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Battle of Lantian

Battle of Danyang Lantian in Qin and Chu Dynasties

Qin and Chu Lantian The Battle of Danyang and Lantian, also known as the Battle of Qin and Chu, refers to 312 BC the Qin state And Chu State In the State of Qin Lantian An important battle that took place^[1-2]^[18] 。

First 312 years the Qin state And Chu State At Danyang, the State of Chu was defeated, and more than 80000 soldiers of the Chu army died^[8]^[17] 。 General of Chu Qu 匄、 Major-general Every marquis is ugly More than 70 generals were captured by the Qin army. King Huai of Chu Xionghuai When he learned that, he was very angry and became angry with King Huai of Chu Xionghuai Mobilization Chu State All the troops in the country attack the Qin state Lantian 。 yes the Qin state And Chu State stay Lantian A major battle that took place^[3-4]^[23] 。

Name: Lantian Battle of^[1]
Time of occurrence: 312 BC
Location: Shaanxi Xi'an Lantian^[1]^{[20 ]}^{[34 ]}
Belligerents: Qin 、 Han 、 Wei 、 Chu
Results: the Qin state Win and take full control Hanzhong^[10]
Forces of the participating parties: Qin : nearly 200000^[11]
Chu: nearly 300000

Casualties: Qin: nearly 100000
Chu: over 150000
Alias: Qin and Chu Lantian Battle of^[1]
Head of State Qin: Qin Huiwen King Ying Si^[11]
Head of Chu State: Former King Huai of Chu Xionghuai^[21]^[23]
Commander Qin: Ailanthus disease 、 Wei Zhang^[11]
Commander Chu: Jingcui 、 Qu 匄^[9]
Times: the Warring States period^[23]

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seven Historical records

Campaign Background

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Qin Chu Danyang Lantian The battle is really 313 BC autumn July （ King Huai of Chu 16 years) to 312 BC In the autumn and September (the 17th year of King Huai of Chu), part of the whole war situation of the Qin, Wei, and Korean alliance against the Chu Qi alliance ended with the defeat of the Chu army.^[5] spring and autumn Period, out of containment Jin state during Spring and Autumn period Qin and Chu maintained a long-term alliance, which lasted until the middle of the Warring States Period and was broken by the Qin reform. Qin Xiaogong Twenty two years（ 340 BC ）, Qin Feng Wei Yang In business, in business. This is the Chu area. This has a great impact on the geographical situation of Qin and Chu Qinling Mountains The eastern section is the boundary, Qin You Blue off (Also called Close Lantian Pass, today Shaanxi province Xi'an city Lantian County South), while Chu has Wuguan (Today Shaanxi province Shangluo city Danfeng County), but Qin took In business After that, the State of Qin was able to monopolize Wuguan Risk, and Wuguan The Shangyu area to the east has also become an important base for attacking Chu. From a geographical perspective, Qin has formed a favorable situation for Chu Wuguan Retreat can be closed to the outside world, and advance with In business The place is the springboard, along the Danshui River Hanshui And down.^[6]^{[26 ]}

313 BC ， the Qin state The State of Qin forced the two countries to fight with the Qin state Ally and join hands against Chu. Chu State In order to cope with the offensive of the State of Qin Qi State Alliance. And on Zhou Nan Wang Two years, Qin Huiwen King The 12th year of Gengyuan, the 16th year of King Huai of Chu（ 313 BC ）Pillars Jingcui The commander of the army stationed at the border of Qi and Shandong and the south of Korea and Wei, and sent the three doctors to command the nine armies to besiege the north strategic Qin-dynasty pass in Henan Easterly Quwo And in. the Qin state If you intend to attack Chu State , we must try to disintegrate the alliance of Qi Chu, so as to defeat each other.^[7]^{[25 ]}

Campaign process

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The battle of Lantian is six hundred miles away^{[31 ]}

312 BC Qin Huiwen King send Zhang Yi Destroy the Qi Chu Alliance and cheat the King Huai of Chu Xionghuai , Xu ceded six hundred li, King Huai of Chu Xionghuai Believe it and break off relations with Qi. Zhang Yi Said he promised Chu State It's just six miles of land, not In business Six hundred li, King Huai of Chu Xionghuai Unable to help but rage, launched a large army to attack the State of Qin.^[8]

Ailanthus disease Lead Qin's army to defeat Chu in Danyang Jingcui And then Wei Zhang More than 100000 Chu troops were defeated in the Danyang battle under the fierce attack of the Qin army. More than 80000 Chu soldiers died in the battle, including the commander Qu 匄 , Beneficial general Every marquis is ugly More than seventy senior officers were captured.^[9]

Chu State The defeat may make the the Qin state The monarchs and ministers believed that Chu would not fight again in a short time. In fact, the Battle of Danyang was part of a series of wars at that time, Qi State It took the opportunity to unite the Song State to attack Wei, forming the eastern battlefield of the Qi Song allied forces against the Qin, Han and Wei allied forces. Qi and Song allied forces attacked Wei and boiled jujube. The great concubine of the State of Qin Ailanthus disease With Han Jiang Han Feng Led the Qin and Korean armies to quickly attack and rescue Wei, and the Qi army suffered a disastrous defeat in Pushang. This is objectively weakened the Qin state Forces that can be mobilized.^[10]

When the Qin state Is immersed in Danyang Boiled jujube 、 Pushui In the joy of successive victories Chu State Not reconciled to the defeat. Shortly after the war in Danyang, Chu State Has keenly caught the fleeting precious fighter, the Qin state Loose will and domestic emptiness. Chu State Large scale mobilization, King Huai of Chu Xionghuai Anger and mobilize the national army to attack the Qin state That is to say, "knowing that the national army is attacking Qin again", gather the whole nation's troops and prepare for the desperate effort. At the starting point of the battle of Danyang Wuguan Road Up North the Qin state Assault. This Jedi counterattack is totally out of the Qin state contrary to expectation^[13] 。 This means that almost all the elite have concentrated their desperate efforts, which is very risky, because other countries may take the opportunity to sneak attacks.^[13]

The sketch map of Qin Chu Lantian Battle comes from Shaanxi Provincial Library^[1]

However, the military adventure of the State of Chu was successful, not only recovering all the lost territory, but also breaking through Wuguan ， Arrival distance Xianyang About 100 li Lantian (Today Shaanxi province Xi'an city Lantian County)^[19]^{[33 ]} 。 Lantian It's the pass on the north side of Shangyu, and it's the defense Xianyang The important town of. It was also the capital of the Qin Dynasty Xianyang One of the important military fortresses. Lantian As the Qin state Its important position is related to the safety and security of the capital. At the peak, Lantian Camp had 200000 the Qin state Elite, guard Wuguan Close Reject Chu and go east strategic Qin-dynasty pass in Henan To fight for the world. Lantian Camp is the Qin state The southeast barrier is also the Qin state The residence of the elite main force. More than 2300 years ago, the Emperor Xiaoshang trained his troops here and created the famous elite of Qin, laying the foundation for Qin to unify the six countries.^[24] (The sketch map of Qin Chu Lantian Battle is from Shaanxi Provincial Library^[1] ）

The Chu army is about to leave Wuguan Road Beikou came out of the cocoon, the Qin state hinterland Weihe Plain be close by. One side carries revenge anger, and the other side is determined to stick to it, which is doomed to be a desperate struggle between the two great powers.^[13]

On the one hand, the State of Qin mobilized troops from all over the country to quickly gather in Lantian , waiting for the Chu army to come out Wuguan Road North, fight here^[13] 。 on the other hand the Qin state Invite Korea and Wei to send troops to attack by diplomatic means Chu State Behind.^[11]

Schematic Diagram of Battle of Lantian

Chu State Yu Qin Lantian (Today Shaanxi province Xi'an city Lantian County) fought against the Qin army, and the Qin army won again and pursued the victory. After the Chu army retreated, the Qin army followed out, and when the Chu army retreated in panic, it reoccupied and consolidated Hanzhong Land. In the State of Chu Hanzhong It was set up 600 miles away Hanzhong County^[10] 。 Han Wei Allied Forces Chu State Domestic emptiness, seize the opportunity to capture Chu Shaoling , Bingfeng approaches Chu State Dengcheng, an important town.^[12]

Campaign outcome

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Because the Chu army is full of talents（ Chu State All the troops will attack the Qin state Lantian ), Chu Ignore the right Nanyang Defense of（ Nanyang If there are no guards left behind, there may be no soldiers to adjust). the republic of korea 、 Wei The Allied Forces seized the opportunity to capture Zhaoling (today's Henan In Luohe), directly approaching Deng (today Henan Nanyang Dengzhou Domestic) and at this time Qi State Defeated, unable to support Chu State 。 This means that the back road of the Chu army is about to be cut off, and the fierce offensive of the Qin army makes it almost impossible for the Chu army to defeat the Qin army before the back road is cut off. The Chu army is facing the danger of flanking attack. The Chu army had to retreat overnight the Qin state cede territory and ask for peace.^[14]

Campaign influence

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Lantian The Battle of Chu and the previous Battle of Danyang military strength The losses were heavy, Chu State The Qu clan, one of the big families, was even more weakened. The generals were captured and the fiefs were seized. The Qu family Chu State As a result, China's prestige was also depressed.^[15] And these two wars made the Qin state Fully controlled Hanzhong This area is Qin, Chu Bashu Qin De, an important strategic zone between Hanzhong After that, we can strengthen the monitoring of Bashu and further Hanshui Watershed and Yangtze river basin Get through and completely eliminate Chu the Qin state Core area guanzhong region And mastered the threat to Chu military action In Strategic initiative 。 But for Chu Hanzhong , which is almost equivalent to losing the western portal, and the vicious circle of "defeat" in case of Qin begins. Diplomatically, Chu State It turned from a complete power to chaos and speculation. In a sense, it can be said that the final defeat of Chu was caused by Danyang Lantian The two wars began.^[16]^{[32 ]}

Historical evaluation

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Lantian The scale of the battle should not be small, and the Chu army concluded that it was at least more than 300000. Due to the dispersion of troops, the Qin army may have less troops to concentrate than the Chu army. The military strength of the Qin army is estimated to be at least 200000^[11] The end of the battle of Lantian was that the Chu army was defeated, and the Qin war was unfavorable. And at this time, although Han and Wei and other countries the Qin state It was an ally with an ambiguous attitude. It was said that after the war King Qin He once complained that the ROK helped Qin first, and then Qin's teachers were not good Chu State Eyes flickered.^[17] Lantian The series war is the first collision between Qin and Chu. Both sides have miscalculated and suffered huge losses, but this is not the end, but just the beginning. the Qin state There are both losses and gains. At the critical moment, we know how to change the strain, reverse the dangerous mistakes, and see clearly Chu State The strength and wisdom of the King of Chu made it more prudent and steady in the planning and layout.^[4]

Campaign description

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There are two King Huai of Chu in history. The King Huai of Chu in this campaign refers to the former King Huai of Chu Xionghuai He is the late King Huai of Chu Bear heart 's grandfather.^[21]^[23] State of Qin Queen Mother Xuan Mi Bazi (Legend of Mi Yue Mi Yue ）My brother.^[22]

Historical records

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Historical records
Historical Records· Biography of Zhang Yi 》^{[27 ]}	The king of Chu refused to listen. The pawn sent troops and sent the general Qu Beggar to attack Qin. Qin and Qi attacked Chu, beheaded 80000 people and killed Qu Beggars, so they took Danyang and Hanzhong. Chu attacked Qin with more and more troops, and went to Lantian to fight. Chu was defeated, so Chu divided two cities to fight Qin Ping
Historical Records· Chushijia 》^{[27 ]}	(King Huai of Chu) In the spring of the seventeenth year, when he fought with Qin in Danyang, Qin defeated our army, killed 80000 Jiashi, and captured more than 70 people, including Qu Beggar, a senior general of our army, and Feng Houchou, a senior general of our army. So he took the county of Hanzhong. King Huai of Chu was so angry that he learned that the national army attacked Qin again, fought in Lantian, and defeated the Chu army. When Han and Wei heard of Chu's predicament, they attacked Chu from the south and Deng. When Chu heard of it, he led his troops back
Historical Records· Biography of Qu Yuan 》^{[27 ]}	Huai Wang was angry, and Daxing attacked Qin. Qin sent his troops to attack it. He smashed Chu's division in Dan and Xi, beheaded 80000 people, captured Chu's general Qu Beggar, and took the place of Hanzhong in Chu. King Huai learned that he had sent soldiers to attack Qin deeply and fight in Lantian. Wei Wenzhi attacked Chu and Deng. The Chu soldiers feared and returned from Qin. But Qi was so angry that he could not save Chu. Chu was in great trouble
Warring States Policy· The King of Qin called him the Young Master 》^{[28 ]}	In the past, Han served as a middle army to attack Qin with princes. The border between Han Dynasty and Qin Dynasty is not a thousand miles long and cannot be extended. Japan's Qin and Chu fought in Lantian, and Han Churui's division helped Qin. Qin's war was disadvantageous, because he turned to Chu and did not firmly believe in the alliance, the only way was to follow
Warring States Policy· Zhang Yi follows the line for Qin Po 》^{[29 ]}	Chu tasted the difficulties with Qin, and fought in Hanzhong. The Chu people were outnumbered, and more than 70 people passed through the marquis and held the dead, so they died in Hanzhong. The king of Chu was so angry that he set up an army to attack Qin and fought in Lantian. The so-called two tigers fighting with each other
Warring States Policy· Qin took Chu Hanzhong 》^{[30 ]}	Qin took Chu and Han, fought again in Lantian and defeated the Chu army. When Han and Wei heard of Chu's predicament, they attacked Deng from the south and the King of Chu led them back. Later, the Three Kingdoms planned to attack Chu, fearing Qin's rescue, or Xue Gong said, "You can send envoys to tell Chu: 'Now the troops of the Three Kingdoms will go to Chu, and Chu can attack Qin together, although Lantian is rare

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