Spoken Dutch, fromstandard speechThere are many variations in local dialects.Standard language is used in public places, official conversations, documents and university lectures, and spoken language is used at home and with friends and fellow villagers.withAmsterdam、HagueandRotterdamBoundedregional dialect, more than othersDialect areaIts dialect is closer to standard Dutch.
Chinese name
Dutch
Foreign name
Dutch
Language family
"Indo European Germanic West Branch"
Native Language Use
twenty-two million
Region of use
Netherlands, Belgium, Suriname
As an official language
Netherlands, Belgium, Suriname, Aruba, Curacao, Netherlands Saint Martin
The development of Dutch can be divided into three periods:
Ancient Dutch, characterized by no weakening of vowels a, o, i and u.
Middle Dutch.In the Middle Ages, the standard Dutch had not yet formed, but due to the prosperity of business and other historical reasons, the Dutch dialect gradually becamecommon language。The language used is called "Diets" (meaning folk language).Dutch is called Dutch in English, which is from here.
Modern Dutch.At that time, the southern Netherlands wasSpainDuring the occupation, many people from Flanders and Prabang moved to the north, which promoted the prosperity of the north and the rise of big cities.Southernprinting businessWith the northward movement, literature has developed greatly, forming the standard Dutch.Its vowels have gone through the process of diphthong: becoming ui, such as brun becoming brun (brown);I becomes ij, such as rike becomes rijk (rich).
evolution
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NetherlandsLanguage is a collection of five dialect groups: Midwest dialects (including SouthNorth Holland，Utrecht, dialects used in most of Heldland and the islands of Xilan),Northeast dialect（Groningen, Drent, Upper Ethel and eastern Heldland), south central dialects (North Borabant and its surrounding Limburg area, BelgianAntwerp, Borabant and East Flanders), Southwest dialect (West Flanders) and Southeast dialect (most of Limburg in the Netherlands andBelgiumOf the same name).The northeast dialect is usually called Saxon dialect, the southeast dialect is called the eastern lowland Franco dialect, and the other three groups are called the western lowland Franco dialect.DutchFrislandThe language of is usually listed as a separate language: Frisland.
South AfricaOfofficial languageone ofAfrikaAfrikaan is a variant of Dutch, with a considerable number of MalayBantu languagesOfloanAmong them, the ancestors of white South Africans were called Boers, whose name came from the Dutch word boer (farmer).Dutch has more retrolingual sounds than German and Russian. In addition to ch, even g also has retrolingual sounds.
The letters in Dutch are the same as those in English, but the three letters Q, X and Y are not used in DutchWhen statementOnly when there are foreign loan words in it can it appear.(Note: Dutch alphabet and pronunciation)
influence
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Because the Dutch have long been a seafaring people, Dutch has left traces in many languages around the world.Many Dutch navigation words are used by other languages.stayIndonesianYou can also clearly see the Dutch idioms and sentence patterns.English words from Dutch include deck and yacht（yacht），easel（Easel），freight(Shipped goods), full (leave), brandy（Brandy）, cookie (home-madeCookies），cruller(Oila pancake），waffle（Egg milkCake baking), maelstrom (large vortex), issinglass（Fish gelatin）And Santa Claus.New YorkMany place names in the city, such asBrooklyn(Brooklyn), Flushing, Harlem, Staten Island and Browery remind people that these places are the old places of Holland.
grammar
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Dutch has 13 vowels and 19 consonants.Word stressUsually falls on the first syllable, Dutch is between English and German, and it is closer to English than any other language.The case of Dutch nouns disappears,Grammatical formIt's simpler than German, a lotSuffixFolding and falling off.Verbs have three moods: direct statement, imperative and subjunctive;yespast participleandPresent participle。There are three kinds of pronouns.Nouns are singular and plural.The concept of even numbers no longer exists.
Dutch spelling is simpler and more regular than English.
letter
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
pronunciation
ah
bay
say
day
ay
eff
HGay
letter
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
pronunciation
hah
ee
yay
kah
ell
emm
enn
letter
O
P
Q
R
S
T
-
pronunciation
oh
pay
kEE
air
ess
tay
-
letter
U
V
W
X
IJ
X
Z
pronunciation
EE
fay
vay
iks
-
ee-HGrek
zett
consonant
(1) In Dutch, s, f, h, b, d, z, l, m, n and ng (the same as ng in sing) are pronounced withAmerican EnglishSame.
(2) The pronunciation of p, t and k is similar to American English, but they do not breathe out when pronouncing.You can try to control the mouth type and read the words without exhaling“put”
Example: pen
(3) Ch has only one sound, which is similar to h in American English and ch in German, but the air flow rubs at the back of the mouth.
Example: lach
(4) Sch is a combination of s and ch.
Example: schip (ship)
(5) The pronunciation of g is basically the same as that of ch.
Example: gek (crazy)
(6) When w is before r, it is pronounced the same as v in American English.In other cases, the pronunciation is between v and w in American English.
Example: Wit (white)
(7) The pronunciation of v is similar to that of f in American English, especially when it is at the beginning of a word.
Example: vet (obesity)
(8) The pronunciation of r is based on the pronunciation of r in American English, with the tongue slightly touching the upper part of the front of the mouth and the tongue shaking when pronouncing.
Example: raam (window)
(9) The pronunciation of j is the same as that of y in American English;Sj sounds similar to sh in american english;Tj sounds similar to ch in american english.
Example: jas (coat);Sjaal (scarf);Tja
vowel
1. Some vowels have more than one letter but only one sound.
(1) Aa/a is similar to the short sound of a in American English, but the sound is longer.Example: taal (language)
(2) The long sound pronunciation of ee/e is similar to that of American English a, and the mouth shape is similar to that of smile.Example: gek (crazy)
(3) The short sound of ie is similar to that of e in American English, but the sound is shorter.Example: niet
(4) Oo/o is similar to the long sound of o in American English, but the sound is shorter and the mouth is rounder.Example: zoo (son)
(5) Oe and american englishPostvowel/U/Sounds very similar, but shorter.Example: boek
(6) Eu cannot find very similar pronunciation in english.It is close to that in the American English letter combination er, ir, or, ur, earretroflex soundThe pronunciation of vowels in front of r should be tighter and rounder.Example: neus (nose)
(7) Uu/u can't find very similar pronunciation in English.close toEnglish wordsIn rootVowel pronunciation, the mouth should be tighter, and the tongue should touch the gums slightly when pronouncing.Example: muur (wall)
2. Some single letter vowels are similar to the above two letter vowels, but the pronunciation is always relatively short.
(1) A is similar to American English post vowel/a/but shorter.Example: man
(2) E is similar to the short sound of e in American English, but the sound is shorter.Example: vet (fat)
(3) I is similar to the short sound of american english i, but the sound is shorter.Example: wit (white)
(4) O is similar to the short sound of "o" in American English, but the sound is shorter and the mouth is more rounded.Example: rot (corruption)
(5) U The vowels in the American English alphabet combination er, ir, or, ur, ear in front of the retroflex sound are similar, but the pronunciation is very short.Example: put (well)
3. The following isDiphthongOr pronunciation is composed of two vowels.
(1) Ei/ij cannot find a very similar vowel in English, but between the long sound of a and the long sound of i in American English.Example: klein (small)
(2) The pronunciation of aai is a combination of aa and ie in Dutch.Example: saai (monotonic)
(3) The pronunciation of oei is a combination of oe and ie in Dutch.E.g. doei (goodbye)
(4) The pronunciation of ooi is a combination of oo and ie in Dutch.Example: mooi (beautiful)
(5) Ou/au is similar to the diphthong/aU/in American English, but the pronunciation of the first vowel should be more like o. Example: jou (you)
(6) The pronunciation of eeuw is a combination of ee and oe sounds in Dutch.Example: eeuw (century)
(7) The pronunciation of ieuw is a combination of ie and oe in Dutch.Example: nieuw (new)
(8) The pronunciation of uw is a combination of uu and oe in Dutch.Example: sluw (sly)
(9) The sound of ui is similar to that of American English diphthong/aU/, but the mouth is more rounded, and the tip of the tongue is slightly below the gums.Example: huis (house)
3. There are also some vowels in Dutch, which are short and light in some words, like American EnglishFestival of the Dead Spirits/The pronunciation of ə/is the same.
(1) E Example: de (the same as the English)
Dutch
(2) Ee example: een (one)
(3) I case: twintig (twenty)
(4) Ij example: vriendelijk (friendly)
Rules of Dutch pronunciation
120 sentences in Dutch
Consonant: b d f ∨ ɦ j k l m n ŋ pr s v ʋ x z
Other consonants: c g 607ɲ 657ʔ
Emphasis: ˈ (U+02C8)/ˌ (U+02CC)
Other representatives: ə n
Vowel: ɛ ɪ ɔ ʏ
Free Vowels: a ː e ː i o ː y ø ː u ɛ i ̯ y œ y ̯ y ʌ u ̯ or i ̯ i ̯ i ̯ u ̯ ui ̯ a ː i ̯ e ̯ o ̯ i ̯
There are three articles in Dutch, twoDefinite articleDe and het, oneIndefinite articleeen。Since nouns in Dutch are also yin and yang neutral, and this part of speech is reflected by the preceding article, welearn Dutch You need to memorize the preceding article and the following noun together to make it a complete and correct word.Fortunately, in Dutch, no matter whether the noun is feminine or masculine, de is added before it, while all neutral nouns are added with het.
In addition, there are two points that need special attention:
First, after all nouns are plural, their articles use de;
Second, ALL SINGULAR DIMINUT Ⅳ ESAREHET-WORDS: altitude ` tafel '(table) isade word (decafel),the diminutive is`hettafeltje',etc.
(This rule is not very clear and needs to be understood in the future. Does it mean that the article of all singular nouns with suffix should use het, while the first principle should be followed when the suffix nouns become plural)
The use of the indefinite article een is basically the same as that of a in English, and there is no other form.
verb
1、 Basic Law of Weak Change Verbs
The verb werken (to work) can be used as the representative of weak change verbsVariable latticeItsStemmingWerk does not change.
Dutch is often usedpresent perfectIt can be translated into the present perfect tense or the past tense.For example: Ik heb haar gezien
2、 Behavior and State vszijn and hebben
1. Verbs indicating action or state, such as "komen" (come), "gaan" (go), "worden" (become),Gebeiren "(occurrence)," zijn "(yes), etc., and other verbs such as" fietsen "," zwemmen "(swimming)," rijden "(driving)," vertrekken "(leaving)," lopen "(walking), etc. If they express the action of reaching a certain destination," zijn "is used as an auxiliary verb.
2. When it is difficult to distinguish, remember to use hebben for behavior and zijn for status.At this time, the status includes: action to a goal or change of status.3. Some verbs canShow behavior, or state, such as lopen, rijden, and fietsen. If the destination has been specified and a behavior is required to reach the destination, use zijn.See:
Zij heeft langzaam gelopen. She walked slowly.(Behavior)
