The Nobel Prize in Literature

World Literature Awards

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The Nobel Prize in Literature (English: Nobel laureates in Literature; Swedish: Nobel priset i literatur) is based on Nobel Five established by the will of 1895 Nobel Prize First, the award is intended to reward the best works with ideal tendencies in the literary field^[1] 。

The Nobel Prize for Literature was first awarded in 1901. 1931 Eric Axel Karfeld He was the first posthumously awarded Nobel Prize for Literature after his death. 2012 Mo Yan Be the first person to win the Nobel Prize for Literature China Authorship^[2] 。 The selection committee of the Nobel Prize in Literature usually announces the winner in October every year. The award ceremony is held every year on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death Sweden Stockholm Held by King of Sweden Present awards in person^[3] 。

According to the official website of the Nobel Prize, the Nobel Prize for Literature is selected and awarded once a year Swedish Academy A gold medal, a certificate and a bonus will be awarded. By 2020, 119 people have won the award^[4] 115 times were obtained by one person and 4 times were shared by two persons; Seven of them stopped for some reason; There are 8 years of delay in issuing one year; 17 women won prizes^[5] 。

Chinese name: The Nobel Prize in Literature
Foreign name: English: Nobel laureates in Literature; Swedish: Nobelpriset i literatur
Organizer: Swedish Academy
First issue: December 10, 1901
First Winner: Sully Prudhomme

Time of publication: Every October
Award time: December 10th
Award place: Sweden Stockholm
Presenter: King of Sweden
Award cycle: Once a year
Reward content: A gold medal, a certificate and a bonus
Award object: Those who create the best works with ideal tendencies in the literary field

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Award History

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Partial winner (18 sheets)

On November 27, 1895, Alfred Bernhard Nobel (hereinafter referred to as: Nobel) The last will written one year before his death was signed in the Swedish Norwegian Club in Paris. According to the final will, his legacy will be used to establish a series of awards for those who have "made the greatest contribution to mankind" in physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine, and literature. The assets used to establish five Nobel Prizes account for 94% of the total assets of Nobel, i.e. SEK 31 million^[1] 。

On April 26, 1897, Nobel's will was approved and executed by the Norwegian Parliament. The executors, Longa Solman and Rudolf Lilljequist, established the Nobel Foundation to manage the heritage and prize money^[8] 。 After the will is passed, the council appoints Swedish Academy The awarding agency of the Nobel Prize for Literature^[9] 。 The Nobel Foundation subsequently reached an agreement on the criteria for awarding the Nobel Prize.

In 1900, the king of Sweden Oscar II The new rules of the Nobel Foundation were promulgated, and the articles of association were changed to "works created today" or "works showing their significance today". The concept of "literary works" was expanded to "works of literary value", including historical and philosophical works.

On December 10, 1901, the Nobel Prize for Literature was awarded for the first time on the fifth anniversary of Nobel's death.

In 1914 and 1918 the First World War The Nobel Prize for Literature was not awarded.

In 1931, Eric Axel Karfeld He won the Nobel Prize for Literature after his death and was the first posthumous winner^[5] 。

1940-1943, due to the Second World War The Nobel Prize for Literature was not awarded.

Born in 1958 in Russia Boris Leonidovich Pasternak Faced with the pressure of the Soviet government, he had to refuse to receive the award.

The official website of the Nobel Prize announced that Mo Yan won the prize

In 1964, Jean-Paul Sartre He refused to accept any award in his life, so he also refused to accept the Nobel Prize for Literature^[5] 。

In 1974, Nobel Prize Foundation The articles of association stipulate that no Nobel Prize shall be awarded posthumously unless the Nobel Prize is declared dead^[5] 。

On October 11, 2012, the Swedish Academy announced that Chinese writers Mo Yan get 2012 Nobel Prize in Literature Mo Yan became the first Chinese writer to win the Nobel Prize for Literature^[2] 。

On May 4, 2018, due to the sex scandal, the Swedish Academy of Literature cancelled the awarding of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2018 and reserved it for 2019^[10] 。

On October 10, 2019, the Swedish Academy of Literature announced that the 2018 Nobel Prize in Literature would be awarded Olga Tokalchuk , awarded the 2019 Nobel Prize for Literature Peter Handke ^[11] 。

On October 7, 2021, Abdulrazak Gurnah won the 2021 Nobel Prize for Literature.^[29]

Award setting

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Award Overview

The Nobel Prize in Literature includes a gold medal, a certificate and a prize. The amount of the prize depends on the income of the Nobel Foundation that year^[12] (For all prizes since 1901, please refer to the official website of Nobel Prize^[13] ）。 If there is more than one winner, the bonus will be shared equally, or one of them will get half, and the other two will each get a quarter. If the winner refuses to accept the award, or fails to cash the bonus check as required by the Foundation before October 1 of the next year, the bonus will be automatically incorporated into the main fund.

bonus

The Nobel Literature Prize is under the unified management of the Stockholm Nobel Foundation, and the Swedish Academy of Literature reviews and decides on the winners. Therefore, the Academy has set up a special organization and established the Nobel Library to collect literary works, encyclopedias, newspapers and articles from various countries.

Every winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature will receive a prize and a document recording the amount of the prize. The bonus in 2009 was SEK 10 million (about US $1.4 million)^[12] 。 In 2012, the bonus was reduced to SEK 8 million (about US $1.1 million) due to budget reduction^[14] 。 The amount of the prize will change with the income of the Nobel Foundation that year. If there are more than one winner at the same time, the bonus can be shared equally.

Organizational process

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Selection process

From September to January 31 of the next year, candidates recommended by various Nobel Prizes will be accepted. Usually 1000 to 2000 candidates are recommended every year.

Self recommendation is not allowed.

The Swedish government and the Norwegian government have no right to interfere in the selection of the Nobel Prize, and cannot support or oppose the recommended candidates.

From February 1 each year, the Nobel Prize jury will screen and approve the recommended candidates, and the work will be kept strictly confidential.

In the middle of October every year, the list of Nobel Prize winners will be announced.

December 10 of each year is the anniversary of the death of the Nobel Prize. The Nobel Prize awarding ceremony is held in Stockholm and Oslo respectively, and the King of Sweden is present and awarding the prize^[15] 。

Nomination process

According to the regulations, the committee for the Nobel Prize in Literature will send confidential documents to those who have the ability and qualification to nominate, and they will recommend candidates for the Nobel Prize in Literature. The requirements for qualified nominees are as follows:

1. Academicians of the Swedish Academy of Literature and persons equivalent to literary academicians in various countries;

2. Literature professors and linguistics professors in colleges and universities;

3. Winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature;

4. Chairman of National Writers' Associations^[15] 。

Nomination process of Nobel Literature Prize winners, from the official website of Nobel Prize^[15]

Selection and assessment

Writers from the Swedish Academy

According to the relevant regulations of the Nobel Foundation, the Swedish Academy of Literature is responsible for the selection of the Nobel Literature Prize. The Swedish Academy of Literature has 18 members, who are responsible for selecting the winners of the Nobel Literature Prize from the candidates recommended by the Nobel Literature Committee. The Nobel Literature Committee is a working body that reviews the nomination and selects candidates. It consists of four to five members^[15] 。

According to the regulations of the Nobel Foundation, the list of nominees is never released to the public, and the nominees themselves will not know that they are nominated. Nomination records sealed for 50 years^[15] 。

Rewards

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Award result

By 2022, 119 people have won the Nobel Literature Prize, 115 of which have been won by one person and four shared by two people^[4] 。

particular year	prize winner	Country (Note 1)	language	Reason for Award (Note 2)	Type of work
1901	Sully Prudhomme	France	French	His poetry is the representative of Gaurang's idealism and perfect art, and rarely combines soul and wisdom	Poetry ， Prose
1902	Theodor Mommsen	German Empire	German	The greatest historian in this world is undoubtedly shown in his monumental masterpiece History of Rome	history ， law
1903	Beyongsten Beyondsong	Norway	norwegian	With the fresh inspiration and rare childlike heart of the poet, he wrote his works in a graceful, gorgeous and colorful way	Poetry, fiction, Theatre
1904	Frederick Mistral	France	Occitan	His poetry contains fresh creativity and real appeal, which faithfully reflects the simple spirit of his nation, plus his important research on Provencal language	Poetry, philology
1904	Bjornstjerne Bjornson	Spain	Spanish	His rich and outstanding dramas with his unique style revived the great tradition of Spanish comedy	Theatre
1905	Henrik Xiankeweizhi	poland	Polish	Because of his outstanding achievements in the writing of historical novels	novel
1906	Chozue Kalduzi	Italy	Italian	Not only because of his profound knowledge and critical research, but also to celebrate the creative momentum, fresh style and lyrical charm in his masterpieces of poetry	Poetry
1907	Joseph Rudyard Kipling	UK (born British India ）	English	This world famous writer's works are characterized by profound observation, unique imagination, powerful spirit and excellent narration	Novels, short stories, poems
1908	Rudolf Eucken	German Empire	German	His ardent pursuit of truth, his ability to connect with ideas, his broad observation, and his enthusiasm and strength in defending and explaining an idealistic philosophy of life in countless works	Philosophy
1909	Selma Lagerl f	Sweden	Swedish	Because of her unique noble idealism, rich imagination, plain and beautiful style in her works	Short story
1910	Paul John Ludwig von Hesse	German Empire	German	Praise this lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and world-famous short story writer for his artistic perfection full of idealistic spirit in his long and productive creative career	Poetry, drama, novel, short story
1911	Maurice Maeterlinck	Belgium	French	Because of his literary performance in many aspects, especially his dramatic works, he not only has rich imagination and poetic imagination, but also is full of profound enlightenment everywhere, even though he sometimes appears in the form of myth. This enlightenment wonderfully touches the hearts of readers and stimulates their imagination	Drama, poetry, prose
1912	Gerhart Hauptmann	German Empire	German	I would like to praise his rich and varied outstanding achievements in the field of dramatic art	Drama, novel
1913	Rabindranath Tagore	British India	Bengali	Because of his sensitive, fresh and beautiful poems; This poem comes from superb skills, and because he himself expresses it in English, his poetic ideas have become a part of western literature	Poetry, novel, drama, short story, music
1914	No award
1915	Roman Roland	France	French	Noble ideals in literary works and his sympathy and love for truth when describing different types of characters	novel
1916	Werner Heidenstam	Sweden	Swedish	Praise his important representative position in the new era of Swedish literature	Poetry, fiction
1917	Karl Adolph Gjellerup	Denmark	Danish	Because his diverse and rich poems contain lofty ideals	Poetry
1917	Henrik Pontopidan	Denmark	Danish	Because of his faithful portrayal of current Danish life	novel
1918	No award
1919	Carl Spitteler	Switzerland	German	He especially praised his outstanding performance in the epic Olympus Spring	Poetry
1920	Knut Hamsun	Norway	norwegian	For his epoch-making masterpiece The Growth of Land	novel
1921	Anatole France	France	French	His brilliant literary achievements lie in his lofty style, compassionate humanity, charming charm, and the characteristics formed by a real French temperament	Novel
1922	Hassint Benavent I Martinez	Spain	Spanish	Because he continued the brilliant tradition of drama in an appropriate way	Theatre
1923	William Butler Yeats	Ireland	English	Because of his poems that are always full of inspiration, they show the spirit of the whole nation through a high degree of art form	Poetry
1924	Vladislav Lemont	poland	Polish	We gave him the award because his national epic "Farmers" was well written	novel
1925	Bernard Shaw	UK (born Ireland ）	English	Because of his works full of idealism and humanity, which are exciting and ironic, they often contain a high degree of poetic beauty	Drama, literary criticism
1926	Grazia Deledda	Italy	Italian	In order to praise her works inspired by idealism, she described the life on the island where she grew up in a soft and thorough way; The depth and compassion shown in insight into general human problems	Poetry, fiction
1927	Henri Bergson	France	French	Because of his rich and vigorous thoughts and brilliant skills	Philosophy
1928	Sigrid Undset	Norway (born in Denmark)	norwegian	Mainly because of her powerful description of life in the Northern Kingdom in the Middle Ages	novel
1929	Thomas Mann	Germany	German	Because of his great novel "The Budenblock Family", which has an increasingly consolidated classical position in contemporary literature	Novels, short stories, essays
1930	Sinclair Lewis	U.S.A	English	Because of his powerful, personal and moving narrative art, and his talent for creating new styles with wit and humor	Novel, short story, drama
1931	Eric Axel Karfeld	Sweden	Swedish	No one has ever doubted the artistic value of his poems	Poetry
1932	John Galsworthy	britain	English	The Outstanding Art Described for It -- This art reached its peak in The Forsyte Family	novel
1933	Ivan Alexevich Punin	France (born Russia ）	Russian	Because of his rigorous artistic talent, the Russian classical tradition has been inherited in prose	Short story, poem, novel
1934	Luigi Pirandello	Italy	Italian	He boldly and skillfully revived drama and stage art	Drama, novel, short story
1935	No award
1936	Eugene O'Neill	U.S.A	English	Because of the strength, enthusiasm and deep feelings expressed in his plays, they completely conform to the original concept of tragedy	Theatre
1937	Roger Martin du Gard	France	French	Because of the artistic charm and authenticity shown in his novel The Tibers, this is the basic reflection of human life	novel
1938	Pearl Buck	U.S.A	English	Her description of the rich and truly epic life of Chinese farmers and her autobiographical masterpiece	Novel
1939	Frans Emil Silanpa	Finland	Finnish	Because of his profound understanding and exquisite art in describing two things that affect each other - the nature of his motherland and the life of farmers in that country	novel
1940	No award
1941	No award
1942	No award
1943	No award
1944	Johannes William Janssen	Denmark	Danish	Thanks to rich and powerful poetic imagination, it combines broad mindedness and bold and fresh creative style	Poetry
1945	Gabriela Mistral	Chile	Spanish	Her lyric poetry, which is nurtured by strong feelings, has made her name a symbol of the desire for ideals throughout Latin America	Poetry
1946	Hermann Hesse	Switzerland (born in the German Empire)	German	His inspirational works - on the one hand, they are highly creative and insightful, on the other hand, they symbolize the classical humanistic ideal and concessional style	Novel
1947	Andre Gide	France	French	For his extensive and artistic works, he presents various problems and situations of human nature with his fearless love for truth and keen psychological insight	Fiction
1948	Thomas Stearns Eliot	United Kingdom (born in the United States)	English	Outstanding contribution to the vanguard of modern poetry	Poetry
1949	William Faulkner	U.S.A	English	Because he has made a powerful and unparalleled contribution to contemporary American novels	Short story
1950	Bertrand Arthur William Russell	britain	English	Commend his works of great significance that safeguard the humanitarian ideal and freedom of thought	Philosophy
1951	Pal Fabian Lagquist	Sweden	Swedish	Because of his artistic vitality and truly independent opinions in his works, which seek solutions to the eternal problems facing mankind	Poetry, novel, short story, drama
1952	Francois Mauriac	France	French	Because in his novels, he analyzed the drama of life, profound observation of the soul and compact art	Short story
1953	winston churchill	britain	English	Because of his achievements in describing history and biography, and because of his brilliant speech defending the value of noble people	History, prose, memoirs
1954	Ernest Miller Hemingway	U.S.A	English	Because he is proficient in narrative art, which is prominently shown in his recent book The Old Man and the Sea; At the same time, because of his influence on contemporary style	Novels, short stories, plays
1955	Herdor Chiriyan Lakesnes	Iceland	Icelandic	For the vivid and epic power shown in his works, make Iceland's already excellent narrative literature skills more magnificent	Novels, short stories, dramas, poems
1956	Juan Ramon Jimenez	Puerto Rico (born in Spain ）	Spanish	Because of his Spanish lyrics, he has become the best model of high spirit and pure art	Poetry
1957	Albert Camus	France	French	Because of his important works, he has illuminated various issues of human conscience in our times with a clear and eager vision	Fiction, short story, drama, philosophy, prose
1958	Boris Leonidovich Pasternak	Soviet Union	Russian	He has made great achievements in contemporary lyric poetry and Russian epic tradition	Fiction, poetry, translation
1959	Savador Quasimodo	Italy	Italian	Because of his lyric poems, he expressed the tragic experience of life in our age with classical flame	Poetry
1960	Saint Joan Pace	France	French	Because of his superb flying and abundant imagination, he expressed a kind of imaginative meditation on the current era	Poetry
1961	Ivo Andric	Yugoslavia (born in Austro Hungarian Empire ）	Serbian Croatian	Because of the epic power in his works, he used it to pursue the theme in the history of his motherland and describe the fate of people	Short story
1962	John Steinbeck	U.S.A	English	Show sympathetic humor and sensitive observation of society through realistic and imaginative creation	Novels, short stories, plays
1963	George Seifelis	Greece (born Ottoman Empire ）	Greek	His outstanding lyric poetry is the product of his profound experience of Greek culture	Poetry
1964	Jean-Paul Sartre	France	French	Because his works, which are rich in ideas, full of freedom and the spirit of seeking truth, have had a profound impact on our times	Fiction, philosophy, drama, literary criticism, script
1965	Mikhail Sholokhov	Soviet Union	Russian	Because of the vitality and artistic enthusiasm of this writer in that epic about the countryside in the Don River Basin, he used both to describe a historical aspect of Russian national life in that novel	novel
1966	Samuel Joseph Agnon	Israel (born in Austro Hungarian Empire ）	Hebrew	His narrative skills are profound and unique, and he draws themes from the life of the Jewish people	Short story
1966	Nelly Sachs	Sweden (born in the German Empire)	German	Because her outstanding lyric and dramatic works have expounded the fate of Israel with moving power	Poetry, Drama
1967	Miguel Angel Asturias	Guatemala	Spanish	Because his works are embodied in his own national color and Indian tradition, they are vivid	Novel
1968	Kawabata Yasunari	Japan	Japanese	Because his superb narrative works show the spiritual characteristics of the Japanese with extraordinary sensitivity	Short story
1969	Samuel Beckett	France (born in Ireland)	English and French	His novel and drama works with peculiar forms have inspired modern people from mental fatigue	Fiction, drama, poetry
1970	Alexander Isayevich Solzhenitsyn	Soviet Union	Russian	Because of the moral power in his works, he inherited the indispensable tradition of Russian literature through it	Fiction
1971	pablo neruda	Chile	Spanish	Poetry plays a natural role, reviving the destiny and dreams of a continent	Poetry
1972	Heinrich Boll	Federal Germany	German	In order to praise the works, these works have both a broad perspective of the times and exquisite techniques to shape characters, and contribute to the revitalization of German literature	Short story
1973	Patrick Victor Martindale White	Australia (born in England)	English	Because of his epic and psychological narrative art, and brought a new continent into literature	Novel, short story, drama
1974	Eyvind Johnson	Sweden	Swedish	The art of narration, which aims at freedom and devotes itself to historical and modern perspectives	novel
1974	Harry Edmund Martimson	Sweden	Swedish	His work reflects the whole world through a drop of dew	Poetry, fiction, drama
1975	Ewugenio Montale	Italy	Italian	Because his outstanding poetry has great artistry, it interprets the value of human beings in a life that is not suitable for fantasy	Poetry
1976	Saul Bellow	USA (born in Canada ）	English	Because of his understanding of human nature and his keen insight into contemporary culture	Short story
1977	Alec Sandre Merlot	Spain	Spanish	His works inherit the tradition of Spanish lyric poetry and absorb the style of current schools, and describe the situation of people in the universe and modern society	Poetry
1978	Isaac Bashevis Singh	United States (born in Poland)	Yiddish	His passionate narrative art, which is rooted in the cultural tradition of Poles and reflects the general situation of mankind	Novels, short stories, memoirs
1979	Odysseus Ellitis	Greece	Greek	His poems, with the Greek tradition as the background, use the power of feeling and the keenness of reason to describe the struggle for freedom and innovation	Poetry
1980	Cheswav Miwalsh	Poland; U.S.A	Polish	The uncompromising keen insight describes people's exposure in a world of fierce conflict	Poetry, prose
1981	Elias Carnetti	UK (born Bulgaria ）	German	The works have broad vision, rich thoughts and artistic strength	Novels, dramas, memoirs, essays
1982	Gabriel Garcia Marquez	Columbia	Spanish	Because his novels have a rich structure of the imaginary world, which mixes magic with reality, reflecting the life contradictions of a whole continent	Novels, short stories, plays
1983	William Golding	britain	English	His novels have clear realistic narrative skills and the diversity and universality of fictional stories, which illustrate the situation of human beings in the world today	Fiction, poetry, drama
1984	Yaroslav Seifert	Czechoslovakia (born in Austria Hungary)	Czech	His poems are original, novel and lifelike, showing people's indomitable spirit and versatile image of longing for liberation	Poetry
1985	Claude Simon	France	French	Because he is good at combining the rich imagination of poets and painters with the profound sense of time, he deeply describes the living conditions of human beings	novel
1986	Volley Soyinka	Nigeria	English	He created a poetic drama about life with a broad cultural vision	Drama, novel, poetry
1987	Joseph Brodsky	United States (born in the Soviet Union)	English	His works transcend the limitation of time and space, and fully display his broad thoughts and rich poetic flavor in both literature and sensitive issues	Poetry
1988	Najib Mahafuz	Egypt	Arabic	He formed the Arabic language art appreciated by all mankind through a large number of painstaking works - insight into all realism, arousing people's ambition	novel
1989	Camilo Jose Cela	Spain	Spanish	Rich and concise description with strong emotion, and the unattainable imagination of human weakness	Short story
1990	Octavio Paz	Mexico	Spanish	His works are full of passion, broad vision, permeated with the wisdom of perception and reflected the perfect humanism	Poetry, prose
1991	Nadine Gordimer	South Africa	English	With strong and direct brushwork, he describes the complicated interpersonal and social relations around him. His epic and magnificent works are of great benefit to mankind	Novels, short stories, essays
1992	Derek Walcott	Saint Lucia	English	His works have great enlightenment and broad historical vision, which is the result of his dedication to multiple cultures	Poetry
1993	Toni Morrison	U.S.A	English	His works are imaginative and poetic, showing important aspects of American real life	novel
1994	Kenzaburo Oe	Japan	Japanese	Through poetic imagination, it creates an imaginary world that closely condenses reality and myth, depicts the modern common people, and brings impact to people	Short story
1995	Seamus Hiny	Ireland (born in England)	English	Because his works are full of lyrical beauty, contain profound ethics, and reveal the miracles of daily life and real history	Poetry
1996	Simposka, Vishwava	poland	Polish	Because of his brilliant irony in the art of poetry, he has excavated the profound meaning of historical changes and biological evolution behind human's bit by bit real life	Poetry
1997	dario fo	Italy	Italian	His achievements in whipping the authority and praising the valuable personality of the downtrodden are comparable to the book Rigoletto in the Middle Ages	Theatre
1998	Jos é Salamago	Portugal	Portuguese	Thanks to his imaginative, compassionate and ironic works, we were able to revisit that elusive period of history	Fiction, drama, poetry
1999	gunter grass	Germany	German	The allegory with tragic color in its play depicts the historical features that human beings have forgotten	Fiction, drama, poetry
2000	Gao Xingjian	France (born China ）	chinese	The universal value, unforgettable insight and rich and wise language of his works have opened a new path for Chinese novels and artistic dramas	Fiction, drama, literary criticism
2001	Vidyada Suleyprasad Naipaul	britain	English	His works combine the insightful narration with the exploration that is not influenced by the secular world, which is the driving force for us to explore the truth from the distorted history	Fiction
2002	Keltais Imre	Hungary	Hungarian	Commend him for his profound portrayal of his personal experience against powerful powers and his unique autobiographical literary style	novel
2003	J. M. Coetzee	South Africa ； Australia	English	Accurately depicts the essence of human nature under the mask	Fiction, prose, translation
2004	Elfrid Jelinek	Austria	German	She showed the absurdity of the society with extraordinary language and the music movement in her novels	Fiction
2005	Harold Pinter	britain	English	His works reveal the garbage in daily gossip and forcibly open the curtains of closed rooms	Theatre
2006	Ferit Orhan Pamuk	turkey	Turkish	In the journey of pursuing the melancholy of hometown, we found a new symbol of civilization conflict and communication	Novels, plays, essays
2007	Doris Lessing	UK (born Iran ）	English	With skepticism, passion and imagination, she examines a civilization that has been pulled apart, and she ascends the epic peak of female experience in this regard	Novels, plays, poems, short stories, memoirs
2008	Jean Marie Gustav Le Clezio	France; mauritius	French	A writer who marks the new beginning of literature, whose works have poetic innovation, perceptual obsession, and pursuit of human nature under the domination of civilization	Novels, short stories, essays, translation
2009	Herta Muller	Germany (born Romania ）	German	Describe the situation of the lost with the condensation of poetry and the frankness of prose	Novel
2010	Mario Vargas Llosa	Peru ； Spain	Spanish	Because of his description of the power structure and his sharp impression of resistance, uprising and failure	Novels, short stories, essays, dramas
2011	Thomas Transtrom	Sweden	Swedish	Because through his concise and transparent image, we can experience the real world in a new way	Poetry, translation
2012	Mo Yan	The People's Republic of China	chinese	Integrating folk stories, history and modernity with hallucinatory realism	Short story
2013	Alice Munro	Canada	English	A master of contemporary short stories	short story
2014	Patrick Modiano	France	French	Wake up the human destiny that is most difficult to explain with the excellent "art of memory"	novel
2015	Svetlana Alexandrovna Alexeyevich	Belarus (born in the Soviet Union)	Russian	It is like a work of lace cloth, planting a memorial garden for contemporary people	Prose, investigation report
2016	Bob Dylan	U.S.A	English	Create new poetic expressions in the great American music tradition^[16]	Poetry, lyrics
2017	Kazuo Ishiguro	UK (born in Japan)	English	Find the connection between the real world and the illusory abyss in the novel world of great emotion^[17]	Fiction, drama
2018	Olga Tokalchuk	poland	Polish	Full of encyclopedic enthusiasm in narrative imagination, representing a way of life across borders	Poetry, novel, prose
2019	Peter Handke	Austria	German	Works full of linguistic talents explore the surroundings and particularity of human experience	Novels and plays
2020	Louise Gltick	U.S.A	English	Because her irrefutable poetic voice makes personal existence universal with simple beauty^[6-7]	Poetry, essays
2021	Abdul Razak Gurner	britain (born in Tanzania ）^[33]	English	An uncompromising and compassionate concern for the impact of colonialism and the fate of refugees in the cultural and continental divide^[30]	novel
2022	Annie Elno	France	French	Because she reveals the root, estrangement and collective restraint of personal memory with courage and clinician like keenness^[31]
2023	Jon Fosse ^[32]	Norway	Nynorsk (New Norwegian)^[34]	Commend him for his innovative dramas and essays, saying things that are difficult to describe	Fiction, drama, prose

Note 1: The country information here is based on Nobel Prize Foundation The information provided on the official home page of the winner is not necessarily the true nationality or birthplace of the winner.

Note 2: The reasons cited here are listed according to the original English translation provided by the official home page of the Nobel Foundation. The links in this column are the research fields and history related to the reasons of the winners; If you need to know the specific work of each winner, please check the inner link in the name column to the entry of the corresponding winner, or check the relevant winner's page on the official home page of the Nobel Foundation^[4] 。

Statistics

The following statistics are from the official website of Nobel Prize as of 2022:^[5]
Age	The youngest Nobel Prize winner in literature is Joseph Rudyard Kipling (41 years old when he won the prize in 1907); The oldest Nobel Prize winner in literature is Doris Lessing (88 years old when winning in 2007)
Gender	A total of 17 women have won the Nobel Prize in Literature, namely Selma Lagerl f (1909) Grazia Deledda (1926) Sigrid Undset (1928) Pearl Buck (1938) Gabriela Mistral (1945) Nelly Sachs (1966) Nadine Gordimer (1991) Toni Morrison (1993) Simposka, Vishwava (1996) Elfrid Jelinek (2004) Doris Lessing (2007) Herta Muller (2009) Alice Munro (2013) Svetlana Alexandrovna Alexeyevich (2015) Olga Tokalchuk (2018) Louise Gltick (2020) Annie Elno (2022). Of the six Nobel Prizes, this is the second most awarded by women, second only to the Peace Prize
Posthumous award	In 1931, Eric Axel Karfeldt He won the Nobel Prize for Literature after his death
Refuse to accept a prize	Born in 1958 in Russia Boris Pasternak Faced with the pressure of the Soviet government, he had to refuse to receive the award In 1964, Jean-Paul Sartre He refused to accept any award in his life, so he also refused to accept the Nobel Prize for Literature^[18]
Stop sending	There were seven years when the development stopped (1914, 1918, 1935, 1940-1943), of which 1914 and 1918 were due to World War I, and 1940-1943 to World War II
delay	There are 8 years to delay the issuance for one year (1915, 1919, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1936, 1949, 2018)

Writing language

The following statistics are the writing languages used by 116 Nobel Prize winners as of 2019. The content is from the official website of the Nobel Prize:^[5]
English ：29	Italian ：6	Greek ：2	Finnish ：1	Portuguese ：1
French ：16	Russian ：6	Japanese ：2	Hebrew ：1	Croatian ：1
German ：14	Polish ：5	chinese ：2	Hungarian ：1	Turkish ：1
Spanish ：11	norwegian ：3	Bengali ：1	Icelandic ：1	Serbian Croatian ：1
Swedish ：7	Danish ：3	Czech ：1	Occitan language ：1	Arabic ：1

Note: Rabindranath Tagore (1913) Writing in Bengali and English, Samuel Beckett (1969) Writing in French and English, Joseph Brodsky (1987) Write poetry in Russian and prose in English. The three Nobel Prize winners are counted in Bengali, French and Russian respectively^[5] 。

Award Ceremony

Nobel Prize Awarding Ceremony

The awarding ceremony of the Nobel Prize for Literature is held on December 10 every year, the anniversary of Nobel's death Stockholm Concert Hall Held. Every award ceremony is held in the afternoon, because Nobel died at 4:30 p.m. on December 10, 1896. When the first award was given in 1901, people chose to hold the ceremony at the moment of Nobel's death. This special practice has always been followed. At the ceremony, King of Sweden The winner will be awarded a certificate, a medal and a document with the amount of the bonus^[19] 。

The number of people who attend the award ceremony every year is limited to 1500 to 1800; man Swallowtail or National costume Ladies should wear serious clothes Evening dress ； The white and yellow flowers used in the ceremony must be taken from San Morey（ San Morey It is the place where Nobel died), which means commemoration and respect for Nobel^[20] 。

Cultural tradition

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Purpose of establishment

The Nobel Prize in Literature is one of the five Nobel Prizes established according to Nobel's will in 1895. The prize aims to reward the best writers who have created the best works with ideal tendencies in the field of literature^[1] 。

Medal certificate

medal

Since 1902, Nobel Prize medals have been manufactured at the Royal Swedish Mint (Swedish: Myntverket) and the Norwegian Mint, which are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation. The front of each medal is printed with Alfred Nobel's left head and the year of birth and death (1833-1896) written in Roman numerals. The design of the Nobel Prize for Literature is the same as that of the Nobel Prize for Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, but slightly different from that of the Peace Prize and the Economics Prize. The reverse of the medal is Muse (Left) Playing Seven string zither A young man (right) is sitting under the laurel tree listening and recording. The laurel tree is a symbol of honor. There are nine Muses. On the medal, the goddess of love poetry and lyric poetry, based on Erato, is inscribed: Inventas vitam iuvat exceluisse per artes (translated as: through the exploration of art, it is beneficial to improve the life of "human"). The winner's name is engraved on the nameplate at the bottom of the figure, and the text "ACAD. SUEC." represents the Swedish Academy of Arts. Since 2012, the Nobel Medal has been produced by Svenska Medalj of Eskilsteiner^[21] 。

The front and back of the Nobel Prize in Literature^[22]

certificate

The King of Sweden will personally award the Nobel Prize in Literature to the winner. Certificate by Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Design, each winner's certificate is unique. There is a picture on the certificate, as well as the name of the winner and the reason for winning the prize^[23] 。

Social evaluation

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The Nobel Prize in Literature is widely regarded as the highest honor that can be obtained in the field of literature^[24] 。（The Nobel Prize is widely considered the world’s most prestigious award. It is awarded for achievements in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, peace and economics.）^[24]

Disputed events

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Scandals

Sweden at the end of 2017《 Daily News 》18 women accused the husband of Katarina Frostenson, an academician of the Swedish Academy of Literature Jean Claude Arnault (Jean Claude Arnault) Sexual harassment and sexual assault. Misconduct occurred between 1996 and 2017. UK《 The Guardian 》He said that as early as 1996, young female artists reported Arnault's sexual assault to the Swedish Academy, but the report letter was ignored for a long time. In April 2018, the Swedish media reported that Arnault attempted to misbehave against Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden at a banquet in 2006 and was stopped by the Crown Prince's assistant on the spot. The "Voice of Germany" news network said that Arnault had threatened several female victims and threatened to use contacts to take measures against them. The Swedish Academy had previously asked a lawyer to investigate Arnault's relationship with the Academy and his life. The results show that since 1996, Arnold has been suspected of disclosing the list of Nobel Prize winners for literature seven times^[25] 。

Incident handling

On May 4, 2018, according to Russian Satellite News Agency It is reported that due to being deeply involved in sexual scandals, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences He said that the Nobel Prize for Literature would not be awarded in 2018, but would be awarded together in 2019^[25] 。

On June 12, 2018, the Swedish prosecutors formally filed a lawsuit against Jean Claude Arnault (the husband of Katarina Flosdensson, an academician of the Swedish Academy of Literature), who was involved in the sex abuse scandal, or will face a six-year prison term^[26] 。

On July 2, 2018, more than 100 Swedish writers, actors and other cultural workers set up a new college in Stockholm, the capital of Sweden. The Academy announced the winners of the 2018 Literature Prize in October to offset the impact of the previous Nobel Literature Prize and the Swedish Academy scandal^[27] 。

On November 19, 2018, the Swedish Academy of Literature, the Nobel Literature Prize selection organization, said that it would invite external experts to join the existing Literature Prize Evaluation Committee, with the intention of rebuilding public trust after the 2018 Literature Prize stopped due to sex scandal.

On March 5, 2019, the Nobel Prize Foundation said that the award of the Nobel Prize for Literature would resume and two winners in 2018 and 2019 would be selected together^[28] 。

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