi.[28]
Younger brother: Wuke (the year of birth and death is unknown), a monk poet in the late Tang Dynasty.Fan Yangren.He became a monk and once lived in Qinglong Temple and Caotang Temple.Gongwuyan, poem name and Jia DaoZhou HeQi, with Yao He, Li Xuan, Xue NengHorse wearMany poets have returned their poems.It also works calligraphy, following the style of Liu Gongquan.There are two volumes of poetry.[52]
Main works
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Written by Jia Dao《Yangtze River Collection》10 volumes, recording more than 390 poems.Passed by《Four part series》photocopyTranslated from Ming Dynasty to Song Dynasty.Li Jiayan《Changjiang Jixin School》, using《Complete Poetry of the Tang》Collected Jia Shi as the base, and participated in the schoolOther booksAnd relevant collections and selections, written in the appendix《Jiadao Chronicle》, "Jia Dao Making Friends Test" and the collected Jia Dao poetry review are relatively complete.[45]In addition, there are 3 volumes of small collections《Poetic style》One volume is handed down from generation to generation.[46]
Character controversy
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Reputation and delegation of officials
Jia Dao Statue
In September of the second year (837), Jia Dao was granted the title of Master Book of Changjiang County, Suizhou.The historical records of the appointment of officials are ambiguous, which puzzled the people of the time and future generations.The New Book of the Tang Dynasty · Biography of Jia Dao records: "The island... failed to win the first place due to its tiredness. In Wenzong, it was slandered on the fly and demoted to the main book of the Yangtze River." The reason for its demotion is simply "slandered on the fly", but the truth is unknown.After Jia Dao passed away, my friendJiangsuIn the epitaph of Jia Sicang, it is said: "The public taboo on the island... when Yang failed to win, he was suddenly slandered. Xie Brown was awarded the chief book of Suizhou Changjiang River." But it is unknown why he was "slandered".[43]
Like history books and epitaphsCredibility historyThe rigorous style of Jia Dao is different, and the later unofficial history has a detailed interpretation of Jia Dao's criticism.Like five generationsWang DingbaoThink Jia Dao was demoted because of contemptTang WuzongAs a result, Jia Dao was relegated inTang WenzongIt was opened in 837, so it is not credible.Five generationsHe GuangyuanThink Jia Dao offendedTang XuanzongAs a result, Yuan DynastyXin WenfangWork《Biography of Tang Scholars》This is also the case.He Guangyuan described this matter vividly in his "Record of Precepts", and even took out the imperial edict criticizing Jia Dao and the exact time below.However, Jianjie Lu was written by a novelist. Jia Dao died in the third year of Huichang (843) of Emperor Wuzong of the Tang Dynasty. It was impossible for him to have this experience, and he was obviously caught by a legendary man.[43]
According to the official selection system of the Tang Dynasty,Scholars andAfter that, officials can only be awarded after being examined by the Ministry of Officials.Jinshi takes off the brown and grants the ninth rank. Generally, he tries in Beijingproofread booksOutside, he was the chief clerk and county captain.However, Jia Dao, who was "tired and failed in the first place", was praised for his criticismFrom JiupinTight onCounty Master BookIn fact, the salary of a position is equal to that of a Jinshi.[43]
Modern scholars also hold different opinions on Jia Dao's censure and appointment of officials, but there is no final conclusion.[43]
Wang DajinThe article "Ancient Poems Miscellaneous Research on Jia Dao" made a new hypothesis about the reasons for Jia Dao's demotion."But why did Jia Dao demote the main book of the Yangtze River? He didn't contradict the Emperor Wuzong or Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty in the face as mentioned in the novel, but dared to write to offend the eunuch." However, the official and unofficial history of Jia Dao's writing offended the eunuch has no record, so Wang Dajin's statement is only a reasonable speculation.[43]
Du JinghuaHe Guangyuan of the Five Dynasties recorded "DazhongInk(Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty awarded officials in ink system) ", and then concluded:" I think, from the years Jia Dao served as an official in Changjiang County, if this time is changed to 'September 7th, the 8th year of Dahe', it should be the same. "Based on this, it was introduced that" Jia Dao actually served as a small local official in Sichuan for ten years "to accommodate his demotion.[43]
Yin ZhanhuaHe believed that "Jia Dao and Xuanzong are not false" as the novelist said. He believed that "it is true that Jia Dao met Xuanzong's misdeeds at the beginning of the second year of the reign of WenzongLi ChenNot the emperor, but the king of light;The large, medium and ink system is also true. It was Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty who pursued the book when he became emperor. "[43]
The house is clear every dayIn the article "A textual research on Jia Dao's selection of Jinshi and his demotion", he questioned the theory that Jia Dao failed to obtain Jinshi."Jia Dao had already been promoted and slandered because of sudden arrest, orUnder the Middle Book GateDisqualification in reply.However, because of the fact that there is no basis for the slander, he was disqualified from being a Jinshi, which is different from failing to win at all.Although Changjiang County is not an evil county in a remote state, it is still remote, poor and desolateMain thinIt means censure. "[43]
Shi ZhecunIt is believed that Jia Dao may have higher official position than the main book before he was demoted.[43]
Time to return to secular life
According to the New Book of Tang Dynasty, Jia Dao was originally a monk, and his name was unknown.When he was in Luoyang, Jia Dao was dissatisfied with the order that the monks were forbidden to go out in the afternoon. He wrote poems to express his feelings. Han Yu knew that he loved his talent, so he persuaded him to take the exam and become an official.Therefore, Jia Dao is still popular.There are records about this matter in "Tang Poetry Chronicles", "Zhi Zhai's Book Records", "Jia Changjiang Collection".[50]
The record of Jia Dao in the Biography of Talented Scholars of Tang Dynasty is completely opposite to that in the New Book of Tang Dynasty. It is recorded that Jia Dao became a monk because he failed in the examination room and had no means of livelihood. It is also said in the book Jianjie · Jia Wu Zhi by He Guangyuan of the Five Dynasties.[50]
Because these historical data are different, it is a big question for a while whether Jia Dao should return to the secular life and become a monk because he failed in the exam.Li JiayanBoth Huang Peng and Huang Peng believed that the official history should be taken as the basis, according to the New Book of Tang.[50]
Bai AipingThe time and place of Jia Dao's becoming a monk and returning to the secular life has been analyzed in detail in "A Research on the Time and Place of Jia Dao's Returning to the Folk Life" by Han Yu and Meng Jiao: Han Yuyou《Send no teacher back to Fanyang》, Meng Jiao has《There is no script for drama gift》From the poem title, when Jia Dao joined Chang'an with Han Yu in the sixth year of Yuanhe (811), he was still a monk and did not immediately return to the secular life.According to Jia Dao《Presented to Hanlin》Poetry, we can see that its return to secular life should be selected no later than the seventh year of Yuanhe (812).Another scholarShen YazhiIn the seventh year of Yuanhe (812), Jia Dao returned home and wrote poems《Send Shen Xiucai to the East》As a gift, Jia Dao returned to Fan Yang in November of the sixth year (811) of Yuanhe. This poem shows that Jia Dao has returned to Chang'an no later than the spring of the seventh year (812) of Yuanhe.The previous return to Fan Yang should be related to the restoration of customs.According to Bai Wen's analysis, Jia Dao was a monk before, and later returned to the secular life in the sixth year (811) or seventh year (812) of Yuanhe when he was 33 or 34 years old.[50]
After Jia Dao died, his body was buried at the foot of Anquan Mountain in the south of Anyue County, Sichuan Province.In the southern suburb of the county seat, Mount Anquan.Jia Dao's tomb is semi-circular, 12 meters long, 3 meters wide and 3 meters high. It is made of stone and surrounded by stone strips.During the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty, the county magistrate of AnyueXu GuanhaiBuild "Thin Poetry Pavilion" in front of the tomb in the late Qing DynastyPuzhouThe county magistrate Fei Xianzhong rebuilt the memorial archway.[38]
Fangshan, Beijing
Jiadao Yiguan Tomb is located in Erzhan Village, Shilou Town, Fangshan District, Beijing.There is a stone pavilion in front of the tomb. There is a stone tablet in the pavilion, which belongs to the Ming DynastyHongzhiIt was established in.Original Jia Dao TombJia GongciIt was built during the reign of Emperor Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty. The temple faces south and enters the palace three times.There are two steles of Jiagong Temple rebuilt in the Qing Dynasty, which are cultural relics protection units in Fangshan District.[5]
Luoyang, Henan
The Records of Luoyang Prefecture and the Records of Luoyang County all say that the tomb of Jia Dao, the director of the Yangtze River, is located inYiqueDongshan, the tombstone remains ", also known as Yi Guan Tomb.[38]
Dangtu, Anhui
the Qing dynastyChen Qiyuan《Yong Leisure Room Notes》Volume IV Jia Dao Tomb says: "Jia Dao Tomb, a Tang poet, is located in Gantang Village outside Taiping Mansion, Anhui Province." Modern scholarLi JiayanAccording to textual research, this tomb is Jia Song's and not Jia Dao's.[38]
《Fangyu Shenglan》"Jia Dao was banished to the Yangtze River, and there was a tomb".[38]
According to the textual research of historians, only the Jiadao Tomb in Anyue County, Sichuan Province is a true tomb, and the others are memorial cloakwork tombs.[38]
Jia Gongci
Jia Gongci
Jia GongciLocated in Erzhan Village, Shilou Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, it was built in memory of Jia Dao.In the 37th year of the reign of Emperor Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, Luo Zai, then the magistrate of Fangshan County, allocated 30 mu of land to build Jia Gongci in Erzhan Village, Shilou Town, which was demolished for historical reasons.In 2003, Beijing Hanjian Group raised 32 million yuan to repair it.The total floor area is 36188 square meters, and the building area is 3040 square meters. The whole pattern is built in the style of the Tang Dynasty.Completed in 2005.The rebuilt Jiagong Temple consists of two parts. The western part is a cultural reception area and a dual courtyard.The calligraphy and painting in memory of Jia Dao are displayed for people to enjoy.The east area is the focus of Jia Gongci, and the front half is the courtyard composed of the main hall and the east and west side halls.The main hall is called "Sao Altar Hall", with Jia Dao statue inside.[6]There are also murals of Jia Dao's life in Wuxiang Temple in Fangshan.The east side hall is called "Thin Poem Pavilion", in which there is a parallel statue of Jia Dao and another poet Meng Jiao.The mural shows the poet taking pains to recite poems.The west side hall is called "Yuexiazhai", which represents the story of "deliberation".There is a statue of Jia Dao and his life friend Han Yu inside.The murals reproduce the scene of "deliberation".
Jia Daoyu
Jiadaoyu is located in the northwest of Zhoukoudian, Fangshan, Beijing, more than 20 miles away from Fangshan Road.For“Eight Sceneries of Fangshan”One.[5]
statue
Jia Dao Statue
There is a statue of Jia Dao in Zizhu Square in Anyue County, Sichuan Province.[39]
library
In 2012, Jia Dao Library was opened on the original site of Jia Gongci in Fangshan, Beijing. It is the first village level private library in the suburbs of Beijing.[7]On the morning of April 23, Fangshan District of Beijing welcomedWorld Book DayThe opening of Jia Dao Library and Memorial Hall and the 17th "World Reading Day" Jia Dao poetry recitation in Fangshan District were held.[44]
forum
On December 26, 2020, Jia Dao's hometown culture forum was held in Hanshan Village, Fangshan District, Beijing.[8]
Historical data index
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Su Jiang's Tomb Inscription of Tang Gu Sicang Joining the Army[4]
Jia Dao's Poems of Sacrifice, Zaju, Qing DynastyShi Yun YuBy《Huajian Jiuzuo》Seventh, see "The Master of Huayun Nunnery Filling in the Words". In one turn, the end (male role) plays Jia Dao.[37]
