Xi'an (English name: Xi'an), aliasChang'an、Haojing，[216]Located in the Guanzhong Plain in northwest China and the middle of the Yellow River basin,[2][20]Between 107 ° 40 ′~109 ° 49 ′ E and 33 ° 42 ′~34 ° 45 ′ N,[20]yesShaanxi ProvinceIt governs prefecture level cities, the capital of Shaanxi Province[54]Sub provincial city、megacity、[13][24]National central city。[15]It governs 11 districts, 2 counties, 7 national and provincial key development zones, and manages a national level new area,[2]The total area is 10108 square kilometers.[228]By the end of 2023, the city's permanent population is 13.0782 million,[30]He speaks Shaanxi dialect,It belongs to Guanzhong section of Zhongyuan dialect in Northern Mandarin.[73][148]
Xi'anIt has a warm temperate semi humid continental monsoon climate,[20]The terrain is high in the south and low in the north.[56]One million years ago,lantian man I live in Xi'an.[38]13 dynasties, including the Western Zhou, Qin, Western Han, New, Eastern Han, Western Jin, former Zhao, former Qin, later Qin, Western Wei, Northern Zhou, Sui, and Tang, established their capitals here.[217]On May 20, 1949, Xi'an was liberated. On June 19, 1954, Xi'an became a city under the jurisdiction of Shaanxi Province.[52]
Xi'an isGuanzhong Plain Urban AgglomerationCore cities[37]It is an important central city and national scientific research, education and industrial base in western China.[33-34]Xi'an takes electronic information, automobile, aerospace, high-end equipment, new materials and energy, food and biomedicine as its pillar industries.[74]In 2023, the regional GDP will be 1201.076 billion yuan, and the added value of the three industries will account for 2.71%, 34.53% and 62.77% of the regional GDP respectively.[30]
Xi'an isUNESCOThe "World Historic City" determined in 1981,[1]yesChinese civilization andChinese nationOne of the important birthplaces, ancientthe Silk RoadStarting point of,[35-36]It is as famous as Rome, Athens and other ancient cities, and has the longest capital history among China's six ancient capitals.[38]
In the Western Zhou Dynasty, Xi'an was called“Abundant pickaxe”。Feng Hao, yesKing Wen of ZhouFengjing and Haojing built by King Wu of Zhou Dynasty.In 202 BC, after Liu Bang established the Western Han Dynasty, he took Xi'an as his capital and named Xi'an "Chang'an" in the meaning of "long-term stability".In 9 A.D., Dasimausurper who founded the Xin dynastyHe became emperor and changed the capital Chang'an into "Chang'an".In 582 AD, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty issued an order to build a new capital at the current Xi'an city site in the southeast of Chang'an City of the Han Dynastydaxing 。After the Tang Dynasty established Chang'an as its capital, it changed Daxing City of the Sui Dynasty intoChang'an CityAnd has been repaired and expanded.[53]
Yuan Chu, usingJingzhao MansionThe name of the.In the 16th year of the Zhiyuan era (1279 AD)Jingzhao MansionbyAnxi Road。In the first year of Huangqing (1312 AD), Anxi Road was changed toFengyuan Road。After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang renamed Fengyuan Road "Xi'an".Since then, the name "Xi'an" has been used.[53]
Historical evolution
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Pre Qin period
As early as 1 million years ago,lantian man It thrives here;During the Yangshao Culture period 7000 years ago, the ancestors lived here and formed the prototype of the city wall.[38]
In the Xia Dynasty, there were Hu State (in today's Huxian County) and Luo State (in today's Zhouzhi County) in Xi'an.[39]In the second year of Xia Qi (about the 21st century BC), Xia Qi was defeated by the Hu family (an ancient country name, in today's Huxian County) in Gan (north of Ganting Town in today's Huxian County).[40]
In the Shang Dynasty, there were Fangguo, Fengguo, Chongguo (in today's Huxian County and Chang'an), Guiguo (in today's Lantian County), Haoguo (in today's Huxian County), Liguo (in today's eastern Lintong County), etc. in Xi'an.[39]In the 19th year of Shang and Zhou Dynasty (about the 11th century BC), Ji Chang, King Wen of Zhou, destroyed Chong (an ancient country in Chang'an and Huxian today).The next year, Fengjing was built on the west bank of Fengshui and moved from Qishan to the capital here.Another year, he ordered his son Jifa to build Haojing on the east bank of Fengshui.Feng and Hao are both called Zongzhou.[40]
In the 11th year of King Wu of Zhou Dynasty (about the 11th century BC), King Wu Ji destroyed the Shang Dynasty and established the Zhou Dynasty, known as the Western Zhou Dynasty.[40]Western Zhou DynastyDuring this period, Xi'an was called“Abundant pickaxe”。"Fenghao" is the joint name of Fengjing and Haojing built by King Wen and King Wu of Zhou respectively.[42]In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the dukes here owned Du State (in the area of Ducheng Village in today's Yanta District), Han State (in today's Weiyang District), etc.[39]
Qin and Han Dynasties to the Southern and Northern Dynasties
In the 26th year of Qin Shihuang (221 BC), Emperor Qin Shihuang unified China, and King Lei Zheng was called the first emperor.Unify the writing system, currency system and weights and measures.The system of prefectures and counties is implemented, with 36 prefectures in the country.The internal history was established to govern the counties around the capital, and the jurisdiction of Xi'an today is under its jurisdiction.The first year of Prince Qin's baby（206 BC), Liu Bang's army arrived at Bashang (the east bank of the Bahe River), and the Qin Dynasty perished。[41]
In the second year of Liu Bang, the king of the Han Dynasty (205 BC), Liu Bang, the king of the Han Dynasty, arrived in Queyang from Nanzheng.Three prefectures, namely Zhongdi, Weinan and Heshang, are located in Guanzhong, and most of Xi'an's jurisdiction belongs to Weinan Prefecture.In February of the fifth year of Emperor Gaodi of the Han Dynasty (202 BC), Liu Bang succeeded to the throne as Emperor Gaodi of the Han Dynasty.In May, we settled our capital in Guanzhong and temporarily settled in Queyang.In the seventh year of Emperor Gaodi of the Han Dynasty (200 BC), the capital was moved from Queyang to Chang'an.From 194 BC to 190 BC, the Chang'an City Wall was completed.[43]
In the third year of the Han Dynasty (AD 8), Wang Mang ascended the throne and changed the country name tonew。The next year, Chang'an was changed to Chang'an.In the spring of the fourth year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (A.D. 12), Chang'an was the western capital and Luoyang the eastern capital.In the fourth year of the New Dihuang (AD 23), the Green Forest Army invaded Chang'an, Wang Mang was killed by Du Wu, and the new dynasty was destroyed.[43]
The second year of Liu Xuan's reform（24 AD), Liu Xuan moved his capital from Luoyang to Chang'an.[43]The first year of Jianwu（25 AD), Liu Xuan surrendered to the Red eyebrow Army,Eastern Han DynastyChang'an is the western capital.In the first year of Chuping (AD 190), Dong Zhuo, the first lieutenant, took Liu Xie, Emperor Xian, and moved his capital from Luoyang to Chang'an. Dong Zhuo was killed by Lv Bu in 192;In the 16th year of Jian'an (A.D. 211), Cao Cao led an army to attack Zhanglu in Hanzhong, arrived in Chang'an, occupied Guanzhong, and left General Xia Houyuan in Chang'an.In 218, Cao Cao attacked Shuhan and entered Chang'an.[44]In 311, the Han Emperor sent troops to capture Chang'an, took Liu Yao as the Yongzhou Pastor and guarded Chang'an, and in 312, Chang'an set up the Xingtai;In 316, Liu Yao attacked Chang'an.There is no food in the city,Emperor Min of Jin DynastyChujiang was killed the next year,Western Jin DynastyDeath.[45]
In 319, Emperor HanLiu YaoYoupuzi (today's ShanxiXi County）Moving the capital to Chang'an;In 350 years, Fu Jian, a member of the three Qin kings, claimed to be the general of the Northern Jin Dynasty, defeated Wang Lang and Sima Duhong, the generals of the post Zhao Dynasty, and entered Chang'an;In 351,Fu JianIn Chang'an, it was called the Heavenly King Da Danyu, the country name of Daqin, and the historyPre Qin；386,Yao ChangIn Chang'an, it was the emperor, and the country name was Daqin, known asLater Qin DynastyChange Chang'an into Chang'an;In 417, the First Lieutenant of the Eastern Jin DynastyLiu YuHe led the army in the Northern Expedition and entered Anping Shuomen, Chang'an,Yao HongFall out, and the later Qin Dynasty perishes;In 431, the god of the Northern Wei Dynasty was restoredYongzhou, changeJing ZhaoyinIt was Jingzhao County, moved its administration to dominate the city, and restored Chang'an to Chang'an;In 535, Yuwen Tai appointed Yuanbaoju, the King of Nanyang, as the Emperor of the Western Wei Dynasty, with Chang'an as its capital;557,Yu WentaiSon ofYu WenjueIn Chang'an, it was called the King of Heaven in the Western Wei Dynasty and changed its name to Zhou. It was Emperor Xiaomin of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and the Western Wei Dynasty died.[46]
Sui and Tang Dynasties to Song and Yuan Dynasties
In the first year of Emperor Kaihuang (581 AD), the prime minister of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the King of the Sui DynastyYang JianIn Chang'an, the emperor, the Sui Dynasty was established forEmperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty；In the third year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign (583 AD), Emperor Wen moved his capital from Chang'an City to Daxing City and changed Wannian County to Daxing County. Chang'an and Daxing County offices were moved from Chang'an City to Daxing City Changshou Square (near Jiangjiazhai in today's Yanta District) andXuanyang Square(North Section of Yanta Road in Jinbei Forest District);In the 13th year of Daye (AD 617), Li Yuan joined forces with 200000 soldiers to conquer Daxing City and set up a kingYang YouFor the emperor, forEmperor Sui Gong。[47]
The first year of Wude（618 AD),Li YuanThe establishment of the Tang Dynasty in the Tai Chi Hall of Daxing City was for Emperor Gaozu of the Tang Dynasty, transforming Daxing City into Chang'an City, Jingzhao County into Yongzhou, and Daxing County into Wannian County;In the ninth year of Wude (AD 626), King of QinLi ShiminAndZhangsun Wuji 、Wei Chi JingdeWait at Xuanwu Gate of Chang'an Palace City to shoot his brother, Prince Jiancheng and younger brother QiWang YuanjiAnd his sons, forChange of Xuanwu Gate, Gao Zu saidoverlord, passed to Li Shimin for Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty;In the 15th year of Tianbao (756 AD), Anlushan Rebels fellTongguanXuanzong fled to Chengdu, and soon the rebels captured Chang'an.[48]
Rear sillIn the first year of Kaiping (907 AD), Jingzhao Mansion was changed into Da'an Mansion, which governsChang'an、10000 years、Zhaoying(Lintong District, Xi'an today)Queyang14 counties including Xi'an and the eastWeinan City, west toXingping、盩厔 County, north toSanyuan County, south toNingshan、Zhashui CountyThe northern region (about 20000 square kilometers) is subordinate to the Yongping Army.In the first year of Tongguang in the Later Tang Dynasty (923 AD), Da'an Mansion was changed toJingzhao MansionIt is called Xijing.The Jingzhao Mansion in the later Jin Dynasty was subordinate to the Jinchang Army, and the Jingzhao Mansion in the later Han Dynasty was subordinate to the Yongxing Army. The later Zhou Dynasty followed the former system, and the jurisdiction remained unchanged.[49]The First Year of Changxing in the Later Tang Dynasty（930 AD), Xijing stayedAn Chong BaFund raising for repairBig Wild Goose Pagoda, completed in three years;In the third year of Tianfu in the Later Jin Dynasty (AD 938), Xijing was abolished and Jinchang Army was set up, and Chang'an was still the Jingzhao Prefecture;In the second year of Qianlong's reign in the Later Han Dynasty (949 AD), the army of the Later Han Dynasty entered Chang'an,Guo CongyiBooby trapZhao SiwanWait for 300 people in Chang'an.[50]
Northern Song DynastyIt was set up in Jingzhao Mansion, initially under the jurisdiction of Guanxi Road, in the third year of Zhidao (AD 997) under the jurisdiction of Shaanxi Road, and in the fifth year of Xining (AD 1072) under the jurisdiction of Yongxing Military Road,grand sightIn the first year (A.D. 1107), it was promoted to Dadu Prefecture, and in the fourth year (A.D. 1110), it was restored to Dadu PrefectureJingzhao Mansion, which governs Chang'anFan Chuan(Ten thousand years after the seventh year of Xuanhe)鄠13 counties, including Xi'an City (excluding Zhouzhi County), Jingyang County in the north, Xingping City in the west and Zhen'an County in the south (about 21000 square kilometers).In the eighth year of the Golden Heaven Society (AD 1130), Chang'an was occupied, and Jingzhao Mansion was built along it, which governs Chang'anXianning、Lantian12 counties, the area of jurisdiction is increased to the east of Zhouzhi County (about 23000 square kilometers) compared with Jingzhao Mansion in the Northern Song Dynasty.imperial lineageChanged in the second year (1142 AD)Yongxing Military RoadbyJingzhaofu Road, which belongs to Jingzhao Mansion.ZhenyouFirst year (1213 AD), minuteFengxiang、Meil County、盩 厔(Today's Zhouzhi) came to belong to, changedHancheng CountyFor ZhenzhouMeil CountybyMeil、盩 厔(Today's Zhouzhi) County is Hengzhou, which was originally 12 counties in Bazhou.fromFive DynastiesFrom then on, the Jingzhaofu Administrative Office was moved to Chang'an City Command Street (west of the social intersection in the north of the east section of today's West Street).[49]
yuan dynastyIn the third year of Emperor Taizong of Mongolia (AD 1231), Jingzhao Mansion was set up along the Jingzhao Road,MiddleIn the third year (AD 1262), he was subordinate to Xingzhongshu Province, Sichuan Province, Shaanxi Province.In the ninth year of the Zhiyuan era (A.D. 1272), Kublai Khan appointed the third son, Mangola, as the King of Anxi, and set up the Prime Minister's Mansion in Jingzhao Mansion, which was subordinate to the Prime Minister's Mansion.In the 16th year of Zhiyuan era (1279 AD), Jingzhao Mansion was changed into Anxi Road General Mansion.In the 23rd year of the Zhiyuan era (AD 1286), Anxi Road was under the jurisdiction of Shaanxi Province and other provinces.In the first year of Huangqing (1312 AD), Anxi Road was changed toFengyuan Road。Fengyuan Road has jurisdiction over 1 department (recording department), 11 counties (Chang'an, Xianning, Lantian, etc.), 15 counties (Dali, Chaoyi, Heyang, etc.), a total of 26 counties.The governance office is still on the west side of the social intersection in the north of the east section of West Street.The city was renamed Fengyuan City.[49]
Ming and Qing Dynasties
In March of the second year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1369 AD), the city of Fengyuan was occupied, Fengyuan Road was abandoned, and Xi'an Mansion was set up, hence the name of Xi'an.In the early Ming Dynasty, Xi'an Prefecture had jurisdiction over 6 prefectures and 31 counties, with Tongguan in the east, Wugong in the west, Tongguan in the north, and Zhen'an in the south. It has jurisdiction over Xi'an, Xianyang, Tongchuan (excluding Yijun County), Weinan and Shangluo (about 57000 square kilometers).[49]In 1643, Li Zicheng attacked Xi'an City, destroyed the main building at the east gate and the arrow tower at the south gate, and changed Xi'an Mansion into Chang'an Mansion, calledthe Western Capital。[51]
clearShunzhiIn the first month of the second year (1645 AD), he occupied the Xi'an Prefecture, established the Xi'an Prefecture along the Ming Dynasty, governed the former site of the Xi'an Prefecture in the Ming Dynasty, and was subordinate to Shaanxi and other places to announce the political envoy. In the third year of the Kangxi era (1664 AD), he was subordinate to the Zuo Buzheng envoy, and later changed to the Shaanxi Buzheng envoy.During the reign of Emperor Qianlong, there was a road level inspection area under the province, and Xi'an Prefecture belonged to the West Qianfu Road.In the Qing Dynasty, Xi'an Prefecture had jurisdiction over 15 counties, 1 Sanzhou and 2 halls, and the area was reduced to Weinan City in the east, Zhouzhi County in the west, Tongchuan City in the north, and Ningshan County in the south (about 18000 square kilometers).[49]
Republic of China Period
The period of the Republic of China is the period when the municipal administrative system of Xi'an was born and gradually formed.In the 17th year of the Republic of China (1928 AD), the city was established for the first time, only for a short period of two years.In May 1930, the National Government issued a new Municipal Organization Law, which raised the standard for establishing a city. The population of Xi'an was less than 200000, which was not enough for establishing a city.On November 8, the Shaanxi Provincial People's Government issued a general order to revoke the organizational system of Xi'an and restore the jurisdiction to Chang'an County.In 1935, Shaanxi Province gradually established administrative supervision areas.In October 1938, the Ninth and Tenth Administrative Supervision Districts were established. Today, five counties in Xi'an, namely Chang'an, Lintong, Lantian, Youxian and Gaoling, are subordinate to the Tenth Administrative Supervision District (in Xianyang),盩厔 CountyIt is subordinate to the Ninth Administrative Supervision District (in Baoji).In 1944, the city was set up again, and the system of municipal districts also came into being.On September 1, the municipal government was officially established as a municipality under the jurisdiction of Shaanxi Province.At the same time, the counties in Xi'an still exist today, and have successively been subordinate to Guanzhong Road and relevant administrative supervision areas.On August 1, 1947, the National Government, which was in a passive position in the full-scale civil war, upgraded Xi'an to a municipality directly under the Executive Yuan of the National Government, one of the 12 municipalities under the jurisdiction of the National Government, out of political and military needs.In December of the same year, the Ministry of Internal Affairs approved Xi'an City as a pickaxe for short.Xi'an was liberated on May 20, 1949, and the Xi'an Municipal People's Government was announced to be established on May 25, 1949. It is a city under the jurisdiction of the Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia Border Region.[52]
After the founding of the People's Republic of China
Xi'an was liberated on May 20, 1949, and the Xi'an Municipal People's Government was announced to be established on May 25, 1949. It is a city under the jurisdiction of the Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia Border Region.On January 19, 1950, the organizational system of the Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia Border Region was revoked, and the Northwest Military and Political Commission was established. Xi'an, the capital of the northwest, was led by the Northwest Military and Political Commission, and became a city under the jurisdiction of the Northwest Administrative Region.On January 27, 1953, the Northwest Military and Political Commission was changed into the Northwest Administrative Commission, and Xi'an was subordinate to the Northwest Administrative Commission.On March 12, 1953, the Government Affairs Council of the Central People's Government ordered Xi'an to be changed from a city under the jurisdiction of the Northwest Administrative Region to a municipality directly under the Central Government, one of the 12 municipalities directly under the Central Government in China.On June 19, 1954, the Committee of the Central People's Government decided to revoke the Northwest Administrative Committee. Shaanxi Province was under the direct control of the central government, and Xi'an City was changed from a municipality directly under the central government to a city under the jurisdiction of Shaanxi Province.[52]In October 1984, Xi'an was listed as a city with independent planning by the State Council;In 1992, it was approved as an inland open city;In 1994, it was approved as a national pilot city for comprehensive supporting reform and a sub provincial city;It was identified as a national central city in 2018.[111]
physical geography
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Location context
Location of Xi'an[54]
Xi'an is located in the Guanzhong Plain in the middle of the Yellow River basin in northwest China,[2][20]It is between 107 ° 40 ′ - 109 ° 49 ′ E and 33 ° 42 ′ - 34 ° 45 ′ N, bounded by the Linghe River and the Bayuan Mountain in the east, and connects Weinan City, Shangzhou District of Shangluo City, and Luonan County;To the west, it borders Meixian County and Taibai County, bounded by Taibai Mountain and Qinghua Loess Plateau;South to the main ridge of North Qinling Mountains, and the boundary with Foping County, Ningshan County and Zhashui County;It extends to the Weihe River in the north, crosses the Weihe River in the northeast, and is adjacent to Xianyang City, Yangling District, Sanyuan, Jingyang, Xingping, Wugong, Fufeng, Fuping and other counties (cities).It is 204 kilometers long from east to west and 116 kilometers wide from south to north,[20]The total area is 10108 square kilometers.[228]
climate
Xi'an has a warm temperate semi humid continental monsoon climate, with four distinct seasons of cold, warm, dry and wet.Winter is cold, windy, foggy, less rain and snow;Spring is warm, dry, windy and changeable;Summer is hot and rainy, summer drought is prominent, thunderstorm and gale are frequent;The autumn is cool, the temperature drops rapidly, and the autumn shower is obvious.According to the statistical analysis of climate data in recent 30 years (1991~2020), the annual average temperature is 13.5~14.9 ℃.The coldest month is January, the average temperature is - 1.2~0.7 ℃, the hottest month is July, the average temperature is 26.9~27.8 ℃, the annual extreme minimum temperature is - 21.2 ℃ (Lantian, December 28, 1991), and the annual extreme maximum temperature is 43.3 ℃ (Chang'an, June 17, 2006).The annual precipitation is 506.1~690.3 mm, and the maximum annual precipitation is 954.9 mm (in 2003,Lintong）The minimum annual precipitation is 277.6mm (Xi'an, 2013).The maximum daily precipitation is 138.9 mm (in 2007,Gaoling）July and September are two obvious precipitation peaks.Annual sunshine duration is 1679.9~2062.6 hours.[20]
geology
geological structure
The geological structure of Xi'an is both across the Qinling geosyncline fold belt and the North China platform.The great fault at the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains crossed the territory 130 million years ago during the Yanshan movement. Since the late Tertiary period about 3 million years ago, the neotectonic movement in the geosyncline fold belt of the Qinling Mountains to the south of the great fault has been extremely active, and the mountain body has dropped sharply from north to south, creating the Qinling Mountains.At the same time, the Weihe fault depression, which belongs to the North China platform to the north of the Great Fault, continued to subside, forming the Weihe Plain under the combined action of the aeolian loess cover and the Weihe River alluvial.[20]
stratum
The strata in Xi'an are distributed in chronological order: Archaean (about 2.5 billion years ago) distributed in the southeast hills of Li;The Proterozoic (about 2.4 billion to 570 million years ago) is distributed in the southeast hills of Li and the Qinling Mountains, which is one of the main strata exposed in Xi'an;The Cambrian Ordovician system (about 570 million to 440 million years ago) has two flora in Xi'an, one of which is located in the main ridge of the Qinling Mountains, and the other is located in the area from the old county seat to Changping in the southwest of Zhouzhi County, deep in the Qinling Mountains;Devonian system (about 400 million to 350 million years ago) is distributed in Zhouzhi County, Qinling Mountains;The Carboniferous system (about 350 million to 200 million years ago) is distributed in the Qinling Mountains of Zhouzhi and Huxian;The Tertiary System (about 67 million to 2.5 million years ago) is distributed in Lishan Mountain, the hills in the southeast of Lishan and the eastern loess tableland area, most of which are buried under the Quaternary sedimentary layer, and only exposed in deep valleys or mountain edges;The Quaternary system (about 2.5 million years ago to the present) is the most widely exposed stratum in Xi'an, accounting for about 65% of the total area of the region. The Weihe Plain is basically covered by the Quaternary system.[55]
topographic features
Topography of Xi'an[218]
The landform of Xi'an includes four basic forms, namely, plain, loess tableland, hill and mountain.Xi'an is high in the south and low in the north.The Qinling Mountains stretch across the southern boundary. The main ridge of the mountains forms the boundary between Xi'an and southern Shaanxi. The height of the ridge is 2000~2800 meters above sea level, and it descends slowly from west to east in waves,[56]The peak of Taibai Mountain in the southwest is 3867 meters above sea level, which is the highest peak in the middle of the mainland.The Weihe Plain is 400~700 meters above sea level, of which the lowest point of the Weihe River bed in the northeast is 345 meters above sea level.The urban area of Xi'an is built on the second terrace of the Weihe River Plain.[20]
plain
Weihe River, the largest tributary of the Yellow River, crosses the Guanzhong Plain, also known as Weihe Plain.The Weihe Plain in Xi'an covers an area of 3722.4 square kilometers, accounting for 37.29% of the total area of the city.According to the geomorphic causes and morphological characteristics, the plains in Xi'an are divided into three secondary geomorphic units, namely, the alluvial plain of the main stream of the Weihe River, the valley plain of the tributaries of the Weihe River, and the piedmont proluvial plain.[56]
Loess tableland
The loess tableland in Xi'an is mainly distributed in Lintong, Lantian and Chang'an counties to the east and south of Xi'an urban area, and a small amount is also distributed in front of Qinling Mountains in the southwest of Zhouzhi County.It covers an area of 645 square kilometers, accounting for 6.46% of the total area of the city.The main tablelands in Xi'an include: Bailuyuan, Shaolingyuan, Shenheyuan, Baliyuan, etc.[56]
hill
Hilly landform is mainly distributed inLishan MountainLantian County and Linxian County in the east and south have an area of about 740 square kilometers, accounting for 7.41% of the total area of the city.[56]
a mountain country
The mountains in Xi'an includeQinling MountainsThe north slope and Lishan Mountain cover an area of 4875.6 square kilometers, accounting for 48.84% of the total area of the city.This landform is formed by water erosion, weathering and denudation on the basis of uplift of geological neotectonic blocks.According to its distribution range and geomorphic formation process, it can be divided into three secondary geomorphic units: Lishan Mountain, Qinling Mountain and Taibai Mountain.[56]
Hydrology and water conservancy
hydrology
Since ancient times, Xi'an has“Eight Rivers around Chang'an”Its laudatory name,[20]Dense river network withWeihe River、Jinghe River、Bahe River、Chanhe River、Feng He River、Side stream、Heihe River、Waterlogged river、Shichuan River、Zero River55 large rivers, including 36 with a catchment area of more than 100 square kilometers.Most rivers flow through the Weihe Plain from south to north and flow into the Weihe River.Heihe River, Bahe River andFeng He River。The drainage area of the above three rivers accounts for 82.37% of the total area.[57]The groundwater reserves in Xi'an are estimated to be 1.991 billion cubic meters in total.There is also an ideal water source base.[20]
water conservancy
As of July 2022, there are 83 reservoirs and 8 mountain ponds in Xi'an, including 4 large and medium-sized reservoirs and 79 small reservoirs (including 2 in Xixian New Area), with a storage capacity of 108 million cubic meters, accounting for 95% of the number of reservoirs in the city and 25.3% of the total reservoir capacity in the city, involving seven districts and counties and Xixian New Area.[219]
In December 2001, the main project of Heihe Water Control Project was completed, providing 400 million cubic meters of water to Xi'an every year, forming a daily water supply capacity of 1.2 million tons. In addition to underground water resources, the daily water supply capacity of the urban area is 1.72 million tons, basically meeting the urban production and domestic water demand.[20]
On June 18, 2003, one of the 172 major water conservancy projects for water-saving and water supply in China, the Han Wei River Water Diversion Project, passed the acceptance of the water opening stage and has met the water opening conditions.The project of diverting water from Han to Wei is a major water conservancy infrastructure construction project to break the bottleneck constraints of water resources in Shaanxi Province and realize the spatial balance of water resources allocation. It is also the largest water conservancy livelihood project in Shaanxi history.The project is located in the Yangtze River and Yellow River basins. The water is transferred from the Han River basin in southern Shaanxi to the Weihe River basin in Guanzhong, with a total area of 14000 square kilometers and a beneficiary population of 14.11 million.[58]
soil
The soil distribution in Xi'an forms two regions with obvious differences between the north and the southYellow cinnamon soil、Cinnamon soilThe southern Qinling Mountains are represented by yellow brown soil and brown soil.According to the soil survey from 1980 to 1986, there are 12 soil categories, 24 soil sub categories, 50 soil genera, and 181 soil species in the city.[20]
Cinnamon soil
Cinnamon soillive pasteIt is a natural soil, mainly distributed on the top of the low mountains of Qinling Mountains, Lishan Mountains and piedmont proluvial fans below 1200 meters above sea level, and also distributed on the plain terrace and loess tableland, with an area of 2299900 mu, accounting for 16.18% of the total soil area of the city.[59]
Palygorskite
Zoysia soil is the most important agricultural soil in Xi'an. It is widely distributed in the second and third terraces and loess tableland of the Weihe River Plain, with an area of 2.6868 million mu, accounting for 18.9% of the total soil area of the city.[59]
brown earth
brown earthIt is a natural soil, distributed in the area of 1200~2400 meters above sea level of Qinling Mountains, covering an area of 4.5715 million mu, accounting for 32.17% of the total soil area of the city. It is the main soil of Qinling Mountains.[59]
Dark brown soil
Dark brown soilIt is also a natural soil, which is distributed on the vertical brown soil belt of mountain soil in Shaling. It is 2400~3000 meters above sea level along the ridge, covering an area of 353500 mu, accounting for 2.49% of the total soil area of the city.[59]
paddy soil
Paddy soil is an aqueous soil formed by other kinds of soil under the condition of long-term rice planting and periodic flooding irrigation and fertilization. It is mainly distributed in the flood plains and terraces of the Fenghe River and the Hehe River, as well as in the area west of Shiluan Town in the north of Qinling Mountains, with an area of 276900 mu, accounting for 1.95% of the total soil area of the city.[59]
Loessial soil
The young agricultural soil generated from the loess parent material through cultivation and ripening is distributed in all levels of terraces and loess tableland in the Donghe Plain, covering an area of 1.3476 million mu, accounting for 9.48% of the total soil area of the city.[59]
red clay
Red clay is the main soil type in hilly and gully areas, with an area of 476200 mu, accounting for 3.35% of the total soil area of the city. It is mainly distributed in the hills in the southeast of Lishui, and the remaining tablelands in front of the mountains are also scattered.[59]
Purple soil
The purple soil in Xi'an covers an area of 86700 mu, accounting for 0.61% of the total soil area of the city. It is mainly distributed in the hills in the southeast of Li, and scattered along the Bahe River in Baqiao District.[59]
Fresh soil
It is the agricultural soil formed by the cultivation of modern river sediment parent material, covering an area of 1214200 mu, accounting for 8.54% of the total soil area of the city. It is distributed in the piedmont proluvial fan and the flood plain and first terrace of various rivers.[59]
Fluvo aquic soil
It is an agricultural soil developed on the basis of recent river sediment parent material and under the joint action of groundwater and cultivation ripening.It covers an area of 801300 mu, accounting for 5.64% of the total soil area of the city. It is mainly distributed in the flood plain and low-lying places of the first terrace of the Weihe River and its tributaries.[59]
Swamp soil
The marsh soil area in Xi'an is 4200 mu, accounting for 0.03% of the total soil area of the city. It is distributed in butterfly shaped low-lying areas and closed valley low-lying areas on both sides of the middle and lower reaches of rivers in Lintong, Lantian and other counties.[59]
Subalpine meadow soil
It is distributed in the high mountain area of Taibai Mountain in Qinling Mountains with an altitude of 3000~3767 meters, covering an area of 93900 mu, accounting for 0.66% of the total soil area of the city.[59]
natural disaster
meteorological disaster
The main meteorological disasters in Xi'an include drought, high temperature, strong wind, sand dust, thunder and lightning, hail, rainstorm, low temperature and freezing damage, continuous rain, fog and haze.[20]
Drought is the most frequent natural disaster in Xi'an, which occurs to varying degrees every year.The drought distribution shows an obvious trend of less in the south and more in the north, and less in the south and more in the north.The frequency of drought in summer is high, followed by drought in spring and autumn.There are fewer consecutive dry years and more consecutive dry months.[60]The flood is another important natural disaster in Xi'an.From April to October every year, the temperature is high and there is much precipitation, which is prone to continuous rain and rainstorm.[61]
In August 2020, large-scale rainstorm in Xi'an caused floods in many places.On August 3, a rainstorm occurred in Zhouzhi County, Xi'an City, with the maximum daily precipitation of 53.4mm.The regional station has 29 stations in 6 days when rainstorm occurs, and the maximum daily precipitation is 111.3 mm in Yanliang Beitun (August 6).Short term heavy rainfall led to different degrees of flood disaster in 5 districts and counties and 51 towns (sub district offices) in Xi'an, including Lintong, Yanliang, Youyi, Zhouzhi and Lantian.[220]
geologic hazard
The sudden geological disasters in Xi'an include landslide, collapse, debris flow and ground collapse.Landslides are mainly distributed in the front of Qinling Mountains, Qinling Mountains and the edge of loess tableland, totaling 351.Collapses are mainly distributed in loess tableland and Qinling piedmont area, totaling 179.Debris flows are mainly developed in Qinling Mountains, Lishan Mountains, and Huangtuliangwa Valley, with a total of 19 locations.The ground collapses are distributed at the edge of loess tableland, 7 in total.[62]The gradual geological disasters include ground fissures and land subsidence.According to the survey and research results, there are 14 ground fissures and 4 secondary ground fissures in the urban area of Xi'an, with a distribution area of about 250 square kilometers and a total length of about 160 kilometers.[62]
natural resources
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water resource
Xi'an is an area with serious shortage of water resources.As of September 2023, the per capita share of surface water resources is 408.45 cubic meters, which is about 4.5% of the world's per capita share, 16.7% of the national per capita share, 32.1% of Shaanxi's per capita share and 65.6% of the Yellow River basin's per capita share.The total amount of surface water resources is not only insufficient, but also changes sharply between years and is unevenly distributed within the year.Groundwater resources are seriously overdrawn.According to the survey of Shaanxi Provincial Hydrology Team I, within 1648 square kilometers of the urban area and Chang'an County, the annual exploitable volume of groundwater is 627 million cubic meters, while the actual annual exploitable volume is 690 million cubic meters, and the over exploited volume is 63 million cubic meters. Especially in urban and suburban areas, urban water sources and agricultural irrigation wells are intensively exploited, and the over exploited volume is 221 million cubic meters every year, resulting in the continuous abandonment of agricultural motor wells.[63]
land resource
According to the national land survey results released in 2022, Xi'an has 141232 hectares of cultivated land, including 256 hectares of paddy fields, 99490 hectares of irrigated land and 41486 hectares of dry land;58257 hectares of gardens, including 46005 hectares of orchards and 12253 hectares of other gardens.153998 hectares of land for towns, villages and industrial and mining areas;25801 hectares of land for transportation;18251 hectares of water area and water conservancy facilities;12225 hectares of grassland;589648 hectares of forest land;5992 hectares of wetland.[64]
mineral resources
The strata in Xi'an are complex. As of May 2023, there are 47 kinds of mineral resources discovered in Xi'an, including 21 kinds of metal minerals, 22 kinds of non-metallic minerals, 2 kinds of energy minerals and 2 kinds of other minerals.Most of the metal and non-metallic minerals are distributed in the southern Qinling Mountains.The plain area to the north of the Qinling Mountains has good geological conditions for storing geothermal water. The geothermal area that can be developed only in the urban area is about 780 square kilometers, and the recoverable reserves of geothermal water are 539 million cubic meters.[20]
As of May 2023, the natural vegetation in Xi'an has not been directly attacked by the Quaternary continental glaciers, and a number of ancient relict plants of the Tertiary have been preserved, such asginkgo、Watergreen tree、Lianxiang、Ma JiaziEtc.There are alpine shrubs, meadowsconiferous forest、Coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forestandDeciduous broad-leaved forestAnd other natural vegetation types.There are 2224 species of wild plants belonging to 681 genera and 138 families in natural vegetation, which is one of the important gene banks of seed plants in China.The Weihe Plain mainly consists of cultivated plants such as field crops, vegetables, orchards and urban greening.[20]As of November 2023, Xi'an's forest resources are concentrated in the Qinling Mountains, accounting for 94.59% of the city's forest area, of which the west is more than the east.Zhouzhi County in the west accounts for 55.6% of the total forest land area of the city, and the forest stock volume is 14925700 cubic meters, accounting for 67.06% of the forest stock volume of the city.[65]
As of July 2020, Xi'an has five nature reserves（Zhouzhi National Nature ReserveZhouzhi Laoxian National Nature ReserveHeihe Rare Aquatic Wildlife National Nature ReserveShaanxi Heihe Wetland Provincial Nature Reserve, Xi'an Jingwei Wetland Provincial Nature Reserve), focusing on strengthening the protection of rare aquatic wild animals such as golden monkeys, giant pandas, fine scale salmon, as well as wild bird resources and animal and plant habitats, effectively protecting the forest and wetland ecosystems in Xi'an, providing a good environment for animals and plants, wild animals such as giant pandasThe population of golden monkeys, takins and other species has increased.[66]
Zhouzhi National Nature Reserve
Zhouzhi National Nature Reserve is located in the south of Zhouzhi County, with an area of 903000 mu. It was established in 1982 and was designated as a national nature reserve in 1988.Zhouzhi Nature Reserve is a nature reserve mainly for the protection of rare animals, golden monkeys.The reserve is densely forested, with a forest coverage rate of 90.5%, especially the golden monkey's favorite poplara kind of willow, giant pandaTakinSonghua bambooarrow bambooThere are many streams, the climate is suitable, the annual average temperature is 6.4 ℃, the extreme maximum temperature is 29.7 ℃, the extreme minimum temperature is - 19 ℃, and the annual precipitation is 1000mm, which is suitableGolden MonkeyInhabit and breed.[67]
administrative division
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Administrative division map of Xi'an[75]
As of April 2024, Xi'an has 11 districts, 2 counties, 7 national and provincial key development zones under its jurisdiction, and is entrusted with a national new area.[2]Xi'an City, Shaanxi ProvinceWeiyang DistrictNo. 109, Fengcheng 8th Road.[68]
Lu Kai, Xiao Xiliang, Wang Guogen, Zhang Huajun, Jiang Changzhi, Wang Xiaoping, Xing Xin
Secretary general
Gou Jidong
Data update time: July 2024
population
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population size
By the end of 2023, Xi'an has a permanent population of 13.0782 million.Among them, the male population is 6.6752 million, accounting for 51.04%;The female population is 6.403 million, accounting for 48.96%.The sex ratio is 104.25 (100 women, male to female ratio).The urban population is 10.4469 million, with an urbanization rate of 79.88%.The birth population is 107500, with a birth rate of 8.22 ‰;102800 people died, with a mortality rate of 7.86 ‰;The natural growth rate is 0.36 ‰.[31]According to the seventh national census data of Shaanxi Province, the population aged 0-14 in Xi'an accounts for 15.65%;The population aged 15-59 accounts for 68.33%;The population aged 60 and above accounted for 16.02%.[72]
nation
Xi'an is a scattered and mixed area of ethnic minorities. According to the data of the seventh census, there are 54 ethnic minorities (no Dulong) in Xi'an. The population of ethnic minorities is 132151, accounting for 1.02% of the total population of the city and more than half of the total population of ethnic minorities in the province.Among them, there are two ethnic minorities with a population of more than 10000, including 77851 Hui people, accounting for 58.91% of the total population of ethnic minorities in Xi'an, and 11864 Manchus;There are 8 ethnic minorities with 10000-2000 people, including 6951 Mongolian, 5123 Tibetan, 4903 Tujia, 3816 Uygur, 3443 Miao, 3173 Zhuang, 2276 Yi and 2088 Korean;There are 2 ethnic minorities with 2000-1000 people, including 1179 Dong people and 1119 Buyi people.The overall distribution shows large dispersion and small settlement. Ethnic minorities are mainly concentrated in the four districts of Lianhu, Xincheng, Beilin and Yanta. The characteristics of urban ethnic work are prominent.[11]
language
Popular in Guanzhong and Northwest ChinaQin OperaIt is also called Luan Tan, or "Bangzi Tune", commonly known as "Gong Gong Zi".Shaanxi dialect, one of the Central Plains Mandarin represented by Guanzhong dialect, Xi'an dialect, has retained some archaic sounds and usages, although it is deeply influenced by Mandarin.[148]
Xi'an dialect belongs to Guanzhong section of Zhongyuan dialect of Northern Mandarin.It is the dominant dialect in Guanzhong area, even in central and western China, and even in the whole Chinese dialect.It can be divided into seven local dialects: urban dialect, Zhouzhi dialect, Huxian dialect, Chang'an dialect, Lantian dialect, Lintong dialect and Gaoling dialect.The main features are as follows: the ancient entering tone with all voiced initials returns to Yang Ping, and other entering tone characters return to Yin Ping;There are a lot of reduplicated words;There are reverse order words and disyllabic words;There are internal bends, etc.[73]
religious belief
Xi'an has five major religions, a long history, profound cultural heritage, many prestigious places and people, and far-reaching influence.As of April 2023, there are 457 religious venues legally registered in Xi'an, nearly 1900 registered religious staff, 19 religious organizations (6 at the municipal level, 13 at the district/county level), and 2 social organizations with religious backgrounds;There are 28 cultural relics protection units at or above the municipal level in places of religious activities (10 national key cultural relics protection units, 12 provincial key cultural relics protection units, and 6 municipal key cultural relics protection units).[11]
Economics
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overview
Xi'an takes electronic information, automobile, aerospace, high-end equipment, new materials and energy, food and biomedicine as its pillar industries.[74]In 2023, the regional GDP of Xi'an will be 1201.076 billion yuan.Among them, the added value of the primary industry was 32.52 billion yuan, the added value of the secondary industry was 414.692 billion yuan, and the added value of the tertiary industry was 753.864 billion yuan.The added value of the three industries accounted for 2.71%, 34.53% and 62.77% of the regional GDP respectively.The primary, secondary and tertiary industries contributed 2.0%, 40.7% and 57.3% respectively to the growth of regional GDP.The per capita GDP reached 92128 yuan, up 4.4%.The added value of the non-public sector accounted for 51.5% of the region's GDP.[31]
primary industry
In 2023, Xi'an will have a grain planting area of 3851000 mu, a vegetable planting area of 1109900 mu, a garden fruit planting area of 725500 mu, and an oil planting area of 60400 mu.The annual grain output was 1.4043 million tons, stable at more than 1.4 million tons for four consecutive years.Among them, the output of summer grain is 696400 tons and that of autumn grain is 707900 tons.The output of garden fruits is 1.0503 million tons, meat 51600 tons, milk 82900 tons, and eggs 48800 tons.[30]
the secondary industry
Xi'an takes six major industries, including electronic information manufacturing, automobile, aerospace, high-end equipment, new materials and new energy manufacturing, food and biomedicine, as the focus and core of industrial economic development.[76]
In 2022, Xi'an will produce 1015500 new energy vehicles, surpassing the second place Shanghai's 990000, and become the first city in China's new energy vehicle production.[23]In 2023, the added value of industries above designated size in Xi'an will increase by 9.0% over the previous year.The total output value of the equipment manufacturing industry increased by 7.5%.Among the industries above designated size in the whole year, the total output value of the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry increased by 7.8%, the general equipment manufacturing industry decreased by 2.3%, the automobile manufacturing industry increased by 32.4%, the railway, ship, aerospace and other transportation equipment manufacturing industry increased by 10.5%, the electrical machinery and equipment manufacturing industry decreased by 14.8%, the computer, communication and other electronic equipment manufacturing industry increased by 5.9%, and the instrument manufacturing industry increased by 23.4%,The power and heat production and supply industries grew by 4.2%.The total profit of industrial enterprises above designated size in the year was 58.228 billion yuan, down 0.6% over the previous year.The cost per hundred yuan of operating income is 85.70 yuan.At the end of the year, the asset liability ratio of industrial enterprises above designated size was 57.2%.In the whole year, the general contracting and professional contracting construction enterprises with qualification levels completed a total output value of 650.02 billion yuan in the construction industry.Among them, the total output value of state-owned and state-controlled enterprises was 540.179 billion yuan, up 14.3%.The contract amount was 1832.519 billion yuan.[30]
the service sector; the tertiary industry
The tertiary industry in Xi'an includes service industry, tourism, finance, etc., providing services in retail, catering, transportation, real estate, education, medical care, culture, entertainment and other fields.[30]
In 2023, the added value of the tertiary industry will be 753.864 billion yuan.The added value of Xi'an's wholesale and retail industry was 87.633 billion yuan, the added value of transportation, warehousing and postal services was 38.023 billion yuan, the added value of accommodation and catering industry was 18.445 billion yuan, the added value of financial industry was 129.123 billion yuan, the added value of real estate industry was 88.30 billion yuan, and the added value of other service industries was 380.731 billion yuan.In the whole year, service enterprises above designated size achieved an operating revenue of 417.25 billion yuan.The total retail sales of consumer goods were 481.16 billion yuan, and the total import and export value was 359.759 billion yuan.By the end of the year, 253 of the world's top 500 enterprises had set up enterprises or branches in the city, and 309 new foreign-invested enterprises had been set up throughout the year.The actually utilized foreign capital was US $1.253 billion.[30]
Economic functional area
By the end of 2023, Xi'an has seven national and provincial key development zones, namely Xi'an High tech Industrial Development Zone, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Qujiang New Area, Chanba Ecological Zone, Yanliang National Aviation Industrial Base, National Civil Aerospace Industrial Base, and International Port Area, and is entrusted with the management of a national new area, namely Xixian New Area.[2]
It is located between the built-up areas of Xi'an and Xianyang.Including Fengdong, Fengxi, Qin and Han Dynasties, Airport, Jinghe five new cities and energy finance and trade zone.Xixian New Area is divided into Xi'an Directly Administered Area and Xi'an Xianyang Co Administered Area. Xi'an Directly Administered Area involves 19 streets and towns, with a planned area of 715.83 square kilometers. Xi'an Xianyang Co Administered Area includes Chenyangzhai Street, Shuangzhao Street, Nanwei Town and some Jinggan Street, with a planned area of 166.17 square kilometers. As of January 2024, Xixian New Area has a planned control area of 882 square kilometers,Permanent population: 1.3046 million[77]
Located in the southwest of Xi'an, it is one of the first national high-tech zones approved by the State Council in March 1991.In 2023, the GDP will reach 333.255 billion yuan, accounting for 9.9% and 27.7% of Shaanxi Province and Xi'an City respectively.As of March 2024, the permanent registered population and employees in the area exceed 1.3 million, covering an area of 296.7 square kilometers[78]
Xi'an Economic and Technological Development Zone
Founded in 1993, it was approved by the State Council as a national development zone in 2000, spanning Weiyang, Gaoling and Lintong three administrative regions. It is composed of four regional blocks, namely, central area, new high-speed railway city, Jingwei Industrial Park and Weibei Industrial Park, and two functional parks, namely, Guanzhong Comprehensive Protection Zone and Xi'an Economic Development Functional Zone of Shaanxi Free Trade Zone. The total planning area of the whole zone is 272 square kilometers. As of May 2024,The permanent population is about 550000[79]
Qujiang New District, Xi'an
Located in the southeast of Xi'an, it is the historic location of the famous royal garden, a development zone with culture and tourism as the leading industry established by Shaanxi Province and Xi'an City, one of the first two national cultural industry demonstration parks in China, the first national 5A tourist attraction with regional and multi scenic spots upgraded as a whole, and has won the China Habitat Environment Example Award.As of November 2023, the total planning area of the core area is about 51.5 square kilometers, and the permanent population of the whole area is about 400000 (including the population within the Daming Palace site area)[80]
Established in September 2004, it is the first development zone named after ecology in China.Chanba Ecological Area has successively built 6 ecological parks including Xi'an World Expo Park.Efforts have been made in projects such as the Eurasian Economic Comprehensive Park, Xi'an Consulate Area and Xi'an Financial Business District to cultivate industrial clusters such as finance, exhibition, culture, commerce, tourism, logistics and new energy, and provide investment environment and policy support for these industries.In its composition, the Huaxia Cultural Tourism (Xi'an) Resort has received 17.0124 million tourists since its opening in 2018 to August 2023.In addition to economic development, Xi'an Chanba Ecological Zone pays attention to the construction of ecological civilization and the cultivation of public awareness. It is a best practice area for the integrated development of industry and city in the development zone[81]
Xi'an Yanliang National Aviation Industry Base
It is located in the northeast of Xi'an, 38 kilometers away from the administrative center of Xi'an.It was approved and established by the National Development and Reform Commission in August 2004 and officially started construction in March 2005. It is the first national aviation high-tech industrial base in China.In June 2010, with the approval of the State Council, Xi'an Aviation Base was upgraded to the state-level Shaanxi Aviation Economic and Technological Development Zone, which is the only state-level economic and technological development zone with aviation as its feature in China.As of January 2024, there are more than 20000 permanent residents[82]
Xi'an Aerospace Base, located in the southeast of the main urban area of Xi'an, was founded on November 30, 2006.It is the only state-level economic and technological development zone approved by the State Council and characterized by the aerospace industry. As of August 2023, nine leading industries, including national aerospace, commercial aerospace and artificial intelligence, have been established. 143 projects are under construction and under preparation, with a total investment of more than 150 billion yuan[83]
Xi'an International Port Area is an economic pilot area set up by Shaanxi Province and Xi'an City to build a new highland of inland reform and opening up. It is located in the Bawei Delta in the northeast of the main urban area of Xi'an City. Chanhe River, Bahe River, Jinghe River and Weihe River converge at the port. The planned control area is 120 square kilometers, and the planned construction area is 89.89 square kilometers, basically forming the port industry, e-commerce, new financeFive leading industrial systems, including modern commercial logistics and sports health[84]
social undertakings
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education
By the end of 2023, there will be 63 ordinary colleges and universities (undergraduate and junior colleges) in Xi'an, with 846800 students and 229500 graduates.There are 43 graduate training units, with 187500 students and 47400 graduates.There are 520 ordinary middle schools, with 571500 students and 159700 graduates.There are 1163 primary schools, with 992200 students and 132700 graduates.There are 389800 preschool children in the kindergarten.[30]
Xi'an Jiaotong University
Xi'an Jiaotong University[223]
Xi'an Jiaotong University is the first famous institution of higher learning established in China and renowned at home and abroad. It is a key university directly under the Ministry of Education.The school is located at No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province. It is a key construction unit during the "Seventh Five Year Plan" and the "Eighth Five Year Plan". It is one of the first schools to enter the national "211" and "985" project construction schools.The university is a comprehensive research university covering 11 disciplines, including science, engineering, medicine, economics, management, literature, law, philosophy, art, education, and intersection. As of March 2024, it has 34 colleges (departments, centers), 9 undergraduate colleges, and 3 directly affiliated hospitals.At present, there are 6568 teaching staff, including 3755 full-time teachers.There are four campuses, namely Xingqing, Yanta, Qujiang and Western China Science and Technology Innovation Port, covering an area of about 5000 mu, and the total area of various buildings is about 4 million square meters.[222]
Xi'an University of Arts and Sciences
Xi'an University of Arts and Sciences[88]
Xi'an University of Arts and Sciences is located at No. 1, Keji 6th Road, Yanta District, Xi'an,[87]Approved by the Ministry of Education in 2003, it is a full-time regular undergraduate university jointly established by the Xi'an Municipal Government and the provinces and cities, and enrolling students nationwide.The school running history can be traced back to the Shaanxi Normal School established in 1903. Its predecessor was the Guanzhong Academy, the highest school in Shaanxi in the Ming and Qing dynasties, which was founded in 1609.Later, it was merged by Xi'an University, Xi'an Normal College, Xi'an Education College, Xi'an Preschool Normal School and Xi'an Normal School.As of 2014, the school has three campuses, namely Gaoxin, Guanzhong Academy and Taibai, with a building area of 500000 square meters.There are more than 14000 full-time undergraduate students and 757 graduate students jointly trained.There are more than 1100 teaching staff, of which more than 400 full-time teachers have the professional title of associate professor or above, and more than 90% have master's degree or above.[88]
Northwestern Polytechnical University
Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityLocated in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, it is a multidisciplinary, research-oriented and open university characterized by the development of personnel training and scientific research in aviation, aerospace, navigation and other fields. It is a national "first-class university" construction university (Class A), which is subordinate to the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology.As of March 2021, the school has more than 34000 students and 4300 teaching staff, covering an area of more than 3.1 million square meters. It has 27 colleges, including the Institute of Aviation, Aerospace, Navigation and International Education, the Institute of Education Experiment, and the Engineering School of Queen Mary University, London, Northwestern Polytechnical University.It has 74 undergraduate majors, 37 first level authorized disciplines for master's degree and 23 first level authorized disciplines for doctor's degree.Five discipline groups including material science, engineering, chemistry, computer science and physics rank in the top 1% of ESI international disciplines.[147]
Xi'an Open University
Xi'an Open University[90]
Xi'an Open University is located at No. 11, Changxing Road, Jinhua South Road, Beilin District, Xi'an,[87]Former Xi'an Radio and Television University.Founded in 1979, officially renamed at the end of 2020, and sponsored by Xi'an Municipal People's Government, it is the only new type of college in Xi'an that is supported by modern information technology and serves the whole people's lifelong learning.As of March 2023, there are 69 undergraduate and junior college majors in open education, 39 adult education majors, more than 75000 registered students, more than 230000 academic education talents in total, and 1 million person times of annual non academic training.[89]
Xi'an Vocational and Technical College
Xi'an Vocational and Technical College[92]
Xi'an Vocational and Technical College is located at 251 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an,[87]It is a public comprehensive full-time vocational college approved by Shaanxi Provincial People's Government and hosted by Xi'an Municipal People's Government.The school covers an area of 382 mu.As of January 2024, there are School of Big Data Application (School of Animation Software), School of Architecture and Rail Transit, Modern Business School, School of Electronic Information Engineering, School of Biology and Medicine (School of Rural Revitalization), School of Health Care, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (School of Automotive Engineering), Preschool Teachers College, Marxist College, Basic Courses Teaching Department12 teaching units, including the College of Continuing Education and the College of International Exchange, have 663 teaching staff and 13700 students.[91]
medical care
By the end of 2023, Xi'an will have 7713 medical and health institutions of all kinds, 301 more than the end of last year, including 395 hospitals, 8 more.There were 141100 health technicians, up 8.2%, including 51600 licensed (assistant) doctors and 64100 registered nurses.There were 89600 beds in medical and health institutions, up 10.4%, including 83300 beds in hospitals.A total of 79.8502 million people were diagnosed and treated throughout the year.[30]
Xi'an Chest Hospital
Xi'an Chest Hospital[94]
Xi'an Chest Hospital is located in the east of Hangtian Avenue, Chang'an District, Xi'an,[93]Founded in 1953, the hospital is a tertiary Grade A specialized hospital integrating medical treatment, teaching and scientific research.As of August 2020, the hospital has 1108 employees, including 964 health professionals, 29 with senior professional titles, 102 with deputy senior professional titles, 297 with intermediate professional titles, 9 with doctors and 177 with masters.The hospital has 1100 open beds, including 29 medical departments, including outpatient and emergency department, respiratory department, cardiovascular department, digestive department, tuberculosis department, surgery, thoracic surgery, orthopedics department, severe medicine department, oncology department, nuclear medicine department, radiotherapy department, traditional Chinese medicine rehabilitation department, surgical anesthesia department, pharmacy department, laboratory department, imaging department, ultrasound department, functional department, pathology department, microscopy center15 medical and technical departments, including the physical examination center, mainly treat respiratory diseases, digestive diseases, cardiovascular diseases, lung tumors and various types of tuberculosis.[94]
Xi'an Eighth Hospital
Xi'an Eighth Hospital[96]
Xi'an Eighth Hospital, located at No. 2, Zhangba East Road, Yanta District, Xi'an, is a public Grade III Grade A hospital.[93]The hospital was founded in 1933 and was subordinate to Xi'an Municipal Health Commission. It was a special hospital set up by General Yang Hucheng, who was in charge of Shaanxi at that time, in response to the cholera pandemic in Shaanxi in the summer of 1932. It moved to its current location in 1954.By June 2024, the hospital has an area of 73700 square meters, a building area of 42200 square meters, 650 beds, 544 open beds, and 606 on duty employees.It is the largest infectious disease hospital in northwest China integrating prevention, medical treatment, health care and rehabilitation.[95]
media
The mainstream media in Xi'an include Xi'an Newspaper Media Group (Xi'an Daily), Xi'an Radio and TV Station (Group), etc.[97]Since 2022, Xi'an Radio and TV Station has completed the overall revision of news comprehensive channel, city channel, business information channel, film and television channel, Silk Road channel and news radio, music radio, traffic and tourism radio, information radio, and variety radio, with 37 columns upgraded and 27 new columns opened.We launched a number of livelihood programs that reflect Xi'an's development and focus on people's life, such as 12345, Life Must Be Upward, Business Broadcast Room, and a number of radio programs with distinctive cultural characteristics, such as Xi'an Listen to Me, Shuxiang Chang'an, and Xi'an Stories. We created columns such as Silk Road Literature and Art, Full Color of Films, Fan Er Sports, and Golden Autumn Life, and scheduled to broadcast Mid stream Water Beating"Mountain and Sea", "Long March" and other TV dramas and films.[98]
science and technology
By 2023, Xi'an has 2 national engineering technology research centers, 34 national science and technology business incubators, and 39 new research and development institutions above the municipal level.There are 69 academicians of the two academies.28400 outstanding talents and practical reserve talents were recognized in the whole year.64400 technology contracts were identified and registered, with a turnover of 390.005 billion yuan.At the end of the year, there were 12500 national high-tech enterprises and 15000 technology-based SMEs.The number of patents granted throughout the year was 51145, including 19464 invention patents, an increase of 13.6% over the previous year.There are 509 PCT patent applications.At the end of the year, there were 92080 valid invention patents, an increase of 24.3% over the end of the previous year.71.53 invention patents per 10000 people, up 25.1%.[30]
Culture
By 2023, Xi'an has 14 public libraries, with a total circulation of 4.1614 million person times throughout the year;There are 1 mass art museum, 13 cultural centers and 16 art performance groups.In the whole year, the operating income of enterprises above designated size in culture and related industries was 80.878 billion yuan, up 10.0%.516 exhibitions were held, 260 more than the previous year.Among them, 52 international exhibitions were held, an increase of 28;There were 124 national exhibitions, an increase of 37.2.53 million people participated in the exhibition, up 63.2%.[30]
Sports
By 2023, there will be 51 stadiums in Xi'an, 18 more than the end of the previous year.The stadium covers an area of 1.3013 million square meters.Throughout the year, Xi'an athletes won 126 medals in international and domestic competitions.A total of 800 mass sports events were held at or above the county level.210 new (updated) national fitness routes, 33800 social sports instructors at the end of the year, and 1902 morning and evening exercise spots.[30]
environmental protection
In 2023, Xi'an's comprehensive air quality index will be 5.00,[99]The annual average concentration of PM2.5 decreased by 6.5%, and the annual average concentration of nitrogen dioxide in the ambient air decreased by 2.6%.The average equivalent sound level of regional environmental noise is 55.3 dB, increasing by 0.9 dB;The average equivalent sound level of road traffic noise is 65.8 dB, decreasing by 0.2 dB.[30]The water quality of 6 national examination sections and 12 provincial river basin compensation examination sections in Xi'an meets or exceeds the examination requirements. The Heihe River flows into the Wei River and the Bahekou River reaches the Class II standard of surface water for three consecutive years.The water quality of the four water sources included in the national assessment all met the assessment requirements, and the water quality of urban centralized drinking water sources all met the assessment requirements, with a 100% compliance rate.The safe utilization rate of polluted farmland reached 100%.The reduction rate of carbon emission intensity is 4.87%.[99]
social security
By 2023, there will be 9.5681 million people participating in basic endowment insurance in Xi'an.Among them, 6.3163 million people participated in basic endowment insurance for urban enterprise employees, 3.0781 million people participated in unemployment insurance, 3.4727 million people participated in industrial injury insurance, 10.7949 million people participated in basic medical insurance, including 4.616 million people participated in basic medical insurance (including maternity insurance) for employees, and 6.1789 million people participated in basic medical insurance for urban and rural residents.[30]There are 184 elderly care institutions providing accommodation, 29600 beds and 11100 adoptions.13500 households and 18300 people were granted subsistence allowances in the city, and 210 million yuan was granted as subsistence allowances;The minimum subsistence allowance for 28800 households and 71600 people in rural areas was 609 million yuan.8828 people are entitled to relief and support for rural people living in extreme poverty, and 184 million yuan of support funds have been distributed.[30]
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Xi'an is located in the center of China's land territory and the junction of the two major economic regions in central and western China. It is the gateway from the northwest to the Central Plains, North China and East China.[225]By 2023, Xi'an will have completed a total of 25.928 billion yuan of transportation investment, 19.48% more than the annual investment plan.The airport phase III, Xi'an East Railway Station, Xishi, Xiyan and other nine provincial projects, as well as four municipal key projects such as National Highway 210, Donglin Road and Xihu Road, have been effectively promoted.[85]
highway
Xi'an Highway[100]
By 2022, the total mileage of roads in Xi'an will be 13474 kilometers,[86]In 2023, Xi'an will complete the handover of 110 kilometers of new national roads in the city. The pavement technical condition index of ordinary trunk roads will reach 89.7, and the rate of excellent roads will reach 94.93%, ranking third in Shaanxi Province.In the whole year, a total of 267 million yuan was invested in trunk highway maintenance projects, and the overall spot check qualification rate of project quality was 97.4%.The G210 Fengyu Mountain Section Project was fully completed.The automatic detection mileage of rural road pavement technical conditions has increased from 4777 km in 2022 to 8050 km, with the detection proportion reaching 75%.Chang'an Avenue and Gancao Road were selected as the "Ten Most Beautiful Rural Roads in Shaanxi Province".Yanliang District's "Four Good Rural Roads" provincial demonstration county has passed the review, and Zhouzhi County's "Four Good Rural Roads" national demonstration county has passed the establishment.At the same time, Xi'an Highway Bureau has actively opened 12 service areas (parking areas) and 6 out of gauge stations to provide free grain drying sites, vehicle watering and other services.[100]
Railway
During the "13th Five Year Plan" period, Xi'an railway network has a total mileage of 601 kilometers, including 224 kilometers of high-speed railway.The "meter" shaped high-speed railway grid bureau has begun to take shape, and the Xi'an-Chengdu and Xi'an-Xi'an Yinchuan high-speed railways have been opened, realizing the direct connection between Xi'an and Yinchuan, Lanzhou, Chengdu and other cities.The railway projects from Xi'an to Weinan, Ankang, Yulin, Shenmu, Hancheng and other places have been completed.[101]In 2022, the annual passenger traffic volume of Xi'an railway will reach 25.69 million person times, and the annual freight traffic volume of the railway will increase to 6.451 million tons against the trend.[86]From February 28, 2023, three railway stations under the management of China Railway Xi'an Bureau Group Co., Ltd. will be officially renamed. The original "Xi'an West Station" will be renamed as "Lianhu Station", the original "Afanggong Station" will be renamed as "Xi'an West Station", and the "Xi'an South Station" will be renamed as "Yinzhen Station".[102]
Xi'an Railway Station
Xi'an Railway Station [105]
Xi'an Railway Station was built in 1934 and completed its first reconstruction and expansion in 1986.In 1986, the construction area of Xi'an Railway Station was 32982 square meters, and the actual waiting area was 7900 square meters, which can accommodate 7000 people.On December 31, 2021, the second reconstruction and expansion project of Xi'an Station will be fully completed and put into use, and the station will increase from the original 6 sets of 11 lines to 9 sets of 18 lines, with a building area of 322000 square meters, an increase of nearly 10 times;The waiting area is 24969 square meters, which can accommodate 16000 people, 49000 people in emergency situations, and the annual passenger delivery capacity reaches 48 million person times.[102]
Xi'an North Railway Station
Xi'an North Railway Station[103]
Xi'an North Railway Station is the main node station of the "eight vertical and eight horizontal" high-speed railway network in China. It has the largest platform number in China and adopts the passenger distribution mode of "up in and down out, elevated waiting".It is located in the main road of China's railway network, which runs from north to south and from east to west. It is responsible for the transportation of Zhengzhou Xi'an-Xi'an High speed Railway, Da'an-Xi'an High speed Railway, Xi'an-Chengdu High speed Railway, Yinchuan Xi'an-Xi'an High speed Railway and other lines.[102]
Xi'an East Railway Station
Construction site of Xi'an East Railway Station[104]
On November 30, 2022, the construction of Xi'an East Railway Station will officially start.Xi'an East Railway Station is located in the central business office core area of Xi'an High speed Railway East City. It is a comprehensive transportation hub integrating high-speed railway, ordinary railway, subway and public transportation. The total size of the parking lot is 13 sets and 27 lines, including 5 sets and 9 lines of Xiyu Expressway, 4 sets and 8 lines of Xiwu Expressway, 4 sets and 10 lines of Xikang Pu Expressway. The intercity field is reserved, and the supporting equipment and facilities are set up such as bullet train operation station, running line, ordinary speed parking lot, etc.The total building size of Xi'an East Railway Station is 394000 square meters, including 100000 square meters of station buildings. The roof is in a rhombic shape with ups and downs, and the facade is in a flexible arc shape.[102]
aviation
Xi'an has gathered 1/4 of China's domestic aviation research and production force. The main body of Xi'an aviation cluster, Xi'an Yanliang Aviation Base, is known as the "Aviation City of China". It is the place with the most intensive aviation resources in China, and has the only complete aviation industry chain in China.The output value of the aviation industry will increase by 20% annually, reaching 35.8 billion yuan in 2023.According to the plan, by the end of the 14th Five Year Plan, the scale of Xi'an's aerospace industry will reach 280 billion yuan.[107]By 2023, there are 108 international routes in Xi'an.There were 6389 overseas flights throughout the year.[30]
Xi'an Xianyang International Airport[108]
Xi'an Xianyang International AirportIt is the core airport of Western Airport Group, the provincial capital airport of Shaanxi Province, and an important civil airport in western China.The airport is 47 kilometers away from the downtown of Xi'an, which is a 4F civil airport.[106]As of June 2024, there are three terminal buildings with a total area of 400000 square meters;Two long-distance parallel runways can meet the takeoff and landing requirements of A380 passenger aircraft with the largest passenger capacity in the world.[12]
Public transportation
metro
Xi'an Rail Transit Group Co., Ltd., established in November 2005, is a wholly state-owned enterprise directly under the Xi'an Municipal Government, which is responsible for the construction, operation management, resource development, investment and financing of Xi'an urban rail transit system.As of June 2024, the company has 12 departments, 1 center and 7 subsidiaries, with 15000 employees.[109]
Xi'an is the first city in northwest China and the 14th city in China to approve the urban rail transit construction plan, and the 13th city to start construction and operate rail transit.As of September 2024, a total of 422 kilometers of 12 lines in three rounds and five times of construction planning have been approved, 353 kilometers of 10 lines have been completed and operated, 69.5 kilometers of two lines are under construction, and the maximum daily passenger flow will reach 4917000 person times (April 30, 2024).[109][229]
Schematic Diagram of Xi'an Rail Transit Network[110]
transit
In 2023, Xi'an will open and adjust 51 bus routes, including 9 new community buses, totaling 21, to meet the needs of more than 10000 residents in 243 communities for bus and subway connections;More than 60 customized bus lines have been opened, connecting the main urban area, Weibei, Xixian and other areas, to promote the realization of the same city discount for Xi'an Xianyang public transportation.[85]
humanity
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Since the Western Zhou Dynasty, 13 dynasties in Xi'an have established their capitals here. Xi'an folk customs have widely absorbed the cultural customs of other places and even foreign countries, and at the same time, they have been influencing and spreading to a wider region in a ripple manner.[127]Xi'an has formed a unique culture in terms of diet, customs and art.Most of the food is noodles, steamed buns, etc;[112]Xi'an folk custom is one of the sources of Chinese folk custom;[127]Xi'an is also one of the important birthplaces of Chinese literature and art.[130]
diet
The daily meals in Xi'an are mostly noodles, steamed buns, porridge, corn grits, mixed soup, etc;There are also many Henan people and southerners in the city, so they also eat boiled dishes, hot soup, rice, fried dishes, chicken, duck, fish and meat.There are more than 20 kinds of daily food, such as oily noodles, fried sauce noodles, Lishui noodles, rice noodles, stewed noodles, and chow mein;Steamed bun is also a daily pasta food for Xi'an people. Steamed bun can be made into 10 kinds, such as oil roll, oil tower, jujube cake, vegetable roll, etc. according to different manufacturing methods or with different auxiliary materials;Regardless of urban and rural areas, Xi'an people often eat porridge, mainly rice porridge, millet porridge, sorghum rice porridge, etc;The people of Xi'an also grind the corn grains into fine grains called grits, which are cooked slowly in low heat. The color is bright yellow, and people have an appetite without accompanying dishes.[112]
The specialties of Xi'an include: steamed buns with meat in wax sauce, mutton blood in powder soup, yellow osmanthus persimmon cake, mutton in water basin, etc.[113]
Biangbiang Noodle is a traditional flavor pasta with Shaanxi Guanzhong characteristics, and it is a traditional Shaanxi belt noodle.It is named because of the sound of biang and biang in the production process[114]
Qinzhen Rice Noodle Cold Skin is a specialty of Qindu Town, Huxian County.It has been made of rice flour for more than 200 years.Qinzhen Liangpi was first made of wheat flour, which evolved into rice noodles at the end of the 19th century. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the famous Liangpi shop in Qinzhen was called "Pizipu Zhao Family".It is made with rice as the main ingredient, soaked and ground into rice slurry and steamed.When eating, cut thin strips and add spices such as chili oil and vinegar.Its characteristics are: sour, hot, muscle, soft, cool, fragrant[115]
Steamed buns with beef and mutton are Shaanxi specialty food, which is most famous in Xi'an. The basic production process is to use high-quality beef (mutton), beef (mutton) bone, together with Chinese prickly ash, anise, grass fruit, cinnamon and other spices, and then boil them in a pot until they are crisp and rotten, and the soup is thick and ready for use.Use high-quality water mixed dough to burn into "bluff back chrysanthemum heart" toto bun, and break it into big pieces.Put the frying pan on the fire, add thick soup, add some water to boil, put the cooked beef (lamb) meat and some wet vermicelli to boil, then pour the broken steamed bun into it, add seasoning and boil it for 1-2 minutes, pour the lamb oil into a bowl.Served with sweet garlic, chili sauce, sesame oil, coriander, etc[117]
shredded cakes in mutton and beef soup[117]
Preserved beef and mutton
Preserved beef and mutton is a traditional Muslim food in Xi'an.Fresh beef (mutton) with boneGreen salt、Mirabilite、Sichuan PepperIt is refined by salting, boiling, coloring and other processes. It is red in color, clear in fat and meat, crisp in texture, and mellow in smell. It is a good choice for food and wine, and can also be mixed with steamed bread[118]
Cured meat bun, white bread bun with preserved meat,[120]Shaanxi has a history of more than 100 years, and it is one of the famous delicacies in Shaanxi.Cured Meat Bun is a snack composed of marinated bacon and Baiji bun.It can be divided into high quality, pure thin and ordinary.It is fast and nutritious, and can fully provide what the human body needsprotein、Fat、carbohydrate、vitamin、inorganic saltandwaterSix nutrients.[121]
Gourd head, the fat intestine at the junction of pig's large intestine and small intestine, is named because it shrinks like a gourd head after ripening.Huludaotou Paomo is made from this section of fat sausage and broken Pita Bread with other accessories and condiments by soaking (pouring) boiling broth.Its characteristics are: steamed buns, soft tendons, fresh soup, tender meat, strong flavor, and sugar and garlic when eating.It is better to make it in the Huludaotou Paomo Pavilion in Spring at the south gate of Xi'an.[122]
The steamer cake is named because it is steamed with an iron cooker called "steamer".It is made of soaked glutinous rice, red dates, peanuts, adzuki beans, etc., and steamed in an iron steamer.Its characteristics are: rice and jujube blend, fresh and moist color, soft and sticky and sweet.After cooling, fry with hot oil, which has a special flavor[125]
Stone bun is a popular flavor food in Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, also known as sand bun, dry bun, and beat bun.The method is to pour pebbles into the pot and heat them, then bury the cake surface into the pebbles and cook them. The surface of the finished steamed bun is concave and convex, leaving the shape of pebbles.Oil and salt should be added to the flour used for the cake (sugar should be added to the sweet ones), and fresh pepper leaves and other seasonings should be added to make steamed buns[126]
Stone bun[126]
custom
The superior natural environment, diversified ethnic integration, and profound historical and cultural precipitation of Xi'an City determine that its folk customs are rich and have distinctive characteristics of times, regions, and inheritance.As early as five thousand years ago, when the ancestors of Banpo in Yangshao Culture lived, Xi'an folk customs began to show signs.In a sense, Xi'an folk custom is one of the sources of Chinese folk custom.Its material production folk customs and social life folk customs include food, clothing, housing, social family, life etiquette, religious beliefs, festivals and celebrations in the Zhou, Qin, Han and Tang dynasties. With the development of society, although they have changed, many of their contents and forms have been inherited and passed on.[127]
Shehuo
Shehuo performance[129]
As the folk saying goes, "the social fire entertains the gods and incense entertains the people", the social fire parade in Xi'an every year when welcoming the gods to the games originated from the ancient custom of expelling diseases and praying for blessings, praying for good fortune and greeting the gods in spring.It is recorded in history that during the Western Han, Sui, Tang and Song and Ming Dynasties, social activities were popular in Xi'an.The Shehuo masks, tunes, words, and acting patterns that have been handed down now are mostly inherited from the Ming and Qing dynasties.The social activities in Xi'an are concentrated around the 15th day of the first month of the Spring Festival every year.Xi'an City God Temple, Dongyue Temple, Yaowang Temple, Houtu Palace, and the Tudi Temple, City God Temple, Mountain God Temple, Dragon King Temple, Fire God Temple, Niangniang Temple in each county also have community fire performances when passing the temple fair.In terms of time, there are "white" and "night" social fires, and some social fires can be performed during the day and night.[128]
Art
Xi'an is one of the important birthplaces of Chinese literature and art.As early as in the Neolithic Age, six or seven thousand years ago, Banpo people made exquisite painted pottery basins with human face and fish pattern, showing superb sculpture and painting art.Fenghao, the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty, gave birth to a brilliant bronze culture, literature, music, dance, sculpture, etc., which represents the highest achievement of the culture and art of China's slave society.[130]
literature
Xi'an has a long history of literary creation.The "Book of Zhou" part of Shangshu, China's earliest political treatise, and most of the poems in the Book of Songs, China's earliest poetry collection, were born in Fenghao, the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty, or the capital of Beijing.During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the "Qin Policy" part of the "Warring States Policy" is the best prose in the pre-qin period.During the Sui and Tang dynasties, literary creation flourished, and there were many famous poems, essays, and novels.During the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were also many essays and poems in Xi'an.During the Republic of China, vernacular literature appeared in Xi'an.After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Xi'an has made great achievements in novels, essays, poetry, reportage and literary criticism.[130]
Music, dance
During the 2000 years from the middle of the 11th century BC to the beginning of the 10th century AD, Xi'an's music and dance arts were brilliant, representing the highest achievements of these two art categories in China at that time.For more than 1000 years after Xi'an lost its national capital status, Chang'an ancient music was more active and the dance art was almost blank.After the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially after the reform and opening up, Xi'an's music and dance arts have inherited the ancient cultural traditions, injected the spirit of the times and life, and become one of the most dynamic and attractive art categories among many art categories.[131]
Theatre
Xi'an is known as the "hometown of drama".During the Youzhou Fenghao period, wrestling activities and haiyou performance techniques appeared in Xi'an.After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Xi'an has added new types of opera, such as Yue Opera, drama, children's drama, opera, dance drama, etc.Xi'an local operas and foreign operas integrate and complement each other. They not only perform traditional operas, but also create, adapt and perform modern operas, making Xi'an's drama stage spectacular.In 1984, Xi'an held the first drama festival.In 1990, there were 14 provincial and municipal theatrical troupes in Xi'an, with more than 2500 directors, actors, musicians and dancers.From 1950 to 1990, Xi'an Drama Performance Group participated in various performance activities nationwide and in Shaanxi Province, and won 35 awards.[132]
Regional symbol
City tree
Tree Sophora japonica in Xi'an[136]
The city tree of Xi'an is the national locust tree (Sophora japonica). On August 29, 1986, the people's government of Xi'an officially named the national locust tree as the city tree, and decided that May 4 to 10 of each year is the activity week of protecting the city trees and flowers.[135]
city flower
Xi'an city flower pomegranate flower[134]
The city flower of Xi'an is the pomegranate flower, alias: Anshigua, Tulin, Tianjiang, Ruoli, Danruo, Shanliye, Zhushi, etc. It is the city flower of Xi'an.[133]The pomegranate perianth is endowed with the good will of longevity and longevity, and because the pomegranate has many seeds, it means that people are prosperous and the nation is prosperous.Pomegranate can see both flowers and fruits, with 5-7 petals, single or double. The complete flower is gourd shaped or tubular, and the incomplete flower is trumpet shaped.[134]
Cultural relics protection unit
List of Xi'an National Cultural Relics Protection Units (58)
Xi'an is one of the important birthplaces of Chinese civilization.[137]As of May 6, 2024, Xi'an has 1 world-class intangible cultural heritage, 12 national intangible cultural heritage, 123 provincial intangible cultural heritage and 229 municipal intangible cultural heritage.[138]
Xi'an Drum Music is also called Xi'an Ancient Music, Chang'an Ancient Music, Chang'an Drum Music (in Zhouzhi County, it is called "Xianghui").It is mainly popular in the urban and rural areas of the ancient capital Xi'an, covering Xi'an urban area, Chang'an, Zhouzhi and other places.Xi'an drum music is divided into three schools: monk, Taoist and secular.The playing tone of the Monk School is high. The representative music clubs are Xianmi Temple, Dongcang, Xicang, Dajichang, etc. The famous artists are Cheng Jinlin, Cheng Tianxiang, Liang Zhenyuan, Zhao Gengchen, Yang Jiazhen, etc.Taoism plays in a low pitch and pursues "grinding and flower" in technology. Representative music clubs include City God Temple, Yingxiang Temple, etc. Famous artists include An Laixu, Meng Qingzhen, etc.The playing tone of the folk school is high, vigorous, warm and full of folk color. The representative music clubs are Hejiaying Village in Chang'an District and Nanji Xiandong Village and Xicun Village in Zhouzhi County. The famous artists are Wenming, Wang Shuntang, Zhang Youming, He Yongzhen, He Shengzhe, etc.[139]As of 2012, Xi'an drum music is one of the most complete large-scale folk music found and preserved in China.[140]In May 2006, Xi'an drum music was included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list, and in September 2009, it was included in the representative list of human intangible cultural heritage.[141]
Music of Lantian Puhua Water Club
Music of Lantian Puhua Water Club[143]
The music of Lantian Puhua Water Festival is a folk blowing music that has been spread in Puhua Town, Lantian County, Xi'an City for more than a thousand years and is specially used for Buddhism, charity and sacrifice.Water Festival music originated in the Sui Dynasty and flourished in the Tang Dynasty. It is a kind of folk music with local characteristics, with the style of the Tang Dynasty, after the court music of the Tang Dynasty was introduced to the folk and integrated with folk music.According to the content and form of performance, it can be divided into pleasure music (playing in progress) and sitting music (playing in the room while chanting sutras).As of October 2017, there were two Lantian County Water Club Music Performance Orchestras, with more than 100 performers and staff. The performers and staff were a combination of the elderly, middle-aged and young people, including old artists over 60 years old and teenagers.On May 20, 2006, Lantian Puhua Water Club Music was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage lists.[142]
Zhouzhi Qiliang Village Papermaking Skills
Finished "Panda Paper" made by Qiliang Village[145]
Qiliang Village papermaking originated in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and flourished in the Jin Dynasty.Since then, Liangcun Village was located in Wuzuo Palace, Shanglin Garden, Han Dynasty, and it was a royal paper workshop.The raw materials for paper making are all papyrus papyrifera bark (scientific name is Broussonetia papyrifera) in Qinling Mountains, which goes through 36 processes including peeling, soaking, limewater soaking, steaming, cleaning, peeling, stepping, shaking, taping, soaking, washing, stepping, cutting, pounding, beating, paper making, pressing, drying, water-saving, uncovering, and 72 small processes.There are many paper-making tools. For example, there are more than ten processes for making paper curtains. The curtain material must be bamboo, which must be half a millimeter thick, fried in cooking oil, and connected with horsetail silk;Use loess mud as pendant;The shelf must be made of dry autumn wood, or the paper made from it will be waste;Paper Han stone and paper stone must be carved by stone masons.In 2011, Qiliang Village's paper making skills were published as the third batch of intangible cultural heritage list in Shaanxi Province.[144]
museum
As of June 2024, there are 132 museums in Xi'an.[149]
Xi'an Museum (part)
name
District/County
Nature of museum
Museum level
Shaanxi History Museum
Yanta District
State owned cultural relics
class a
Qin Shihuang Mausoleum Museum
Lintong District
State owned cultural relics
class a
Xi'an Beilin Museum
Beilin District
State owned cultural relics
class a
Hanyang Mausoleum Museum
Weicheng District, Xianyang City
State owned cultural relics
class a
Xi'an Museum
Beilin District
State owned cultural relics
class a
Xi'an Banpo Museum
Baqiao District
State owned cultural relics
class a
Xi'an Datang West City Museum
Lianhu District
Non-state-owned
class a
Xi'an Incident Memorial Hall
Beilin District
State owned cultural relics
second level
Memorial Hall of Xi'an Office of the Eighth Route Army
New urban area
State owned cultural relics
second level
Museum of Hanguangmen Site of the Tang Dynasty Imperial City Wall in Xi'an
Qujiang New Area
State owned industry
Level 3
Lintong District Museum
Lintong District
State owned cultural relics
Level 3
Xi'an Bell and Drum Tower Museum
Lianhu District
State owned cultural relics
Level 3
Reference source:[149]Data update time: July 2024
famous scenery
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Xi'an will receive 278 million domestic and foreign tourists in 2023, an increase of 33.1% over the previous year;The total tourism revenue was 335.039 billion yuan, up 65.0%.[30]As of January 2024, there are 91 Grade A scenic spots in Xi'an, including 5 Grade AAAAA scenic spots, 27 Grade AAAA scenic spots, 48 Grade AAA scenic spots and 11 Grade AA scenic spots.[150]
Xi'an is the first batchChina Excellent Tourism CityCultural relics are characterized by high resource density, good preservation and high level. Among the 155 basic types of China's tourism resources census, Xi'an tourism resources account for 89.There are 72 imperial tombs around Xi'an, including the tomb of the first emperor of Qin, the "one emperor for thousands of years", the ruins of the four metropolises of Zhou, Qin, Han and Tang, the 11 tombs of emperors of the Western Han Dynasty and the 18 tombs of emperors of the Tang Dynasty, and more than 700 ancient buildings, such as Big and Small Wild Goose Pagodas, Bell and Drum Towers, and ancient city walls.[151]
The Museum of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the First Emperor of Qin is a large site museum built on the site of the burial pit of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the Qin Mausoleum.In 1974, on the basis of the ruins of the terracotta pits, it was excavated and exhibited, and officially opened on October 1, 1979.It is under the Shaanxi Provincial Bureau of Cultural Relics.The Museum of Qin Shihuang's Terracotta Warriors and Horses is known as the "eighth wonder of the world"[153]yesWorld Cultural Heritage、National key cultural relics protection units、National AAAAA Tourist Attraction、National first-class museum[152]
Terracotta Warriors Pit 1[153]
Big Wild Goose Pagoda
Big Wild Goose Pagodaalso calledCien Temple Pagoda, is an eminent monkXuanzangThe Sutra Pagoda is one of the important symbols of Chang'an City in the Tang Dynasty.yesWorld cultural heritage, national key cultural relics protection units[154]National AAAAA Tourist Attraction[155]
Big Wild Goose Pagoda[155]
Little Wild Goose Pagoda
Located in Jianfu Temple, Yanta District, Xi'an City, it was builtTang ZhongzongDuring the Jinglong period (707~710 AD), it was built to preserve the Buddhist scriptures brought back by the eminent monk Yijing of the Tang Dynasty. It is the earliest example of the square brick pagoda with dense eaves in the Tang Dynasty.The Little Wild Goose Pagoda has 15 floors. As of May 2023, it has 13 floors with a height of 43.4m. After more than 1300 years, it is in good condition. It was included in the World Cultural Heritage List in 2014[156]
Little Wild Goose Pagoda[156]
Pagoda of Xingjiao Temple
Pagoda of Xingjiao TempleIt is located in Xingjiao Temple, Shaoling Yuanpan, Chang'an District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province.Chinese eminent monk Xuanzang and his disciples in the Tang DynastyKuei-chi , Silla DiscipleCircular surveyOfBuddhist relicsThe tomb tower, of which Xuanzang's tomb tower was built in 669, has five floors and is about 21 meters high.The Kuiji Tomb Tower was built in 682, sitting in the north and south. It is a square three storey brick tower with a height of 6.76 meters;The round measuring tomb tower was built in 1115, which is the same shape as the tower of the peeping base tomb, with an overall height of 7.10 meters[157]
Pagoda of Xingjiao Temple[157]
Daming Palace
Daming PalaceIt is located in Taihua South Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province. It was built in the eighth year of Zhenguan, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty (634 A.D.), with a slightly trapezoidal plane.The Daming Palace is the most magnificent palace complex of the Tang Empire, the largest palace complex in the world at that time, and the national symbol of the Tang Dynasty. The Daming Palace was first built in the eighth year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan period of the Tang Dynasty, and was destroyed in the late Tang Dynasty, covering an area of 3.2 square kilometers.yesWorld cultural heritage, national key cultural relics protection units[151]National AAAAA Tourist Attraction[150]
Daming Palace National Heritage Park [151]
Weiyang Palace
Weiyang PalaceThe site, also known as the Western Palace, was built seven years after Liu Bang became emperor (200 BC).Located on the highest lying Longshouyuan in the southwest corner of Chang'an City in the Han Dynasty, with a total area of about 5 square kilometers, it has existed for 1041 years and is the most used imperial palace with the longest history in Chinese history.yesWorld cultural heritage, national key cultural relics protection units[158]
Archaeological restoration site of Weiyang Palace[158]
the Mausoleum of Emperor Qinshihuang
The Imperial Cemetery of the Qin Dynasty is located at the north foot of Lishan Mountain, 5 kilometers east of Lintong District, Xi'an City.the Mausoleum of Emperor QinshihuangIt is shaped like a covered bucket, 350 meters long from north to south, 345 meters wide from east to west, 1390 meters long in circumference and 76 meters high.The mausoleum is centered on the sealed earth, with both internal and externalcity wallForm, in the shape of "back".The inner city wall is 1355 meters long from north to south, 580 meters wide from east to west, and 3870 meters long in circumference. There is one gate in the east, west, south and north, and two gates in the north;The outer city wall is 2188 meters long from north to south, 970 meters wide from east to west, 6321 meters long in circumference, and has one gate on the east, west, south and north sides.yesWorld cultural heritage, national key cultural relics protection units[159]National AAAA Tourist Attraction[150]
the Mausoleum of Emperor Qinshihuang[159]
Huaqing Hot Spring
Huaqing Hot SpringAlso known as Huaqing Palace, including the originalLishan National Forest Park, andsummer palace、Old Summer PalaceChengde Mountain Resort is also known as China's four major royal gardens.It is the other palace where the feudal emperors of the Tang Dynasty visited. It is located in Lintong District, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, with Lishan Mountain to the south and Weishui River to the north. It is adjacent to the "eighth wonder of the world" Terracotta Warriors and Horses.yesNational key cultural relics protection units, national AAAAA tourist attractionsnational park of China [151]
Qujiang Development Zone, located in the south of Xi'an City and on the southeast side of the Big Wild Goose Pagoda, was rebuilt in the north of the original Tang Dynasty Furong Garden site, modeled after the imperial garden of the Tang Dynasty. It is the first large-scale imperial garden style cultural theme park in China that comprehensively displays the style of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, covering an area of 1000 mu, including 300 mu of water area.[151]yesNational AAAAA Tourist Attraction[150]
Tang Paradise[151]
Shaanxi History Museum
Shaanxi History Museum Located in the northwest of Tang Dayan Pagoda in the southern suburb of Xi'an, it was built in 1983 and opened on June 20, 1991. It is the first large-scale modern national museum in China and a national AAAA tourist attraction. The museum covers 65000 square meters, with a building area of 55600 square meters, a collection reservoir area of 8000 square meters, an exhibition hall of 11000 square meters, and more than 1.7 million pieces (groups) of collections[160]
As of 2020, it is the oldest and best preserved ancient city wall building in the world. The perimeter of Xi'an city wall is 13.74 kilometers, including a series of military facilities such as moat, suspension bridge, gate tower, arrow tower, city tower, corner tower, enemy tower, parapet, buttress, etc.It is a national key cultural relics protection unit[151]National AAAAA Tourist Attraction[150]
Xi'an Ming City Wall[151]
Xi'an Beilin Museum
Xi'an Beilin Museum, formerly known as Shaanxi Provincial Museum, was founded in 1944. It is the earliest museum in Shaanxi Province and the earliest and largest museum to collect ancient Chinese steles. In 1992, it was renamed Xi'an Stele Forest Museum.The museum covers a total area of 30881 square meters, with a total display area of 8763 square meters. It mainly collects, displays and studies the inscriptions, epitaphs and stone carvings of past dynastiesNational key cultural relics protection units, national AAAAA tourist attractions, national first-class museums[161]
Xi'an Beilin Museum[161]
Xi'an Museum
Xi'an Museum It was officially opened to the public in May 2007, with a total area of about 160000 square meters. It consists of a museum, the Tang Jianfu Temple site, and the Little Wild Goose Pagoda. It is an urban museum integrating cultural relics collection, scientific research, social education, and garden leisure.It is a national first-class museum, a national AAAA tourist attraction, a national key protection unit of ancient books, and a national popular science education base[162]
Xi'an Museum [162]
Cuihua Moutain
Cuihua MoutainThe scenic spot is famous for its "unique beauty in the south" and "China Geological and Geomorphological Museum".Cuihua Mountain Scenic Spot consists of Bishan Lake Scenic Spot, Tianchi Scenic Spot and Landslide Stone Sea Scenic Spot. Cuihua Mountain was originally named Taiyi Mountain, and it is said that Taiyi Immortal cultivated here and got the name.[151]It is a national AAAA tourist attraction[150]
Located in the southern suburb of Xi'an City, it covers an area of 6.67 hectares, and the main building area of the core project Oceanarium is 18600 square meters;The total amount of water in the museum is about 6000 tons, and there are more than 12000 fish (animals) of more than 300 species of freshwater and marine organisms;It is mainly composed of dolphin performance hall, marine science popularization hall, tropical rainforest hall, submarine tunnel, underwater grand view garden and supporting service facilities.[163]It is a national AAAA tourist attraction[150]
It is a reconstruction of the original Xi'an Zoo, formerly known as "Tongfa Zoo", which was built in 1954 and moved to the foot of Qinling Mountains in 2004, becoming the Qinling Mountains Wildlife Park.Relying on the good ecological environment at the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains, the zoo is located in the shallow mountain area at the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains. It is 28 kilometers away from the urban area of Xi'an to realize the protection of large populations of wild animals. It has more than 300 kinds of animals and more than 10000 heads (animals), which is the first wild zoo in northwest China.[151]It is a national AAAA tourist attraction[150]
Qinling Wildlife Park[151]
Guanzhong Folk Art Museum
Guanzhong Folk Art MuseumIt is located in the center of Qinling Zhongnan Mountain World Geopark and at the foot of South Wutai Mountain, a Buddhist shrine in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, with Cuihua Mountain to the east, Wutai Mountain to the south, Caotang Temple to the west, and Chang'an City to the north, covering an area of 493.88 mu.[164]It is a national AAAA tourist attraction[150]
Guanzhong Folk Art Museum[164]
Banpo Museum
Xi'an Banpo MuseumIt is located on the east bank of Chanhe River in the eastern suburb of Xi'an, covering an area of 107.4 mu.Completed in April 1958 and officially opened to the public, it is a national key cultural relics protection unit, a national AAAA tourist attraction, and a national first-class museum[165]
Banpo Museum [166]
Xi'an World Expo Park
Xi'an World Expo ParkIt is a national AAAA tourist attraction, located in the national Xi'an Chanba Ecological Zone, the original site of the 2011 Xi'an World Horticultural Expo, about 10 kilometers from the center of Xi'an, with convenient transportation.The total area of the scenic spot is 418 hectares, including 188 hectares of water area. The core part of the scenic spot is a collection of unique garden and gardening boutiques, cultural classic buildings and cultural and artistic treasures from many countries and regions at home and abroad[167]
Expo Park LOGO[168]
Datang West Market
Datang West MarketIt is the only domestic international business travel cultural industry project with the theme of prosperous Tang culture and Silk Road culture rebuilt on the original site of Chang'an West City of the Tang Dynasty, which fully reflects the commercial culture and market culture of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. It is a national AAAA tourist attraction[169]
Datang West Market[169]
Seoul Lake
Seoul Lake ParkLocated in Weiyang District, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, 200 meters west of the cross between Fengcheng 4th Road and Zhuhong Road, it was originally Tuanjie Reservoir (ancient canal). The widest part of the water surface is 80 meters, the narrowest part is 30 meters, the water depth is 4 to 6 meters, and the lake surface is 850 mu. It is a characteristic ecological park integrating flood control and security, garden landscape, water ecology, cultural relics protection, and urban agricultural irrigation.[170]It is a national AAAA tourist attraction[150]
Louguantai is located at the foot of Zhongnan Mountain in the southeast of Zhouzhi County. The scenic area covers an area of about 323 square kilometers. There are not only the historical sites of Zhou, Qin, Han and Tang Dynasties to pay homage to, but also the garden charm of secluded valleys, forests and springs to enjoy. The main attractions in the area include Shouyang Mountain, Jiangjun Stone, Wenxian Valley, Shili Gorge, Shilong Cave, Jinniuping, Longtan, Buffalo Waterfall, etc.yesNational Forest ParkNational AAAA Tourist Attraction[171]
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Taiping National Forest Park
Taiping National Forest Park It is an ecological scenic tourism area based on natural mountains and rivers and dominated by forest scenery.The scenic spot is located in the Taipingyu Valley of Qinling Mountains in Xi'an, and has been rated as the World Geopark, National AAAA Scenic Spot and National Forest Park[151]
Taiping National Forest Park [151]
Zhuque National Forest Park
Zhuque National Forest Park Located in Laoyu, Huxian County, Xi'an City, it is an ecological scenic tourist area integrating natural landscape, geological science, forest scenery, leisure and entertainment.There are 5 scenic spots and 105 scenic spots in the park.The park is rich in animal and plant resources and various species, with more than 800 kinds of herbs, forming a rich and colorful natural forest landscape.[151]It is a national AAAA scenic spot[150]
Zhuque National Forest Park [151]
Heihe National Forest Park
Heihe National Forest Park It is located in Zhouzhi County, the source of Heihe River (formerly called Mangshui), with an area of 7462 hectares, a forest coverage rate of 94%, and 108 National Highway connecting vertically and horizontally. The traffic is very convenient.The park has four major scenic spots and more than 100 scenic spots.[172]It is a national AAAA scenic spot[150]
Heihe National Forest Park [175]
bell tower
bell tower It was built in the 17th year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1384 AD). It was originally located at the intersection of Guangji Street, today's West Street, facing the Drum Tower.In the old days, there was a big clock hanging above the building, which was used to alarm and tell the time, hence the name "Bell Tower".[151]The Bell Tower is one of the cultural landmarks of Xi'an, located in the center of Xi'an, at the intersection of four streets in the east, west, north and south of the city wall[173]
bell tower[173]
drum-tower
Xi'an Drum TowerIt is one of the cultural landmarks of Xi'an, which was built in the 13th year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1380 AD). In the past, a huge drum was placed on the tower, and the drum was played every day to tell the time, so it was named "Drum Tower".The Drum Tower is a brick and wood structure, with a total height of 34 meters. Because it is a double eaved three drop water pavilion like building with the Bell Tower, the two floors are called "Sister Tower" or "Wenwu Tower"[174]
drum-tower[174]
Qinglong Temple
Qinglong Temple, also known as Stone Buddha Temple, is a Chinese Buddhist Tantric Temple.It is located in Leyou Yuanshang, north of Tielumiao Village, south of Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province.It is 1.5 kilometers northeast from the Big Wild Goose Pagoda.Qinglong Temple is the place where Hui Guo, the master of Tantrism in Tang Dynasty, stayed in tin for a long time.Six of the famous "Eight Masters of Tang Dynasty": Japan's Konghai, Yuanxing, Yuanren, Huiyuan, Yuanzhen and Zongrui were punished here[176]
Qinglong Temple[176]
Zhaohui Tower
Zhaohui Tower, common name: Gaoling Tower, Sanyang Tower.It was built during the reign of Tang Dazhong (847-859).With a height of 53 meters, 8 ridges and 13 levels, the building is exquisite and the structure is rigorous. After more than a thousand years, it still stands tall as before. It is known as the "No.1 Ancient Tower in the North of Weihe River" in history[177]
Zhaohui Tower[227]
Xingqing Palace Park
Xingqing Palace ParkXingqing Square, built in 1958 and located in the original Chang'an City, north of Xianning Road, outside the Peace Gate, is an urban park integrating culture, entertainment and site protection built on some sites of Xingqing Palace in the Tang Dynasty.In 1996, tourist toilets, tourist signs, tourist walkways, tourist rest booths and other tourist infrastructure were built;In 1998, children's recreation facilities were added.In July 2006, free ticket for tourists[178]
Xingqing Palace Park[179]
Qujiangchi Ruins Park
Qujiangchi Ruins ParkIt is the first large-scale landscape garden style heritage park integrating historical and cultural protection, ecological gardens, landscape and leisure tourism in northwest China, covering a total area of 1500 mu, and restoring 700 mu of the water system of Qujiang Lake in Han and Tang Dynasties. The whole park is divided into eight scenic spots centered on the water surface of Qujiang River. It is a super large waterscape park in northwest China[180]
Qujiangchi Ruins Park[180]
Xi'an Chanba National Wetland Park
Xi'an Chanba National Wetland ParkIt is located in the northeast of Xi'an, the north wing of Xi'an Chanba Ecological Zone, and the area where the Bahe River enters the Weihe River. It is 19 kilometers away from the city center, and only 3 kilometers away from the famous "clean".Officially approved by the State Forestry Administration in 2014, it was approved as a national AAAA tourist attraction in the same year[181]
Xi'an Chanba National Wetland Park[181]
Tang Da Ci'en Temple Relics Park
Tang Da Ci'en Temple Relics ParkIt is a relatively independent open garden with distinctive theme in the Big Wild Goose Pagoda Cultural Leisure Scenic Spot. It is located on the site of the Great Ci'en Temple in the Tang Dynasty, adjacent to the Big Wild Goose Pagoda, and combines seclusion culture with Buddhist culture[182]
Tang Da Ci'en Temple Relics Park[182]
Daxingshan Temple
Daxingshan TempleIt is located in Xingshan Temple West Street in the south of Xi'an City.It was built during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty from Sima Yantai to Taikang.It was initially called Zunshan Temple.In the second year of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty (582 AD), Yang Jian expanded the temple on the basis of Shanshan Temple. Since the temple is located in Jingshan Square in Daxing City, the capital city, it was renamed "Daxing Shansi"[183]
Daxingshan Temple[183]
Shaanxi Natural History Museum
Shaanxi Natural History MuseumIt is located in the navicular roundabout at No. 88, Chang'an South Road, Xi'an City, covering an area of 103 mu. The building area is 16000 square meters, and the building area is in the shape of a star and a crescent. There are more than 20000 specimens. It is composed of "three museums, two hospitals and one area", namely, the nature pavilion, Kenneth Belling pavilion, the scientific exploration center (under construction), the dome cinema and the 5D dynamic cinema, as well as the outdoor science popularization experience area[184]
Shaanxi Natural History Museum[184]
Great Mosque
Great Mosque It is the largest and best preserved mosque in Xi'an. Locals call it Dongda Temple, and it is one of the four major Islamic temples in China.In 1988, the temple was listed as the third batch of key cultural relics protection units in the country. It is a Chinese palace style ancient building group with perfect combination of Chinese classical architecture and Islamic architectural style.The existing Great Mosque belongs to the architectural style of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is rectangular in east-west direction, covers an area of more than 12300 square meters, and forms four courtyards along the east-west direction[185]
Great Mosque [185]
Guangren Temple
Guangren TempleAlso known as Lama Temple, it is located in the northwest corner of the city wall of Xi'an today. As of May 2024, it is the only Tibetan Buddhist temple in Shaanxi Province. In 1983, it was listed by the State Council as a national key Buddhist temple in the Han area[186]
Guangren Temple[186]
Revolutionary Park
Xi'anRevolutionary ParkIt was built in March 1927 to bury the soldiers and civilians who died in defending Xi'an in 1926 and commemorate the revolutionary history of Xi'an's victory in the anti siege struggle[187]
Revolutionary Park[187]
Lianhu Park
Lianhu ParkIt is located in the south of Lianhu Road in Xi'an, on the site of Chengtianmen, the palace city of the Tang Dynasty.In the 11th year of the Republic of China (1922 AD), it was established as Lianhu Park.In 2008, the government of Lianhu District upgraded the park again by building new gateways, adding tourist leisure squares, replanting lotus flowers and adding tourist recreation facilities.[188]As of May 2023, Lianhu Park is one of the 100 red tourist destinations in Shaanxi[226]
Luoyang, a famous financier in the Western Han Dynasty, was born in a merchant family. From the age of 13, he came to Chang'an, the capital. He was selected to serve Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and accompany him to study.Launch the policy of salt and iron official business[211]
Wengsun.Originally from Shangbang, Gansu (now Tianshui, Gansu), he later became a citizen of Jingzhao Duling (now Yanta District, Chang'an District, Xi'an City).General of Western Han Dynasty[203]
Liu Xiang (about 77-6 years ago)
The minister of the imperial clan in the Western Han Dynasty, a famous Confucian classics scholar, bibliographist, and litterateur.Its real name is Shengsheng, and its name is Zizheng.His ancestral home is Pei (now Peixian County, Jiangsu Province), and he has lived in Beijing Zhaochang'an (now Xi'an, Shaanxi Province) for generations.The fourth grandson of Liu Jiao, King of Chu Yuan of the Han Dynasty[212]
His name is Sun Qing, and Feng Yi is from Liyang (now Yanliang District, Xi'an City).Meritorious official of Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty, the 10th general of Yuntai 28[195]
The name of Qiao is the beginning of the mountain.People from Gui County, Yongzhou (today's Guiyi District, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province).General of Tang Dynasty.The son of the secretary of the Sui Dynasty, the head of the Yin Monk, and the head of Taigu at the end of the Sui Dynasty[205]
The word Keming was born in Duling, Jingzhao (now southeast of Xi'an, Shaanxi).At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, he was a famous prime minister, and was awarded the title of Lai Guogong. He was one of the twenty-four meritorious officials of Lingyan Pavilion, ranking third only after the captain Sun Wuji and the famous general Li Xiaogong.Du Ruhui was one of the main advisers of Li Shimin in seizing power and creating the Zhenguan rule, and was highly valued by Li Shimin[191]
Yongzhou Wannian (now Lintong District, Xi'an City) is the son of Yan Pi, the younger brother of Yan Lide, the junior supervisor in the Sui Palace.Proficient in craft and painting[198]
He was born in the Tang Dynasty into a famous aristocratic family. He loved to read and study literature since childhood, especially in literature and history.Under the auspices of Xiao Song, he co wrote the Six Classics of the Tang Dynasty with Jia Deng, Li Rui and others. He was well known for his fluent prose and detailed narration, and moved to work as a waiter.Is a famous historian in the Tang Dynasty[194]
With the name of "Qingchen", he was appointed as the supervising imperial historian four times and moved to the palace to serve the imperial historian.Rejected by Yang Guozhong, a powerful minister at that time, he was demoted to the Plains (now Shandong) as the Chief Executive.He has written "Yun Hai Jing Yuan", "Li Yue Ji", "Wu Xing Ji", etc[206]
Originally from Chang'an (today's Xi'an, Shaanxi), it was the ancestral clan of the Tang Dynasty. His grandfather, Li Ding, once served as the governor of Suzhou. During the Five Dynasties, he avoided chaos and moved to Jiayingqiu (today's Changle, Shandong), so it is also called Li Yingqiu.Is an outstanding representative of landscape painting in the Song and Yuan Dynasties[209]
Wang Chongyang (1112-1170)
Taoist of the Jin Dynasty, formerly known as Zhongfu, with the word Yunqing, later renamed Shixiong, with the word Dewei. After entering the Taoism, he changed his name to Zhe, with the word Zhiming, with the name Chongyangzi, and was born in Jinjing Zhaofu.Is the founder of Quanzhen Taoism[210]
Yuanfu, born in Yuanfengyuan Road (today's Gaoling District, Xi'an City), is a great scholar and astronomer who lived in the early and middle period of the Yuan Dynasty.He was called by the imperial court three times to serve in the imperial court, but he never promised[190]
His original name is He Yiyi, and his word is Yunzhong. He is from Dang County, Fengyuan Road (today's Dangyi District, Xi'an City).His father, He Sheng, was the commander of the pro military capital of the Yuan Dynasty.Guanzhi was the prime minister of the Yuan Dynasty. In 1363 AD, the right prime minister of the Mongols, Deng Sijian, was ordered by the prince to play Taiping, and was forced to commit suicide in exile[193]
Zi Shuqing was born in Guangyang Village, Lintong County, Shaanxi Province in the Ming Dynasty (today's Guangyang Village, Wutun Town, Yanliang District, Xi'an City).Compiled Jiyang Compendium and Eruption[208]
The word "Dan Pavilion" is also called "Dan Court".People from Xixian County, Shaanxi Province (today's Xieyi District, Xi'an City).He was a famous collector of ancient coins in the Republic of China[204]
The word Jingzhou.Shaanxi 盩厔厔 (today's Zhou Dynasty) people.In the spring of 1924, he went south to Guangdong and was admitted to the first phase of Huangpu Military Academy, becoming a student of the third team.He participated in the rebellion of the Dingshang Regiment and the Eastern Expedition.After graduation, he went to Shanxi to serve as the company commander of Yan Xishan and participated in the Northern Expedition.During the Central Plains War, he defected from Yan to Jiang and served as battalion commander, regiment leader and deputy division commander in He Yingqin's headquarters.Participated in the fifth "encirclement and suppression" campaign against the Central Soviet Area[197]
Li Yingliang (1900-1927)
Formerly known as Peiji, Zishan, alias Yinlian, he is now a native of Lixiahao Village, Weiyanggong Street, Weiyang District, Xi'an City.In March 1927, he was appointed to deliver secret letters to Li Dazhao.On April 6, he was arrested at the same time as Li Dazhao and others in the Soviet Embassy in China, and on April 18, he was killed at the same time as Li Dazhao and others[202]
Han nationality, also known as Ruisheng, is from Chang'an (now Xibaozi, Sanqiao Village, Sanqiao Street, Weiyang District, Xi'an City).He joined the Communist Party of China in 1925.It is praised as one of the "Three Great Masters of Chang'an" by the people of Xi'an[201]
Female, from Kangqiao Village, Kangqiao Township, Yanliang District today.Member of the Communist Party of China, revolutionary pioneer of Shaanxi women[200]
Guo Ziming (1906-1934)
Member of the Communist Party of China, now from Nanguo Village (Hongfeng Administrative Village), Wutun Street, Yanliang District.Also known as Jingyi, also known as Forest.Because of his poor family, he dropped out of school at the age of 16 and became an apprentice in a money shop in Xi'an.He joined the National Revolutionary Army three years later, and was soon sent to Hunan Military School to study. During his study, he met Cheng Zihua, a member of the Communist Party of China.He joined the Communist Party of China in 1927.In December 1934, he was attacked by the enemy and died in the battle[199]
Important honors
Announce
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Xi'an, located in the middle of the Guanzhong Plain, is an international metropolis and a national central city that the country has clearly established. It has been rated as a national health city, a national garden city, a city with the best image in China, a city with the best international image in China, a city with the most sense of happiness in China, a civilized city in China, etc.[2]
Important honors of Xi'an (part)
title
time
National sub provincial cities
1994
National Excellent City for Comprehensive Administration of Social Security
