Fu JianMagnanimousRose pose，be a brilliant man of wide learning。Emperor ShiDuring the 12th Five Year Plan period, Fu Jian succeeded his father as the King of the East China Sea.ShouguangIn 357, Fu Jian and King QingheFufamassacre in a raidFu Sheng, established himself as the King of the Qin Dynasty.After he ascended the throne, he began to abolish tyranny and advocated that Li Yuan should be pacified and the barbarians should be reconciled;reusingWang Meng、Power wing、Deng QiangAnd other Han scholars to restrain the power and strengthen the royal power;Encourage farming, teach people to build Guanzhong water conservancy by planting in different regions, so as to increase financial income, ease class contradictions and internal contradictions of the ruling group;Advocate Confucianism, set up education, take the successor of the political tradition and cultural tradition of the Han nationality as self appointed, and actively promote the governance of sages and sages;The policy of obedience and amnesty is applied to all ethnic groups, and the preferential policy is basically adopted by ethnic minority nobles who submit or surrender.More than ten years later, the people in the former Qin Dynasty were happy, and the scene of Chengping appeared in the north.After the sixth year of Jianyuan (370), Fu Jian was eliminated in successionQianyan、Qiegu Chi State、Precooling、On behalf of the state, taking Liang and Yizhou of Eastern Jin Dynasty as examplesLvguangTo conquer the Western Regions and end the long-term division in the north.After unifying the north, Fu Jian relied on the strength of millions of soldiers to fight like a mountain, and wanted to perishEastern Jin DynastyAnd realize the ambition of mixing and combining.In the 19th year of Jianyuan (383), the pro unification army made a southern expedition and lost its halberdBattle of Feishui, the country is in great decline, the leader of the Hu nationalityMurong Chui、Yao Chang、Qi Fu GuorenSuccessive self-reliance.[38]
establish the first month of the calendar year or of a new eraIn the 21st year (385), Fu Jian ran away to the Five General Mountain and was led by the later Qin generalsWu ZhongCaptured and placed under house arrest in Xinping.Yao ChangHe forced him to hand over the imperial seal. Fu Jianyan said that he had sent it to the State of Jin and vowed to die to prevent it from falling into the hands of Qiang people. He was hanged by Yao Chang and died in Xinping Buddhist Temple at the age of 48.The posthumous title is Emperor Xuanzhao, and the temple name is Shizu.
Full Name
Fu Jian
Alias
Qin Shizu、Emperor Xuanzhao of Qin Dynasty、Emperor Qin Wenzhao、Qin Heroic Heavenly King、Fu Wenyu、Fu Yonggu、Fu Family God、Fu Jiantou、Fu Lang[270]
Kill tyrants, unify the north, occupy Bashu, recover the Western Regions, build Taixue, build water conservancy, and promoteAreal method. Implement sinicization, carry forward Confucian classics, and abolishHu Han divide. Initiate the system of disbanding tribes[54]
In office time
Ascended the throne in July 357 (28 years in power)
Fu Jian has Yonggu, Wenyu and Jiantou as his nickname.Pre QinEmperor WenhuanFu XiongSon of the former Emperor Huiwu of Qin DynastyFu HongSun of the former Emperor Jingming of the Qin DynastyFu JianMy nephew, his ancestral home is Linwei County, Lueyang County, but Fu Jian was born inYechengGrow up.Fu Shi isYouhu FamilyLater generations, their ancestors have been leaders of the Di nationality for generations.stayHou ZhaoemperorStone tigerWhen attacking Guanzhong,Fu HongThe Fu family migrated to Linzhang, Hebei Province today.Hou Fu Hong defected to the Eastern Jin Dynasty and was appointed as the general of the Northern Expedition. He soon claimed to beThe Third King of Qin。After Fu Hong died, his son Fu Jian entered Guanzhong in 350 AD, became emperor the next year, and established the capitalChang'an。Fu Jian's FatherFu XiongHe was named Prime Minister and King of the East China Sea because he helped his elder brother to start his own business.[20]
It is said that Fujian has a noble character. There is a prophecy behind the legend: "Cao Fu is a minister and the king of Xianyang". "Cao Fu" is "Fu";"Chen Youtu" is the traditional "Jian", that is to say, he will become a king in Xianyang in the future. This prophecy was regarded by superstitious ancients as a very lucky thing, so he was named "Fujian".Maybe it was the words in the prophecy that came true. Fu Jian was very clever from a young age and knew how to help his friends around when he was seven years old.8、 At the age of nine, he talked and acted like an adult, so he was greatly influenced by his grandfatherFu HongYour favorite.
There was a man namedXu TongHe was very good at looking at faces. One day on the road, he saw the young Fu Jian's unusual appearance. He took his hand and said, "This is the street where the emperor patrols. You are not afraid to play hereSili XiaoweiWill you be tied up? "Fu Jian replied, "The captain of Sili School only binds the guilty people, not the children who play." Xu Tong said to his entourage, "This child looks like a tyrant." Later, when the two met again, Xu Tong said to Fu Jian, "Your face is unusual, and you will be very expensive in the future." Fu Jian said solemnly, "If there is one day, I will never forget your kindness." Later,Fu Jian KillsFu ShengSuccession to the throne did not forget Xu Tong's kindness and promoted his youngest sonXu PanFor Langya Prefecture Chief.[21]
When Fu Jian was eight years old, one day, he suddenly told his grandfatherFu HongMake a request for a tutor.Fuhong looked at his grandson in surprise and said, "We've never known anything but drinking and eating meat. Now you want to study. That's great." So he readily agreed.[22]The next day the tutor was invited.Fu Jian studies very hard and devotes himself to studying the classics. With the continuous growth of his knowledge, he has established himselfManaging the worldHelp the peopleWith the ambition of unifying the world, he made friends with many heroes of the time and soon became an outstanding person with high reputation in both the government and the public.
The coup ascended the throne
354（Emperor ShiFour years),Fu XiongFu Jian, the son of Donghai King, inherited his father when he died.Additionally awardedGeneral Long Xiang，Fu JianMoreFu HongHe was once awarded this number in Hou Zhao to encourage Fu Jian[23]Fu Jian then hit his horse with his sword and wasFu JianMoved and inspired by his words, the soldiers were also convinced by this.At that timeYongjia RebellionandStone tiger、Ran MinIn the chaos, the contradictions between various ethnic groups are becoming increasingly serious. The expedition of the northern countries has led to the destruction of the land of China. Fu Jian has made up his mind since he was young to "mix six together into one family and regard the barbarians as the only sons"[16], vowing to eliminate the hatred of all ethnic groups, so that people, whether Han or Hu, can live a happy life.Fu Jian is erudite and versatile. He is more ambitious and makes friends with heroes and righteous people.[24]
In 355 AD (the fifth year of the Emperor's reign),Fu JianDeath from illness, princeFu ShengInherit the throne.Fu Sheng is a rare tyrant in the world. He regards killing as a child's play.When receiving ministers, they let their servants string their arrows, and put knives out of sheaths, iron tongs, hacksaws, etc. in front of them.If anyone disagrees, he will kill them immediately.If any minister has a suggestion, it will be regarded as slander and killed;If someone says flattery, it is regarded as flattery and killed.Therefore, everyone in the court is in danger.
356（ShouguangTwo years ago), Fu Sheng, the former emperor of Qin Dynasty, heard thatZhang ZuoWas killed,PrecoolingNew MasterZhang XuanliangYoung.So he sentYan negative、Liang ShuCool before going on an envoy, cool before powerful officialsZhang GuanWhen asked about the talents of the ancestors of the former Qin Dynasty, Yan Dai and Liang Shu praised Wang Fujian and King Qinghe of the East China SeaFufa, King of JinFu LiuGuangping WangFu Huang Mei, Xixian CountyFuya, Xinxing WangFufei, King WuduFu AnAnd so on.[239]
357（ShouguangThree years),Yao XiangPlan for Guanzhong, connect Qiang people in the territory of the former Qin Dynasty, Fujian andFu Huang Mei、Deng QiangThey led the troops to resist, and finally Deng Qiang succeeded in luring Yao Xiang to attack. Fu Huangmei led the main force to defeat Yao Xiang, captured and killed Yao Xiang, and forced Yao XiangdiYao ChangHe led his troops back to the former Qin Dynasty.However, the former Qin emperorFu ShengThe rewards and punishments are improper and cruel. Fu Huangmei and others conspired against each other because they were not rewarded for their great achievements and were insulted instead.Although Fu Huang Mei failed in his attempt to oppose, Fu Jian was very famous at that timeYao Xiang's old generalXue ZanandPower wingI also appreciated Fu Jian's talent, and said privately to Fu Jian: "Now the Lord is cruel and tyrannical, making the people of the whole country dispersed. As the saying goes, those who have virtue will prosper, and those who have no virtue will perish. The magic tools are important. Don't let the regime fall into the hands of people with other names. I hope your highness will make plans as soon as possibleShang Tang、King Wu of ZhouTo comply with the will of God and the people. "Strong barking、Liang PinglaoThey also advised Fu Jian to replace it.
Fu Jian felt that he was not strong enough, so he did not dare to do it easily, but planned in the dark.Maybe Fu Sheng also heard the wind and said to the maid beside him at night:“FufaBrother Fu Jian and I can't trust them anymore. I will kill them tomorrow. "The maid and other Fu students reported to Fu Jian secretly after they fell asleep.Only then did the brothers of Fu Jian have to take immediate action to summon their own soldiers and rush into Fusheng's palace in two ways, taking the drunken Fusheng to another room for confinement, and abolishing him as the King of Yue, known as the change of Yunlong Gate in history.After Fu Jian abolished Fu Sheng, he gave the throne to Fu Fa, a common brother. However, Fu Fa dared not accept the title because he was a common man. Fu Jian ascended the throne under the advice of his officials, and Fu Jian surrendered the title of emperor to be the King of Heaven, called the Emperor of the Qin Dynasty. He changed his name to Yongxing, and implemented amnesty.Send an envoy to killFu ShengThe posthumous title was Li.
When Fu Jian ascended the throne, the pre Qin society was in chaos.Guanzhong was originally an area where various ethnic groups lived together, and ethnic hatred kept rising one after another.The former Qin Dynasty was founded in the war, and its legal system was not perfect.Fu Sheng also implemented brutal rule, and flood and drought disasters have occurred, resulting in thousands of miles of strong Qinchuan, and the people suffer unspeakably.
When Fu Jian was the king of the East China Sea, he felt sorry for the current malpractice that harmed the country and the people. Therefore, after he ascended the throne, he was determined to create a clean and bright political situation, rectify the administration of officials, punish lawless and powerful people, quell civil unrest, and implement the policy of recuperating with the people.He was fully aware of the principle that there was no big or small government, and people were the foundation. So he recruited talents extensively, and first of all, he started with the adjustment of the top leadership, and decisively executed the courtiers who helped Fu Sheng to do evilDong Rong、Zhao ShaoAfter waiting for more than 20 people, Fu Jian recoveredFu ShengUnjustly killedLei Wei'er、Yuzun、Gross expensiveness、Wang Rang、Beam ridge、Liang An、XinlaoAnd treat their descendants with kindness.[26]
A group of shrewd and honest Han scholars were promoted to participate in the government, and the most influential ones were those from poor familiesWang Meng。They also trimmed some official posts that did not match the name and reality, restored the extinct religious rites, worshipped gods, encouraged agriculture, set up schools, and supportedWidowLoneliness and old people without dependents.It also praises and praises some people with special talents, filial piety, loyalty and virtue.Later Fu Jian ordered all local officials to select talents with filial piety, honesty, literature and political affairs. If they were really talents, they would be rewarded, otherwise they would be punished;In addition, Fu Jian did not give preferential treatment to the imperial family. Even the people in the imperial family would be abandoned if they had no talent, so the domestic officials were very competent at that time.By reclaiming farmland, the warehouses of the former Qin Dynasty were enriched, and the people were fed and clothed, which reduced the number of thieves.
Fu Jian also ordered people to rest and pacify the warlords who rebelled in Bingzhou in the next year (358 AD)Zhang PingLater, he ordered to stop fighting until 365 A.DLiu WeichenandCao HuThere were no major military operations before the uprising.In response to the autumn drought, Fu Jian ordered to cut down on meals and stop playing music, distribute valuable items such as gold, jade and brocade to the soldiers, and ordered the Imperial Palace to save clothes.Fu Jian has developed mountains and rivers, and the resources obtained are not limited to officials and dignitaries, but also can be used by civilians.
364 A.D（MannoseIn the sixth year, Fu Jian ordered the principalities to set up their own lieutenants, farmers and other officials. However, the people took the rich merchants Zhao Duo, Concubine Ding and others as princes, and recruited them as second ministers.Fu Jian then ordered rich businessmen to be demoted to marquis, and ordered that those without titles or official positions should not ride horses within a hundred miles of the capital, and businesses, slaves and women should not wear gold and silver, and those who violated the order should be executed.
Appoint Wang Meng
Fu Jian and Wang Meng[281]
On the other hand, Fu Jian put Han people in high positionWang Meng。When Wang Meng was a teenager, his family was as poor as a church mouse. In order to make a living, he sold dustpans when he was young.But others are ambitious, rigorous and knowledgeable.Eastern Jin DynastyHuanwenWang Meng believed that the Eastern Jin Dynasty had become corrupt, so he refused.Later classicsLvpo TowerI recommended Fujian.The two felt like old friends at first sight, so Fujian left Wang Meng beside him, and worshipped Wang Meng as the secretary of secondary school after he ascended the throne.At that time, Shiping County, the northwest portal of the capital, was full of heroic forces, and the people complained bitterly.Fu Jian sent Wang Meng to governShiping County。Wang Meng enforced the law strictly and resolutely, and killed a wicked official in public as soon as he arrived.This led to the gang of traitorous officials jointly appealing to the law and colluding with the law enforcement officer to arrest Wang Meng and escort him to Chang'an prison.
Fu Jian was shocked when he heard this and went to the prison to see and questionWang Meng"When officials and politicians put benevolence, righteousness and morality first, how can they kill people when they take office?" Wang Meng said calmly: "We should use etiquette to govern a stable country, and use the law to govern a troubled world. I am dedicated to your majesty's eradication of violent and lawless people. Now I have just killed one traitor, and there are thousands of traitors disturbing social order;If your majesty thinks that I cannot eliminate traitors and stabilize social order, I am willing to be punished;If I am too cruel, I dare not accept it. "Fu Jian was very happy when he heard this and decided that Wang Meng was a talent for governing troubled times.Then he said to the minister of civil and military affairs present, "Wang Meng is reallyGuan Zhong、OffspringA class of people! "So he pardoned Wang Meng immediately and trusted him more.
Wang Meng was promoted by Fu Jian one after another as a poor scholar.Some elders and dignitaries are very unconvinced and jealous.Gu Zang MarquisFan ShiHe is the grand commander of Di nationality who joined Guanzhong with Fu Hong.He was proud of his achievements and insulted Wang Meng in public, saying, "We worked hard with the former emperor to build a great cause. You have no hard work. How can you enjoy it?" Wang Meng replied, "It's cheap for you to let you farm. I want you to be a butcher and cook for me to enjoy."Fan Shi was furious and said, "Let's see, if you don't cut off your head and hang it on the gate of Chang'an, I will not live in the world." Fu Jian said, "If you let Fan Shi's people be arrogant and don't kill them, the court will not be able to clean up." After that, Fan Shi entered the palace and quarreled with Wang Meng on the spot.Fan Shi shouted abuse and raised his fist to hit Wang Meng. He was pulled to the left and right.Fujian saw that Fan Shi was so arrogant, and immediately ordered him to be pulled out and beheaded.
Fan ShiBeing killed caused a great stir among the powerful Di people.They came to Fujian one after another to slander Wang Meng.Fu Jian was very angry. In addition to scolding, he raised his whip to beat them up, which calmed the storm.However, there are still some dignitaries of the Di ethnic group who act recklessly relying on their relatives and relatives. One of them is their strong virtue.He relied on himself to be the younger brother of Empress Dowager Mingde. He drank heavily and committed crimes.Wang MengAs I had heard before, one day I saw him fooling around in the street again. Wang Meng immediately decided to arrest Qiang De, behead him in public and lay his body on the street.Later, he and the Imperial Historian ZhongchengDeng QiangWe worked together to comprehensively investigate and deal with the dignitaries who disturbed the people and the government, and killed more than 20 lawless noble and powerful people in succession.As a result, hundreds of officials inside and outside the capital were shocked, and all the powerful and noble people were honest and law-abiding.The social atmosphere has greatly improved, and there is a good order that we can not pick up any leftovers on the road and stay indoors at night. The people applaud each other.Fu Jian sees it in his eyes and is happy in his heart.He said with deep feeling: "Now I know the benefits of legal system in the world."
make the country rich and its military force efficient
along withthe local administration of civil officialsThe rectification and wanton behavior of the Communist Party of China have eliminated corruption, such as corruption and bribery, and social conduct and public order have improved greatly.Fu Jian started againrule of liConstruction is to set up schools to run education, improve the cultural quality of the people, and cultivate talents for governing the country.He learned Han culture from an early age and admired Confucian classics. In order to reverse the backward concept of Hu people's superstition of force and contempt for cultural knowledge, he actively restored the Imperial College and local schools at all levels, built academic palaces, recruited knowledgeable scholars to teach, and forced descendants below Gongqing to attend school.Fu Jian goes to Imperial College once a month to examine the classics of all students, evaluate their merits and encourage them to study hard.
Fu Jian also personally selects students who are excellent in both academic and moral character to serve in the power organs at all levels.At the same time, it is stipulated that officials with salaries of more than 100 stone must "learn from the classics before they can become an expert".If you don't know how to pass the exam, you will be dismissed from office and serve the people.Due to Fu Jian's strong advocacy and the combination with the selection and appointment of officials, the former Qin Dynasty soon saw the trend of encouraging industry and competing for learning, cultivating integrity and knowing shame.It not only cultivates the reserve team of bureaucrats, improves the cultural quality of the ruling class, but also promotes cultural exchanges among ethnic groups.
After Fu Jian ascended the throne, the economic situation of the former Qin Dynasty was also extremely difficult.Due to the incessant war and natural disasters, the national treasury was exhausted and the people were destitute.In order to quickly reverse the depression situation, Fu Jian decided toRetreat your armour and surrender your troopsVigorously develop production.
In 358 AD, the vast area of the former Qin Dynasty suffered a severe drought, in order to tide over difficulties with the people.Fu Jian ordered that his meals be reduced and that Ge Le be abolished. The palace maids below the imperial concubines in the harem changed their clothes.No longer wear silk.Civil and military officials also reduced their salaries accordingly to show their solidarity with the people.At the same time, it also instructed the development of mineral forests on the mountains, lifted the ban on fishing in rivers and lakes, and shared it with the country and the people.Cease all military operations and allow the people to recuperate.Due to the effective measures taken to rehabilitate Jian, despite the severe drought, there was no major famine disaster.
In order to solve the problem of little rain and drought in Guanzhong, Fujian ordered the government to transfer 30000 rich and powerful child servants to develop the upstream of the river, dig mountains and levees, dredge ditches, and irrigate terraced fields and saline alkali lands, so that the fields that have been deserted for many years grow grain again, and the people are deeply benefited.Fu Jian also works in person, his wifeQueen GouAlso go to the suburbs to raise silkworms[28]To encourage farmers to actively engage in agricultural production and silk weaving.Fu Jian sent envoys to various places for inspection many times to comfort the elderly.Encourage farmers to teach mulberry, promote advanced production technology, and reward farmers who work hard.Later, the former Qin Dynasty suffered another severe drought. Fu Jian, considering the poor harvest of farmers, ordered to reduce or exempt some taxes, save government expenditure, and appropriately reduce official salaries, and stipulated that corvee should not be levied if it was not an urgent matter.Because Fujian took the development of agriculture as the basic national policy, the economy of the former Qin Dynasty recovered very quickly. A few years later, a new atmosphere of stability, peace, and family support emerged.According to historical records, from Chang'an to all the states, there were corridor post pavilions built, which were very convenient for tourists and traders to get them along the way.The common people have a song that says: "Chang'an Avenue is verdant with Yang Huai; you can get off the galloping car and sit on the phoenix; the talents gather to teach our people."
The Five Officials' Rebellion
361（MannoseThree years) first month,Liu WeichenMore than 50 people from the border were kidnapped as slaves and intended to be presented to Fu Jian, the former King of Qin. Fu Jian scolded Liu Weichen when he learned about this and asked him to return the captured people.Liu Weichen betrayed the former Qin Dynasty and became attached toOn behalf of the state。[193]
In 364 AD (the sixth year of Ganlu), Duke RunanFu TengWhen he was killed in rebellionWang MengwithFu ShengThere are still several younger brothers. It is suggested that Fu Jian remove five people, or he will eventually suffer. However, Fu Jian does not listen.To the next year, due toLiu WeichenandCao HuFu Jian personally led the army to fight against the rebellion ofShuofangTo caress the Hu.It was the time of General Zheng BeiFu YouTake the opportunity to lead the attackFuhongWang MengjiLi WeiChang'an, the capital city left behind, calmed down the chaos only because Li Wei led his troops to kill Fuyou.
When Fuyou started the incident, he also secretly linked with the general of East Expedition, Bingzhou Mu, and the Duke of JinFu LiuAs well as the great general of the west expedition, the governor of Qinzhou, and Zhao GongFu ShuangBut Fu Jian took them as his unclesFu JianAizi and his own mother and brother will not plead guilty and will not disclose the matter.However, the two men were in harmony with Wei Gong, then the general of Zhendong and the governor of LuozhouCallingGeneral Anxi and Yan Gong, the governor of YongzhouFuwuConspire to make trouble.Fujian learned that he called four people to Chang'an, but in October of 367 AD (the third year of Jianyuan), the four people rebelled against each other under the rule of the state. Fujian tried to persuade them to quit the army, promised that everything would remain the same and would not be investigated, andGnawing pearAs keepsake[29]But none of them wavered.In the first month of the next year, Fu Jian officially sent troops to fight against the rebellionYang Chengshi、Mao Song、Deng Qiang、Wang Meng、Zhang HoThey sent troops in different ways to attack four places respectively.But at that time, Yang Chengshi and Mao Song were defeated by the rebels of Fu Shuang and Fu Wu respectively, forcing Fu Jian to returnWang Jian、LvguangWait and lead the troops to attack again.Finally, Wang Jian, Lv Guang, Wang Meng and others defeated and killed Sigong successively, which made the chaos successfully pacified that year.While Fujian attacksCallingFu Liao took the initiative to offer the state to govern Shaanxi City and surrender to Qianyan, and invited soldiers to meet him.This move shocked the former Qin Dynasty and forced Fu Jian to send a large army to Huayin for defenseMurong CommentsOnly by refusing to meet and descend can we avoid a greater crisis.[25]
Unify the North
Attack and destroy the former swallow
Fu Jian heardQianyanministerMurong KeWhen he died, he secretly had a plan to destroy Qian Yan. He wanted to see if it was feasible, so he orderedCao HuGo to pay tribute to Qianyan, and take Xirong's master book, Feng YirenGuo BianAs the deputy, he spies on the truth.At that time, Yan SikongHuangfuzhenBrother Huangfudian and nephewHuangfufen、Huangfu Fu FuAll inPre QinThe Imperial Court is an official, and Huangfudian is a regular cavalry attendant.Guo BianarriveQianyanIn the capital, visit the ministers one by oneHuangfuzhenHe said, "I was from Qin in Guanzhong, and my family was killed by Fujian, so I trusted my life to King Cao, and your brother always served Huangfu Dian andHuangfufen、Huangfu Fu FuAll my brothers and I have known each other for a long time. "HuangfuzhenAngrily, he said, "Your lieutenant has no contact with foreign countries. Why do you tell me that? You seem to be a treacherous person. Is it possible to pretend that you are doing so?"HuangfuzhenTell itQianyanemperorMurong Wei, Request Disposal, Tai FuMurong CommentsI don't agree. Let's call it a day.Guo BianReturn safelyPre QinHe immediately said to Emperor Xuanzhao, Fu Jian, "There is no discipline in the Yan Dynasty, and it is really possible to plotHuangfuzhenHe is a sensible person. "Fu Jian said, "How can Huangfuzhen be the only intelligent person among the people in six states of Yan? Huangfuzhen is also a native of Qin, but Yan uses him, so we know there are many gentlemen in Guanxi."QianyanThe idea of.[283-284]
369（establish the first month of the calendar year or of a new eraFive years), the former King of WuMurong ChuiDefeating the Eastern Jin DynastyHuanwenAfter the Northern Expedition, they were pushed aside by Murong Ping, so they fled to Qin.Fu Jian had planned to annex Qian Yan when he learned about Murong Ke's death two years ago, and sent envoys to Qian Yan to investigate the truth. However, Fu Jian was afraid to send troops because of Murong Tui's reputation.[30]Now Murong Chui has come, Fu Jian is very happy, and personally goes out to the suburbs to meet him, and treats him with great courtesy. He is also the champion general, the Bintu Marquis, and Murong Kai is the general who gathers crossbows.[31]
In December of the same year, Fu Jian had violated Yan's promise to invite soldiers that day and refused to give upTiger dungeonOn the pretext of giving the western land to the former Qin Dynasty, the army sent troops to Qianyan, led by Wang Meng, Liang Cheng and Deng Qiang, attacked Luoyang and captured it at the beginning of the next year.In June, Fu Jian ordered Wang Meng and others to send troops to Qianyan and saw him off personally.Wang Meng、Deng QiangFinally defeated the former Yan Taifu who led more than 300000 troops in LuchuanMurong CommentsAnd take advantage of the victory to reach the former capital of YanYechengWhen Wang Meng besieged Yecheng, Fu Jian led his army to Yecheng to assist in the battle.After winning Yecheng, the former Yan Emperor is leaving for LiaodongMurong WeiCaptured alive by the pursuers of the former Qin Dynasty, the remaining resistance forces of the former Yan in Liaodong were also destroyed, and the former Qin Dynasty was formally annexedQianyan。
On the other hand, in 369 AD (the fifth year of Jianyuan), the generals of the Eastern Jin DynastyYuan ZhenstayHuanwenAfter the failure of the Northern Expedition, Huan Wen charged him with the crime of losing the war, and he rebelled according to Shouchun, connecting the former Yan and the former Qin.[32]
Yuan Zhen died soon, but his sonYuan JinStill stick to Shouchun, and continue to ask Fu Jian for help after the death of Qian Yan.Fu Jian then sent Wang Jian and Zhang Ho to rescue in 371 AD, but Huanwen sent generals who besieged the cityHuanyibeatWang JianThey forced him to retreat to Shencheng, and soon Shouchun was captured by the Jin army.
Send troops to the west
Annexation in the former Qin DynastyQianyanIn the same year when he took over the territory of the former Yan Dynasty, Yang Shi, the Duke of Qiu Chi, who was nominally subordinate to the former Qin Dynasty, died. His son Yang Zai was only ordered by the Eastern Jin Dynasty after taking over the throne, and broke off the relationship between his subjects and those of the former Qin Dynasty. Fu Jian sent troops to attack Qiu Chi the next year (371 years).Uncle Yang Jue at that timeYang TongPositive andYang JuanWhen Yang Liang, the governor of Liangzhou in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, knew that the former Qin Dynasty had attacked, he also sentGuo BaoThey led the troops to assist Yang Zao. However, Yang Zao's army was defeated in the end. When Qiu Chi's troops were in the city and Yang Tong led his troops to surrender to the Qin Dynasty, Yang Zao had to surrender.Later, the former Qin ordered Yang An, the general who was involved in the attack on Qiu Chi, to guard Qiu Chi,Qiegu Chi StateSo far it has perished.At that time, Fujian intended to establish his prestige in Hexi to show his virtue to the people, so he released the captured Qianliang general Yin Ju and his 5000 soldiers. Zhang Tianxi, the emperor of Qianliang, was very afraid when he learned that Qianjiuchi State had been attacked and destroyed by Fuya, the famous general of the former Qin Dynasty. So far, he was forced to subjugate the former Qin Dynasty.TuyuhunmonarchTo shred ridiculeHe also left envoys to pay tribute to the former Qin Dynasty because of the demise of Qianqiu Pool, and Fujian also granted him an official title.In addition, Fu Jian sent troops to attack the leader of Xianbei in LongxiQifu ShifanFujian left Qifusi Fan in Chang'an, only his uncleTo beg for mercyUnify the masses.
373（establish the first month of the calendar year or of a new eraNine years), governor of Liangzhou in the Eastern Jin DynastyYang LiangPiqiziYang GuangAttack Chou Chi.But Yang Guang was defeated by Qiu Chi's garrison generalYang AnThe former garrisons stationed in Jushui to guard against the Qin Dynasty abandoned the garrison and fled in disorder, forcing Yang Liang to retreat to Qing Dynasty.Yang An, the great general of the former Qin Dynasty, took the opportunity to attack the Eastern Jin Dynasty and Hanchuan.Soon, Fu Jian ordered Yizhou Governor Wang to attack Hanchuan,MaodangThey attacked Jianmen and attacked Liang and Yizhou in Eastern Jin Dynasty.Yang Liang's rate in QingguBa LiaoResist but fail, and have to surrender to Xicheng, as a resultHanzhong、Sword Pavilion、ZitongAnd other places successively fell.Governor of Yizhou in the Eastern Jin DynastyZhou ZhongsunIn Mianzhu, we have to resist the invasionZhu 肜Mao Dang on the other side had already rushed to Chengdu, the seat of Yizhou, and Zhou Zhongsun fled to Nanzhong, so the former Qin Dynasty captured Yizhou and Liangzhou.
The next year, Yizhou rebelled, and the Shu peopleZhang Yu、Yang GuangThe army revolted against the former Qin Dynasty and became vassals to the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Zhang Chong, Yin Wan, the commander of the Ba Liao chieftain, also participated. Fu Jian orderedDeng Qiang、Yang AnRepression in Sichuan;At the same time, the governor of Yizhou in the Eastern Jin DynastyZhu YaoAnd General WeiyuanHuan ShiqianHe was ordered to enter Sichuan and lead the army to attack Dianjiang.At that time, Zhang Yu and others besieged Chengdu, but during this period, they fought for power and were defeated by Deng Qiang and others, and the rebellion was pacified.Although Zhu Yao and Huan Shiqian defeated the governor of Ningzhou in DianjiangYao ChangHowever, the war could not be expanded, so it had to be returned to Badong County, where the former Qin Dynasty had always firmly defended Shu.
In 376 AD (the 12th year of Jianyuan), Fu JianZhang Tianxi"Although it was said that the vassal was in power, but the officials were not pure" was the reason why 130 thousand troops were sent to attack.Fujian School at that timeYan negativeandLiang ShuEnvoyPrecoolingZhang Tianxi was summoned to Chang'an. However, Zhang Tianxi was unwilling to surrender and decided to fight to the death with the former Qin Dynasty. He ordered to kill the two men and sent Ma Jian to fight against the former Qin Dynasty.As the former Qin army crossed the Yellow River westward and captured the encircled city, Zhang Tianxi sent a leader to Hongchi to fight with Ma Jian, and personally led his troops to Jinchang to assist in the battle.However, when the former Qin army attacked the two men, Ma Jian surrendered to the former QinPalmar evidenceZhang Tianxi returns it in fear after being killed in battleGu Zang。The former Qin army then attacked Gu Zang, the former Liang LordZhang TianxiForced out of surrender, the Qianliang regime came to an end.
Northern Substitution
With the successive attacks and exterminationsQianyan、Qiegu Chi StateandPrecoolingThere are three separatist regimes. The only separatist regime in the north was established by the Tuoba familyOn behalf of the state。In the same year when it was cool before it was destroyed, we recovered our strength and respondedLiu WeichenHe ordered the governor of Youzhou to visit Tang Gong for the reason of asking for helpFuluoHe led 100000 soldiers, and sent Deng Qiang to lead 200000 soldiers, and together they marched northward to represent the country.Be the King of the TimesTuoba Shiyijian He successively ordered Bai Bu, Du Hu Bu and Southern adultsLiu KurenThe resistance failed, but Tuobashiyiqian was unable to lead the army due to illness, and was forced to go north to the Hell Mountain, butHigh carAt this time, the tribe rebelled. Shiyiqian had to return to Monan, and saw that the former Qin army was retreating slightly to return to the capital of Shengle, Yunzhong Prefecture.At this point,TuobajinProvoking Shiyi QianziTuoba Shijun, order him to start fighting to kill his father and other brothers;Hearing the news, the former Qin Dynasty immediately sent troops to the clouds, and the country collapsed and was destroyed by the former Qin Dynasty.
Fu Jian heard that Tuoba Shijun killed his father, and killed Tuobajin and Tuoba Shijun in angerTuoba GrottoesThey moved to Chang'an, and Shiyiqian scholars were also killed by Tuoba Shijun,Tuoba Shiyijian GrandchildRubbings(Emperor Daowu of the Northern Wei Dynasty) was still young, and there was no one who could effectively control the lower ministries of the Dai State.Fu Jian obeysYan FengIn the words of XianbeiLiu KurenAnd Xiongnu leadersLiu WeichenUnifying the various ministries of the country, the contradiction between the two people checks and balances each other.So far, the former Qin Dynasty succeeded in unifying the north, leaving only the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which occupied the Jiangnan region.
South to East Jin Dynasty
378（establish the first month of the calendar year or of a new eraFourteen years), Emperor Xuanzhao sent Changle Duke to FujianFu PiThey will attack Xiangyang, and divide another routeMurong Chui、Yao ChangThe army led by Fu Pi attacked Xiangyang via Wudang.A few months later, Yanzhou Governor Peng Chao requested to attackPengchengHe also said that he would send a heavy general to Huainan to cooperate with Fu Pi who attacked Xiangyang, so as to form a trend of advancing from east to west and finally eliminate the Eastern Jin Dynasty.Fu Jian agreed and sentAll difficult、MaoshengWhen they attacked Huaiyin and other places, Peng Chao, the governor of the city, sought military help from the east.
The troops attacking Xiangyang were defending the generalZhu XuPerseverance andPower onThe strategy of isolating Xiangyang and forcing it to surrender has been in stalemate with the Jin army until the end of the year.Fu Pi and others were impeached. Fu Jian also ordered Fu Pi to win by next spring at the latest.Fu Pi then turned to attack and finally captured Xiangyang in the first month of the next year.On the other hand, the governor of Yanzhou in the Eastern Jin DynastyXie XuanIn 379 AD (the 15th year of Jianyuan), he was ordered to rescuePengchengIn the end, although he escorted the Jin army in the city and Dai Lu, the prefect of Peijun, to leave, Pengcheng was still captured by the former Qin Dynasty, and later by the Qin armyXuyiandHuaiyinAnd besieged Tian Luo, the governor of Youzhou, Shanxi Province, in San'a, threatening the important town in Jiangbei, Eastern Jin DynastyGuangling。At this time, the Jin army launched a counterattack and defeated the siege of San AhAll difficultThey forced them to retreat to Xuyi;The next month, they lost Xuyi again and retired from Huaiyin, but the Jin army and navy went north by the tide, burned the bridge built by the Qin army on the Huaihe River, defeated Junan, and forced them to return to Huaibei.In the face of the pursuit of Xie Xuan and others, they were defeated by the Jin army in Junchuan.In the face of the eastern defeat, Fu Jian was furious and arrestedPeng ChaoPeng Chao committed suicide in prison, which was hard to demote to common people.[269]
Clan internal strife
In 378（establish the first month of the calendar year or of a new era14 years) Beihai Duke who guarded Luoyang when the East West Second Line attacked the East Jin Dynasty from the southFuzhongRebellion, but soon because of Fu Chong long historyLvguangHe was loyal to Fu Jian and was pacified. Fu Chong was pardoned and returned to the mansion.In 380 AD (the 16th year of Jianyuan), Fujian ordered Fuzhong to be the general of Zhenbei again and stationed in Jicheng.In the same year, Fu Jian also ordered Tang GongFuluoIn order to conquer the South Grand General, guardChengduHe ordered Xiangyang to follow the Han River to the west.But in fact, after his great contribution to the destruction of the Dai State, Fuluo was still dissatisfied with Fujian as a frontier state pastor because he was not granted the title of general and minister. He even doubted that the order to send him to Xiangyang was actually a conspiracy of Fujian to kill him, and was provoked by the rules of peace, so he decided to rebel.Fuluo sent envoys to Koguryo, Silla and other countries, hoping that all countries could help themselves, but all countries made it clear that they were loyal to Fuluo, would not make trouble with Fuluo, and only Fuzhong sent troops to support Fuluo.At that time, although only Fuzhong supported Fuluo, Fuluo still directed his 70000 troops to Chang'an from Helong.[248]The people in Guanzhong were afraid of the war, and their hearts were in turmoil. Thieves rose up. Fu Jian tried to persuade them to surrender, so he asked Fu Luo to stop the army by permanently sealing Youzhou.However, Fuluo refused, and said that he would "repay King Xianyang to inherit the great ancestor's career". More specifically, if Fujian waited at Tongguan, he would regard him as the supreme duke and repay King Donghai.Fujian was so angry that he sent troops to fight against Fuzhong and 100000 allied forces of Fuluo in Zhongshan. He captured Fuluo alive and killed Fuzhong to calm the chaos.
After that, Fu Jian thought that the Guandong area was vast and populated, so he decided to divide 150000 households from the Di people who originally lived in Sanyuan, Jiujiu, Wudu, Jiu, Yong, and distributed in various towns under the leadership of various clans, just like the ancient princes.However, the people who were relocated to Jufang Town were all wailing because they wanted to part from their families, and passers-by felt sad when they saw them.
Defeat at Feishui
Wang MengHe died in 375 AD (the 11th year of Jianyuan's reign) and said on his deathbed: "Although the Jin family is now located in the remote Jiangnan region, it inherits the orthodoxy. The most valuable thing for the country now is to be close to people of virtue and friendly with neighboring countries. After his death, I hope not to plot against the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Xianbei and Qiang prisoners are our enemies and will eventually become disasters. They should be removed to benefit the country.”[33]It is hoped that Fujian will first solve the hidden problems of Xianbei, Qiang and other ethnic minorities in China against the former Qin regime.However, after unifying the north, Fu Jian still did not listen to Wang Meng's words and tried to solve the domestic ethnic problems, and in 382 AD (the 18th year of Jianyuan), Fu Jian ordered moreLvguangEquivalencyCarmanFront Wang Mixuan andShanshanWang Xiumi did not obey the requirements of the former Qin Dynasty, led 70000 troops to conquer the Western Regions, and set out in the first month of the next year.Fu Jian also turned his attention to the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
Battle of Feishui[34]
382（establish the first month of the calendar year or of a new era18 years), Fujian summoned his officials in the Tai Chi Hall and said, "It has been nearly 30 years since I inherited the great cause. The four sides are basically calm, only a corner in the southeast, and have not been educated by the king. I roughly calculated the military strength, which can reach 970000. I am ready to lead the army to the east. What do you think?" In the face of Fujian's proposition and questions, the secretary supervisorZhu 肜Show support, minister left foot shotPower wingAnd the prince's left back rateShiyueHowever, they all regarded the monarchs and officials of the Eastern Jin Dynasty as harmonious and important officials at that timeXie AnandHuanchongAll of them are talents and are opposed.At that time, the officials also had their own opinions, and there was no consensus.Fujian saw this and said, "It's like building a house beside the road to ask for advice, but I can't do anything because I listen to too many different opinions. My heart has its own decision." After the officials left, Fujian left his younger brotherFu RongHe continued to discuss with him, but Fu Rong also objected to the three reasons of bad weather, harmony between the upper and lower levels of the Jin Dynasty, and fatigue of the soldiers.Fu Jian was so angry that after Fu Rong, he cried and admonished him. He also mentioned again what Wang Meng had said before his death.ShangshuYuanshao, Famous MonkShi Dao'an, PrinceFuhongFu Jian's beloved Duke of ZhongshanMeterEven spoil the concubineMrs ZhangAll of them were against the expedition to the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Fu Rong and others also repeatedly wrote to express their opposition. Fu Jian still refused to give up his plan to send troops to the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which shows that Fu Jian actually made up his mind at that time.On the contrary, Murong Chui expressed his support to Fu Jian for sending troops to the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Fu Jian was very happy after hearing this, so he said to Murong Chui, "You are the only one who can pacify the world with me." He gave Murong Chui 500 pieces of cloth.[34]
Feishui Ancient Battlefield[35]
383（establish the first month of the calendar year or of a new eraIn May, the governor of Jingzhou in the Eastern Jin DynastyHuanchongSend troops to Xiangyang, Mianbei and Shu.After Huan Chong withdrew from the army in July, Fu Jian ordered a large number of troops to be sent to the Eastern Jin Dynasty, one for every ten soldiers;All good families under 20 years old who have martial arts skills, are brave, rich, and have male talents are worshipped as Yu Lin Lang, and eventually more than 30000 people are recruited.In August, Fu Jian ordered Fu Rong rateZhang Ho、Liang ChengandMurong ChuiWith 250000 cavalry as the vanguard, he then sent troops from Chang'an, led more than 600000 soldiers and the main force of 270000 cavalry, and the army faced each other with flags and drums for thousands of miles.In October, Furong fellShouyangAnd stationed 50000 troops in Luojian with Liang Cheng to stop the main force of the Jin armyXie ShiandXie XuanThe attack of others.Fu Rong, who was attacking Hu Bin in the Jin Dynasty, captured Hu Bin's envoy who was sent to contact Xie Shi. Knowing that Hu Bin was short of food, he sent an envoy to Fu Jian, who led the army in Xiangcheng, to contact: "Jin soldiers are few and easy to catch, but they are afraid of escaping, so we should attack them quickly." Fu Jian then left the army behind and secretly led 8000 light cavalries to Shouyang.However, Jin JiangLiu ChenzhiLater, he led the army to attack Luojian and kill Liang Cheng. The army of the former Qin Dynasty was defeated. Xie Shi led a large army to advance by land and water, facing the former Qin army across the Feishui River.Fu Jian and Fu Rong observed the Jin army from Shouyang City at this time, and saw that its appearance was neat. Even the vegetation on the Bagong Mountain thought it was the Jin army, so they said, "These are strong enemies, how can you say they are weak?" They were disappointed and frightened.Fu Jian and later answered that the Jin army wanted them to retreat a little, let the Jin army cross the Feishui River, and thought that they could attack the Jin army when the Jin army was halfway across the Feishui River, and win.However, as soon as the Qin army retreated, the whole army retreated in disorder. Fu Rong rode into the disordered army to try to command the disordered army, but the fallen horse was killed. The Jin army then pursued the defeated former Qin army, causing heavy casualties to the former Qin army, and even Fu Jian was injured in midstream. He retreated to Huaibei on his own.
When Fu Jian retreated to Huaibei after his defeat, he was very hungry. Some civilians saw Fu Jian and immediately gave him food. Fu Jian then gave him a reward. However, the civilians refused. They said that Fu Jian's expedition to Jin was self inflicted hardship. As his own people, he was his son. His son was filial to his father and did not want to repay him. Fu Jian wept when he heard that.Later Fu Jian andMurong Chui30, 000 troops met, and then collected the fleeing defeated soldiers along the wayLuoyangAt that time, more than 100000 people gathered, and the hundred officials, instruments and military appearances were almost complete.Later Fu Jian returned to Chang'an and weptFu RongAfter accusing the temple, he ordered an amnesty, ordered weapons training and supervision of agricultural affairs, comforted the families of the elderly and soldiers who died in battle, and ordered the families of the victims in Feishui not to pay taxes to the imperial court forever. Instead of being discouraged by the defeat in Feishui, Fu Jian worked harder to rebuild national order.
Qin soil disintegration
After the war of Feishui, the vitality of the former Qin Dynasty was greatly damaged, which was previously unifiedXianbei、QiangAnd other tribal chieftains have raised troops to rebel and established separatist regimes.FirstMurong ChuiEscape back to the former Yan's hometown to restore the country and become king, the son of Murong ClanMurong Lin、Murong Feng、Murong Nong、Murong LongPeople like to leap horses in their coats, and there is smoke everywhere;QiangYao ChangThe re emergence of people;Ding LingpeopleZhai BinThey also launched a rebellion, and the north was once again torn apart.
Fu Jian was trapped in Chang'an. Seeing that the former Yan nobles were treacherousMurong WeiHe called to the front and cursed: "Your brother and nephew General Bulei, although he was called the destroyer at that time, in fact, I treated you as if you had returned home and let you enjoy all the glory and wealth. Now Murong ChuiMurong Chong、Murong HongYour family is really a beast with human faces and hearts. It's useless for me to treat you like a national soldier. "Even so, Fujian still couldn't bear to kill Xianbei people. Fujian comforted Murong Wei and others and treated them as before.[227]
In Chang'an, there are still more than 1000 Xianbei people living in the big house. Murong WeiMurong SuWhen people were busy, they secretly recruited clansmen to ambush Fujian. During this time, news leaked, and Fujian was shocked to investigate the matter. Finally, the rebellion was settled, and Fujian killed Murong Wei and his son and their clans. Xianbei and all women in the city were killed, regardless of their age.Since then, if the destroyers did not have the heart to issue a killing order to the families of the conquered country, the expostulators often took Fu Jian as the first example of "softness", resulting in few survivors of the royal families of the conquered country in future generations.[36]
Western YanMany times before Qin DynastyDouchong、Yang Ding、FuhongPeople defeat, Lord Xi YanMurong ChongHe Xianbei was also afraid of Yang Ding, but Fu Jian had moved hundreds of thousands of people to Guandong and entered Guanzhong[286]And 150000 families of Di people migrated out of Guanzhong[287]As a result, the former Qin Dynasty was short of troops in Guanzhong. At this time, Yao Changyi, the Emperor of the Later Qin Dynasty, divided his forces to intercept all the troops of the former Qin Dynasty, and Yao Shuode, the general of the latter Qin Dynasty's expedition to the west, led his troops to confront Mao Xing, the former governor of Qinhe Prefecture, and Wang Tong, the governor of Qinzhou, in Longxi.[291]
Xiyan besieged the city outside Chang'an for a long time, and the city was short of food, so that people ate people.Fu Jian spent all his money and gave his surplus food to others. The generals who fought in the war could not get a few pieces of meat to eat. He put them in his mouth and dared not swallow them. When he returned home, he "spit meat to enjoy his wife".In a few months, smoke and dust rose everywhere, and countless people died.Murong Chong led the crowd to Chang'an City, strengthened his armor, supervised the battle, and flew arrows all over his body.Finally, Fujian listened to the prophecy that "five generals from the emperor will grow for a long time" and ran away from Chang'an, leaving Prince Fuhong to guard the city.Murong Chongzong's soldiers plundered Chang'an, and the dead could not win.More than a thousand families of Chang'an people fled to the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and the frontier generals of the Eastern Jin Dynasty framed the refugees as“Youkou”, kill the male and occupy the female.[37]
Sounding Xinping
Fu Jian GoWujiang MountainYao Chang, the leader of the Qiang nationality, sent troops to surround him. The Qin soldiers fled in disorder, leaving only a dozen bodyguards.Fu Jian did not change his attitude towards the emperor at this time. He sat and waited, and called the chef to eat.
Fujian Tomb[38]
Yao ChangSenior GeneralWu ZhongHe hurried to Fujian and bundled him to Xinping. Then Yao Chang sent someone to ask Fujian for the imperial seal.Fu Jian opened his eyes and shouted, "Little Qiang Hu dares to persecute the Son of Heaven. The numbering order of Wu Hu doesn't have your name. The jade seal has been sent to the Jin Dynasty, and you can't get itYao ChangNot thin, even inBattle of FeishuiThe grandfather of the former general "General Longxiang" was killed by himselfFu ShengSome generals were granted to Yao Chang when they took the throne. Now Yao Chang rebelled and forced him to die, so he repeatedly scolded Yao Chang to ask for his death. Yao Chang was lecherous by nature. Fu Jian had to kill Yao Chang first to avoid insulting his two daughtersFu BaoandFu brocade。On August's Xinchou Day (October 16), Yao Chang ordered Fu Jian to be hanged in Xinping Buddhist Temple at the age of 48.Mrs. Zhang and Fu Shen also committed suicide.[36]
Fu Jian was kind and generous all his life. After he was killed,Later Qin DynastyThe officers and men of Fu Jian also mourned for his deathYao ChangIn order to cover up his evil deed of killing Fujian, he deliberately posthumously titled Fujian as the Heroic Heavenly King.Fu Jian died the same year,Fu PiWhen he learned of his death, he became emperor. His posthumous title was Fujian, Emperor Xuanzhao, and his temple was called Shizu.LiangzhouLvguangWhen he learned that Fu Jian had died, he had the posthumous title of Emperor Wenzhao.[282]
Measures for politics
Announce
edit
Politics
Don't kill innocent people
Fu Jian ascended the throne by means of a coup. From ancient times to the present, once the coup was successful, those who launched it would bloodbath the previous dynasty, but Fu Jian was an exception. He only killed the tyrantFu Sheng, as well as more than 20 treacherous men, the son of Fu ShengFu KuiInherited the title of Duke of Yue.During the whole process, Fujian did not expand the killing and did not unjustly kill any innocent people.
employ or appoint people according to their merits
Fu Jian ordered officials everywhere to be electedfilial piety and fraternal duty、Incorruptible、literature、government affairsThe talents with four talents and virtues, if they are really talents, will be rewarded, and those with no real names will be punished together with the recommenders;In addition, Fu Jian did not give preferential treatment to the children of the imperial clan. Even the people in the imperial clan would be directly abandoned if they were not talented. Therefore, officials in the court of the former Qin Dynasty were very competent.[7]
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, it was common for the top grade to be free from hardship and the bottom grade to be free from gentry. However, Fu Jian chose talents as officials, and did not demand birth status,King Fujian of the former Qin Dynasty once issued an edict saying: "People who have knowledge and can master one skill can only have one skill. The state or county where they are located will send them to the government according to the etiquette and enjoy a salary of more than 100 stone. People who cannot master one skill will be dismissed from the government and sent back to restore their civilian status."[152]
In 375, the Prime MinisterWang MengWhen he died of illness, Fu Jian issued an imperial edict: "I have lost the most wise and loving officials. Some of the officials do not meet my wish. We can set up a Taiwan Temple to hear the lawsuit in the south of Weiyang Palace. I will visit the people once every five days to visit the hidden talents."[39]
Fu Jian promoted the position of Han officials in the court, such asCui Xuan、Cui Hong、Fang Mo、Roomfront、Yang Zhi、Yangyao、Tian Xie、Han Yin、Hao LueHan scholars, who enjoyed high reputation in Kanto, were recommended to Fu Jian before Wang Mengsheng was born, and they were all entrusted with official positions by Fu Jian.[40]
Fu Jian's appointment of officials was also just right, not only in the early period of his rule, but also at the end of his rule.
But Fu Jian also has a fatal shortcoming, that is, he only looks at talent but ignores potential threats,Murong Chui、Yao Chang、Yao Xing、Zhu Xu、Qi Fu GuorenThey were all outstanding talents at that time, but they were unwilling to work for the former Qin Dynasty, but Fu Jian still entrusted them with important tasks, even if they showed their unwillingness to work for the former Qin DynastyZhou、Murong FengFu Jian also did not have the heart to kill them, laying the foundation for future tragedies.
Reform the official system
Fu Jian ordered the dukes to set up their respective fiefsLang Zhongling、lieutenant、big landlordSanqing, together with other officials, were all recruited and selected by themselves, but the doctor's order was directly appointed by Fu Jian.
In the former Qin Dynasty, there were leading generals, Chinese generals, escort generals, left-wing and right-wing guards, and military guards. These officials had the function of guard.At the beginning of the establishment of the former Qin Dynasty,Fu JianThen appointFu JingIt is the General Wei and the Duke of Pingchang. It is used to lodge in the Second Palace of Wei, ranking second among the courtiers. It can be seen that the General Wei was the highest level commander of the imperial guard in the former Qin Dynasty.During the Fu Jian period, there were also positions such as the Fourth Army, the Fifth Academy, Xiao You, Zhonglei, and Qiangnu.The front, rear, left and right four forbidden generals had their own characteristics in the system of military guards in the former Qin Dynasty.After the fall of the former Qin Dynasty,Later Qin DynastyThe system of guards and military officers in,western qinThe political system of the regime also has its own characteristics, but it is more inherited from the pre-qin system.
Fujian set up the position of escort to manage the remote areas, such as the Warriors' Escort, Yunzhong Escort, Pingqiang Escort, Gansong Escort, etc《Pre Qin History》It is recorded that there were far more than eight guards in the former Qin Dynasty, and this system had a great impact on later generations,Northern Wei DynastyOfSenior General of ZhenduLater, there were defenders of PingchengSix townsAll of them are derived from the evolution and development of Fujian's escort system.
Fu Jian also setmilitary officer in charge of the security of the royal palaceandfield officerAdminister areas where ethnic minorities are concentrated, such as Lieutenant General Hu Xianbei, Lieutenant General Hu Xiongnu, Lieutenant General Hu Chisha, Colonel Hu Qiang, Colonel Xiyu and Colonel Xirong.[41-42][156-157][162][236]
Rehabilitate unjust ministers
Fu ShengThe wanton killing of meritorious ministers led to the killing of most of the former Qin's auxiliary ministers, among which the most grieving one wasLei Wei'er、Beam ridge、Wang Rang、Yuzun、Qiang PingAnd so on.Therefore, after Fu Jian ascended the throne, he began to rehabilitate the former Qin ministers who had died wrongly, restore their official positions during their lifetime, and replace burial with ceremony. Fu Jian also treated their surviving descendants well, and those who had talent could take corresponding official positions.[26][43][167]
Strike down merchants
Fu Jian once asked princes to recommend talented people in China as officials. At that time, Zhao Duo, Concubine Ding, Zou Jie, and others, the great businessmen of the former Qin Dynasty, were so rich that some princes and nobles of the former Qin Dynasty, in order to please them, rushed to elect Zhao Duo and others as the third ministers.Yellow Gate WaiterCheng XianKnowing that these merchants could not do what Sanqing could do, Fujian asked Fujian to intervene in this matter. Fujian immediately issued an imperial edict saying: "I originally wanted the kings to elect and hire talented scholars, but I didn't expect to be so confused!The relevant officials should be ordered to investigate and inspect. All those who are not eligible for recruitment will be demoted to the rank of marquis. From now on, all the officials of the country will be carefully selected by the minister of officials.If my position is not above that appointed by the imperial court, I am not allowed to ride by car or horse. If I leave the capital within a hundred miles, industrial and commercial attendants are not allowed to wear clothes decorated with gold and silver, and the offenders are not allowed to display their bodies in the street. "Therefore, the five dukes of Pingyang, Pingchang, Jiujiang, Chenliu and Anle were all reduced to marquises.
In this regard, Fu JianheFu JianIn comparison, it can be said that it has retreated.However, we should not be harsh and rigid. Since the Han Dynasty,Attach importance to agriculture and restrain businessIt has become the traditional thinking and decision-making of the feudal government in the economic field. Fu Jian is committed to sinicizing, and of course will be bound by these traditional ideas.[44-45][170]
Suppress the power
Fu Jian, in order to completely eradicate the bad habit of exploiting people of all ethnic groups, orderedWang Meng、Deng QiangThe two men made a large-scale report on the heroes and powers in Guanzhong. In the past ten days, more than 20 heroes and powers were found out and executed. Even the emperor's relatives were beheaded on the spot. Since then, hundreds of officials in the Qin Dynasty have been purged, evil people have held their breath, and people have gone through a great deal of weathering.[9-10]
Restart the concept of hearing
three countriesPeriod, Emperor Wei MingCao RuiThe Pingwang Temple was changed to the Hearing Temple. Whenever there was a big case, Cao Rui would personally come to the Hearing Temple to listen to the case.Later, Emperor Wu of the Jin DynastyMarsitisHe often visited the prison and released the wronged prisoners.This is intended to prevent officials from accepting bribes in private, and to intentionally favor the bribe giver when judging a case, thus resulting in unjust, false and wrong cases.butWestern Jin DynastyAfter the demise of the dynasty, the north entered a long period of turmoil, and no one implemented this policy again.After Fu Jian ascended the throne, every time he came to the hearing, he would order people with grievances to burn smoke in the north of the city. When Fu Jian saw it, he would order Yousi to investigate the case again, and he would also watch the case. This policy reduced the occurrence of some grievances.[46-48]
A gentle policy
In 376 AD, someone proposed to take advantage of the power to destroy the minorities in the west of Liangzhou, but Fu Jian refused. Fu Jian said, "They live in a mixed place with different ethnic groups and tribes, and they are not unified, which cannot constitute a great disaster for the Central Plains. They should not be killed cruelly. They should first be appeased and advised, and their land rent and taxes should be collected. If they do not obey the order, they should then go to crusade against them."So he asked the general Zhang Xun to appease him and the general in the courtWei JiefeiTwenty seven thousand cavalry followed.As a result, Wei Jiefei attacked the surrounding tribes without authorization, plundered and returned.Fujian was very angry at his atrocities, hit him with two hundred whips, and killed the forward governor Chu'an to apologize to the people of all ethnic groups.The people of all ethnic groups were very happy. More than 83000 tribes surrendered to the former Qin Dynasty and submitted to pay tribute.[49]
Immigration policy
In 376, the former Qin Dynasty attacked and destroyedPrecooling, returning Yongzhou literati who fled to Hexi due to the war to their hometown,Hedong Pei FamilyThis is the beginning of the history of the Pei's Horse Washing House in Hedong,Pei measureServed in Qin DynastyDahong Lu。[224-225]
In order to consolidate the rule of the former Qin Dynasty, Fu JianDi nationality150000 registered permanent residence were migrated to various towns for better management. This policy has indeed brought vitality to all parts of the north in a short time, and is conducive to peaceful exchanges among ethnic groups.However, the potential fatal crisis also followed. Fu Jian divided the Di nationality in Guanzhong into different towns and moved intoXianbei、QiangAs a result, the power of the Di people in Guanzhong was greatly reduced, which directly led to the fact that after the war of Feishui, Xianbei and Qiang people ravaged Guanzhong, while the Di people who had been moved far away did not know about the changes in Guanlong and other places, resulting in Fujian being besieged in Chang'an and eventually killed by the Qiang peopleYao ChangThe tragic ending of.[50-51]
The specific content of Fujian's initiative is very rare in the existing data,Wang ZhongluoHe initiated the theory of military colonization, but unfortunately did not discuss it.contrary,Huang LieStrongly opposed Fu Jian's claim of military colonization, and believed that Fu Jian's main purpose was to consolidate centralization and pacify ethnic minorities. What was the purpose of Fu Jian's implementation of this policy? Different people have different views, and the wise have different views. At present, there is no unified conclusion.[165-166]
Amend maladministration
QianyanThe government became increasingly corrupt, and the people could not make a living. Later Fu Jian destroyed the former Yan, and abolished the law of Yan that was not good for the people.[8][238]
nation
Abolish the division of Hu and Han
Fu Jian changed the brutal style of the Hu regime monarchs in the past and wanted to integrate all ethnic groups into one familyFormer Zhao、Hou ZhaoimplementHu Han divideThe policy has greatly deepened the contradictions among ethnic groups. After Fu Jian ascended the throne, he abolished the policy, established the basic national policy of "Li Yuan should be pacified, and the barbarians should be reconciled", and determined the values of equality among ethnic groups.[16]
《Taiping Imperial Survey》It is recorded that during the reign of Fu Jian, people of all ethnic groups gathered in Guanlong, and all kinds of people in the four directions were strange in appearance, which effectively promoted national integration.[52]
Disband the tribe
When it comes to disbanding the tribal system, most people will think of it at the first timeNorthern Wei DynastyFounding EmperorRubbings, but onLi PingProfessorial《Pingcheng Period of Northern Wei Dynasty》In the book, it was stated that this system originated from the Sanqi tribe of Fujian, the former king of Qin Dynasty. After the end of the dynasty, Fujian implemented the policy of "setting up a captain, supervising the work, and leading the officials to take custody", which was just the meaning of "all the monarchs and adults are in the same household" and "no leader" implemented by Tuoba;Fu Jian's practice of "managing the business and making a living by taking the first one by five" is exactly the meaning of "stopping all classes from farming";Fu Jian's saying that "the commander of the canal will make a sacrifice at the end of the year, and the travel will be restricted" is exactly the meaning of the Northern Wei Dynasty's saying that "settle down in different lands, not listen to migration".Such close correspondence is enough to show that the measures of dispersing various ministries initially carried out by Emperor Daowu originated from the policy of dispersing tribes by Fujian, the former King of Qin.
This measure taken by Fu Jian is very clever. It makes the nomadic people who live by plundering gradually evolve into a semi agricultural and semi pastoral people. It educates and guides the Xianbei people in Mobei, mainly the Tuoba tribe, to learn farming and livelihood methods. The practice of taking one out of three and two out of five can not only ensure the environment and the people, but also enable every household in the modern country to engage in production.Since then, the culture and living standards of the Xianbei nationality in Mobei have been significantly improved, which has played a positive role in national integration and laid the foundation for the later Northern Wei Dynasty's sinicization.[53-54]
Chinese measures
Fu Jian loved the Han culture most all his life. Although he was born in the Di nationality, he never centered on the customs of the Di nationality, but aimed to integrate into the Han nationality, so that the backward Hu people could learn the advanced Han culture, implement comprehensive localization, and let the Hu people abandon the barbaric customs《Jin Shu·Records of Fu Jian recorded the story of Fu Jian's persuasion to learn. Fu Jian's demise did not simply swallow up the matter, butOn behalf of the stateThe Tuoba tribe was originally a nomadic country. The people of the imperial clan did not participate in benevolence and righteousness. Fu Jian, generalTuoba Shiyijian (I sayTuoba Grottoes）They were sent to Taixue, setting an outstanding example for Tuoba's descendants to learn Chinese culture.[55-56]
Economics
Advocate economy
Fu Jian saves money and cares about the sufferings of the people.In the year of disaster, he withdrew his meals and ate only simple food. Gold, jade, silk and satin were distributed to the meritorious soldiers. Fu Jian also advocated simplicity in the harem. Silk and satin should not be worn in the harem, and the dress of the princess should not be dragged to the ground.[57]
Advise Nongsang
Fu Jian took the policy of resuming production after he ascended the throne. In case of drought, he not only ordered frugality and the sharing of resources with the people, but also supervised the people to cultivate. He personally cultivated the land to show the importance of agriculture.
In order to solve the problem of frequent drought in Guanzhong, Fu JianPre Qin、Western Han Dynastyperiodzheng 、BaigongAs a precedent for improving the canal, Fujian did not forcibly recruit people's homes when building the canal, but ordered the recruitment of 30000 princes and high-ranking officials to open up the river, dig mountains and raise levees, open the canal and dredge the water, so as to irrigate the land of mountains and rivers, and make the canal come into being in spring. The people of the people depend on it. The canal is namedJing canal。In addition,Jiang FuyaIt is also speculated that Fujian has also taken corresponding maintenance measures for water conservancy projects that have been out of repair for a long time in the past.[176-177]
Popularized regional species
Fu Jian ordered promotionAreal methodThe digging of the Jing Canal and the implementation of the regional planting method in the Pre Qin Dynasty greatly contributed to the development of the Chinese national agriculture and made important contributions to the later generations of the people in Guanzhong.[5]
Rent reduction
Fu Jian Is DestroyingQianyan、PrecoolingAfter waiting for the country, Fu Jian came to the country to investigate in personFang TouIt was changed to Yongchang County, so that the people of Yongchang County would never have to pay to the Imperial Courttaxes、Corvee, and sendShen Shao、Wei RuAs an embroidering envoy, he comforted the poor, buried the dead, exempted taxes, and advised farmers and mulberry farmers, which enabled the war stricken northern China to recover its economy and win the hearts of the people in enemy lands.Every time he goes on a tour, Fu Jian will always reduce the rent of the area he passes. If he visits Longmen, he will reduce "half of the rent of the land he passes" and go to Hedong to worshipLaterite, Yongdi SacrificeWu 畤The same is true at times. When encountering natural disasters, Fujian made great efforts to repair the moral rule.Later, Liangzhou was newly attached to exempt the whole territory of Liangzhou from taxes for one year;After the destruction of the generation, Fu Jian gave preferential treatment to Hengdai and orderedOn behalf of the stateExemption from taxes for three years.The family members of the soldiers were exempted from taxes for five years, and were granted three ranks.At the end of the reign, when the former Qin Dynasty suffered from natural disasters, Fu Jian still withdrew his music, reduced his meals and let the palace maids go home to reduce the royal expenses.Later, after the battle of Feishui was defeated, Fu Jian ordered the families of the dead soldiers never to pay taxes again.[11-15][250-256]
When the drought hit the former Qin Dynasty, Fu Jian believed that the crops failed to harvest, ordered tax reduction and exemption, saved government expenditure, appropriately reduced official salaries, and stipulated not to levy corvee if it was not an urgent matter.Fu Jian took the development of agriculture as the basic national policy. The economy of the former Qin Dynasty recovered very quickly. A few years later, a new atmosphere of stability, tranquility and family support emerged.According to the Book of JinChang'anPosthouses have been built in every county and state. It is very convenient for tourists and traders to get them along the way.There is a folk song that says: "Chang'an Avenue is verdant with Yang Huai; get off the galloping car and sit on the phoenix; gather talents to teach our people."[5][200]
military
Crusade against Zhang Ping
In 357 ADZhang PingOnce again, Zhang Ping occupied Xinxing, Yanmen, Xihe, Shangdang and other places, built more than 300 strongholds, more than 100000 families of Yi and Han people, and set up town officials to cooperate withQianyan、Pre QinRelatively resistant.In winter and October, Zhang Ping invaded Qin and Fu JianrangFu LiuThe general commander of the military affairs of the two prefectures of Hebei and merged the prefectures and granted them the right to defend Puban against Zhang Ping.Fujian sent Deng Qiang as the vanguard and led 5000 cavalry troops to garrison on the bank of Fenshui River.Zhang Ping Sect adopted sonZhang HoDefensive.Zhang Ho is strong and agile. He can drag the cow backward and walk over the city wall regardless of its height.He andDeng QiangAfter more than ten days of stalemate, we can't win each other.In March, Fu Jian arrived at Tongbi. Zhang Ping used all his troops to fight. Zhang Ho, alone, rushed through the army of the former Qin Dynasty several times.Fu Jian offered a reward for soldiers to capture Zhang Ho and General Yingyang aliveLvguangHe stabbed Zhang Ho and hit him. Deng Qiang captured him and presented him to Fu Jian. Zhang Ping's army completely scattered.Zhang Ping was very afraid and asked for surrender.[246]
Subdue the Hu
In 362 AD, the Huns slaughtered various tribesZhang WangGather thousands of people and claim to be Dashanyu to rob the people of counties and counties.Fu Jian appointed the then MinisterDeng QiangAs General Jianjie, he led 7000 troops to crusade and pacify Zhang Wang's rebellion.
In 365 AD, King Youxian of the HunsCao Hu, Zuo XianwangLiu WeichenWhen the army was raised to revolt against the former Qin Dynasty, Wu Yan, the leader of Xianbei, also secretly communicated with Liu Weichen to plan a rebellion.Fu Jian personally led his troops to crusade against the rebellious group of Hu and ordered General WeiLi Wei, Left Foot ShootingWang MengAssist the crown princeFuhongStay in Chang'an, Kyoto.In August, Fu Jian defeated Cao Hu and killed Wu Yan,Yang AnKill the Hun GeneralCao Huo, Cao Hu surrendered, Deng Qiang captured Liu Weichen alive in Mugen Mountain, and Fu Jian personally inspected Zhu HuShuofangAll the places were included in the territory of the former Qin Dynasty.
In 371 AD, the former governor of Yizhou of Qin DynastyWang TongAttacking Longxi at Dujian MountainQifu ShifanQifu Shifan led 30000 cavalry to fight in Yuanchuan.Wang Tong attacked Dujian Mountain. More than 50000 members of the Qifusfan tribe surrendered to Wang Tong. His soldiers heard that his wife and children had surrendered to the former Qin Dynasty, and they collapsed without fighting.With nowhere to go, Qifusfan also surrendered to Fujian.[58-60]
Unify the North
After 14 years of development, the former Qin Dynasty gradually started the pace of unification. In 370, the prime ministerWang Meng, General JianjieDeng QiangPeople perishQianyan；In 371 AD, the Marquis of Xixian CountyFuyaPeople perishQiegu Chi State；In 376 AD, General Wu WeiPower on, General ZuoMaoshengWaiting for someone to diePrecooling；In the same year, Duke XingtangFuluo, Zhending County Hou Deng Qiang PingdingOn behalf of the stateSince then, the former Qin Dynasty has unified the north, starting from the eastNorth Korea, arriving in the westCongling, South andSichuan, BeiyueYin Mountain, territory becomesfive nomadic northern tribesThe most.
According to Qing DynastyHong Liangji《Territory Annals of Sixteen Countries》It is recorded that there were 22 prefectures, 135 counties, 8 guards and 734 counties in the heyday of the Pre Qin Dynasty.[27][161]
Attacking the Eastern Jin Dynasty
In 366 AD, the general of the former Qin Fu StateWang MengFormer General Yang An, General Yang WuYao ChangPeople led 20000 troops to attack the Eastern Jin DynastyNanxiang County, Governor of Jingzhou in the Eastern Jin DynastyHuan HuoSoldiers were sent to rescue. Later Wang Meng and others returned with more than 10000 families of Anyang people.[61]
In 373 AD, the governor of Liangzhou in the State of JinYang LiangSend his sonYang GuangWhen attacking Chou Chi, Yang An stationed in Chou Chi defeated the Jin army, and the defense of the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the Jushui area was in an all-around rout.Yang Liang was so afraid that he had to retreat to the Qing Dynasty. Yang An took the opportunity to attack Hanchuan.[231]
In the winter of the same year, Fu Jianming, the king of the former Qin Dynasty, orderedZhu 肜、Wang Tong、Yang AnPeople are pioneers and lead the army in the expeditionLiangzhou、Yizhou, only for the rest of the month,Eastern Jin DynastyThe fall of Liang and Yi prefectures gave Qin the land of ShuHanzhongQiong, Qi, Yelang and other tribes were all affiliated with the former Qin Dynasty.The next year, Zhang Yu, Yang Guang and other Shu people raised their arms to make trouble. Zhang Yu called himself the King of Shu, sent envoys to the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and joined with more than 50000 people, including Zhang Chong and Yin Wan, the chiefs of Ba Liao, to encircle the Yizhou government in Chengdu. Fu Jian sent Deng Qiang and Yang An to Sichuan. Yang An defeated the rebels in the south of Chengdu. Zhang Chong, the leader of the rebels, died in battle. Deng Qiang also killed Zhang Yu, Yang Guang and others in Mianzhu,Since then, the Yizhou Rebellion has been successfully pacified.
In 376 AD, the former Qin Dynasty conquered the State of JinNanxiang CountyMore than 30000 Shanman families returned to the former Qin Dynasty.
In 378 AD, Fujian sent a group of generals and captains to fight against the military, ministers and Changle DukeFu Pi, and General Wu WeiPower on, ShangshuMurong WeiLed 70000 cavalry to invade Xiangyang in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and let Jingzhou GovernorYang AnLed the soldiers of Fanzhou and Dengzhou as the vanguard to capture generals and Shiping peopleShiyueLed ten thousand elite cavalry out of Luyang Pass, Beijing ZhaoyinMurong Chui, General Yang WuYao ChangLed 50000 elites out of Nanxiang and led the armyGou Chi, General RightMaodang, General Qiang NuWang XianLed 40000 infantrymen out of Wudang, joined forces to attack Xiangyang, and finally captured the garrison generalZhu Xu, escort Chang'an.Soon after, General QinMurong YueCapture Shunyang County and capture the Imperial Marshal ShunyangDing Mu；Governor of Qin Liang PrefectureWei ZhongAttack Weixing County and capture the Imperial Guard WeixingJiyi；Qin Yanzhou GovernorPeng ChaoWhen Pengcheng was captured, Dai Lu, the general of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, abandoned the city and fled.
In March of 379 AD, the Eastern Jin Dynasty sent a right generalMao HushengHe led 30000 troops to attack Bazhong in the former Qin Dynasty.Zhao Fu, the forward supervisor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and others arrived in Brazil, the former Qin generalZhang ShaoHe led 5000 people to fight, and finally the Qin army defeated the Jin army with less to win more. The Eastern Jin Dynasty suffered more than 7000 casualties, and Mao Husheng, the commander of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, retreated to Badong to garrison.Shu peopleLi WuGathered twenty thousand soldiers to encircle Chengdu in response to Mao Husheng. Fujian, the former King of Qin, sent a defeated generalLvguangThe chaos was completely pacified.
In the same year, the right guard general of the Eastern Jin DynastyMao AnzhiLed 40000 elite troops stationed inTang Yi, Tangyi is nowNanjing CityLuhe , from the capital of Eastern Jin DynastyJiankangJust a short distance away, a famous general of the former Qin DynastyMaodangThey led only 20000 cavalry into the central area of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Although the Jin army stationed in the central area of the Eastern Jin Dynasty was more than that of the Qin army, in the face of the prestige of the Qin army led by Mao Dang, the Jin army immediately scattered and fled, and the situation in the former Qin Dynasty was very good.But on the other side of the war, there was bad news,Peng Chao、All difficultHe was defeated four times by Xie Xuan, which led to the annihilation of the whole army. Mao Dang and others had no choice but to return.
In 383 AD, Fu JianmingLvguangLed 75000 cavalry to attackWestern RegionsCountries.In 384 AD, the main force of crusading against the Western Regions won successive victories, and finally Lv Guang completely defeated more than 700000 allied forces of the Western Regions. Since the Western Regions were lost in the Han Dynasty, he finally entered the political territory of the Central Plains again.At that time, more than 30 countries in the Western Regions sent envoys to pay tribute to the former Qin Dynasty.In the past, the rebellious and cunning Hu monarchs who did not surrender came all the way to show their surrenderHan DynastyLv Guangjie replaced withPre QinGovernment runes.[72-74]
Military literacy
The Sixteen Kingdoms of WuhuIt was a period of great division. In the troubled times of more than 100 years, there were many cases of separatist warlords fighting and killing people, but the former Qin Empire was an exceptionFu JianTo establish the country and become the emperor at the end of Qin DynastyFu ChongIn the history books, there is no record of the destruction of the former Qin army.In 370 ADPre QinExtinguishQianyanAt that time, when the Qin army entered the city, it did not offend the people, and the Yan people enjoyed themselves.[75]
Culture
The ceremony is ready for music and harmony
Tai Le ZiWestern Jin DynastyAfter its demise, it went through several countries, which has a strong symbolic significance for China.After the defeat in Feishui, the commander of the Eastern Jin DynastyXie ShiCaptured the musicians of the State of QinYang ShuPeople can play the Chinese accent of the Central Plains in the past. Since then,Southern DynastiesThe sound of bell, chime, gold and stone can only be heard in the Zong Temple.This also reflects that although the former Qin Dynasty established the political power for the Di nationality, the prosperity of culture, education, etiquette and music is no inferior to any orthodox dynasty.[76-78]
Respect Confucius and Confucianism
sinceWestern Jin DynastyLast year outbreakYongjia RebellionThe north was plunged into a long period of turmoil, and the economy and civilization were destroyed. Until Fu Jian ascended the throne, he paid great attention to Confucianism, offered sacrifices to Confucius and other Chinese sages, and built Taixue in China. Since then, the school has gradually flourished.Every time the former Qin Dynasty destroyed a country, it would let the members of the country's imperial clan enter the Imperial College, let them learn the Confucian classics of the Han people, and let the prince of the generation become the prince of the country with the help of fortifying strengthTuoba GrottoesHe is most famous for his learning. Fu Jian treated him politely and taught him to read after the end of the dynasty.[4][79-80]
Internalization and externalization
Fu Jian ordered the prince and the sons of the officials of the dukes to study. All the officers and men of the four prohibitions, the second guards and the fourth army who had stayed in the imperial court for a long time ordered them to study.Every twenty people are equipped with a scholar who is responsible for teaching pronunciation and sentence reading. A scholar is set up in the harem to teach concubines. Eunuchs and intelligent and agile palace ladies are selected to go to the doctor to learn scriptures.[3]
Daxing Classics
The Sixteen Kingdoms of WuhuDuring the period, due to the chaos of the times, the etiquette and music were scattered and lacked, and there was no teacher who could explain the ritual notes of Zhou Guan.Later, I asked too oftenWei XuanHer mother, Mrs. Song, passed on the knowledge of her father. Although she met with the troubled times, her father taught her. The old lady did not forget at all. She was over 80 years old, and her eyes were not bright, and her ears were not deaf. So she set up a lecture hall in Mrs. Song's home.Another one hundred and twenty students were called to listen through a layer of red gauze curtain and called Old Lady SongXuan WenjunFu Jian also sent ten servant girls to serve her. Since Xuan Wenjun explained the Zhou Rites, the knowledge of Zhou Rites has become very popular in the world.At the same time, Xuan Wenjun is also the first female doctor in Chinese history.
In 371 AD, Fu Jian learned thatSutongandLiu XiangProficient in《The Book of Rites》And《etiquette》, specially twoOffering sacrifices to alcoholRen Sutong offered wine for the Book of Rites, Liu Xiang offered wine for the Book of Rites, and Fu Jian "led a hundred officials to speak in person every Shuodan".With the support of Fu JianConfucian classicsThe prosperity ofThe Sixteen Kingdoms of the Jin DynastyChang'an was once again the cultural center of the north at that time.The revival of Confucian classics was also the emperor of the Northern Wei DynastyTopogramAnd lay the foundation for the reform of Chinese culture.[81-82][159-160][168]
Writing National History
Fu Jian was appointed successivelyZhao Yuan、Che Jing、Liang Xi、Weitan、Yang Zhi、Yangyao、Tian XieAnd so on.Joined the army again with the Office of RecordsHe XizhongWrite the Book of Qin to record Emperor JingmingFu Jianstory.However, the history of the former Qin State was almost lost, so that "none of them survived".Emperor Wu of Song DynastyLiu YuHe wanted to collect the history of the former Qin State after the destruction of the latter Qin State, but failed to find any results, and sent the governor of LiangzhouJihanGo to Qiu Pool, but still can't find it.[195][258][280]
Gathering of talents
The former Qin Dynasty made great efforts to develop culture and education. The doctors in the Imperial College had a high cultural background, and the former Fu Jian also had a profound knowledge of Chinese culture. Fu Jian often participated in the examination of the Imperial College, checked the students' achievements, and discussed Chinese with the great Confucian scholars in the Imperial College.
Influenced by the general environment, most of the royal families in the Pre Qin Dynasty preferred Han culture, such asFu Rong、Fu Lang、Fu LinEveryone is good at literary creation,Fuhong、Fu Pi、MeterThey are also proficient in history books and poetics.Being rough since childhoodFu DengHe also read many classics under the influence of Fu Jian.Because of this, once the young Di people represented by Fu Jian stepped onto the political stage, they would take the initiative to shoulder the historical mission of "changing from barbarians to foreigners".[1-2][83][145-151][158]
International Relations
When Fu Jian was in power, the neighboring vassal states sent envoys to pay tribute repeatedly.The most solemn one was in the 17th year of Jianyuan (381),Western Regions、Dongyi、general name of the tribes in GuizhouA total of 62 kings sent envoys to worship.Fu Jian also conferred the central plains regime on the kings of all countriesEast AsiaOnly isolatedEastern Jin DynastyThe regime is the enemy.The cultural exchanges between the former Qin Dynasty and the surrounding countries were carried out many times, which helped to promote the spread of Han culture.[84-86][233]
Former General ZhaoLiu YaoBreaking Luoyang, killing more than 30000 people, destroying the imperial mausoleum of the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and creating a heinous Yongjia Rebellion;Emperor Hou ZhaoStone tigerThe extravagance and extreme desire enslaved the people, plundered their wives and daughters, and built palaces, which led to the death of hunger everywhere, and the people could not make a living;Emperor RanweiRan MinThey encouraged national hatred and slaughtered innocent Hu people, and many Han people were slaughtered, which ultimately led to "chaos in Zhuxia and no farmers".These actions made Hu Han's contradiction to the point that it could not be compounded.[212-215]
In 380, Fu Jian, Emperor Xuanzhao of the former Qin Dynasty, first captured prisoners of war in the Eastern Jin DynastyMao XuanzhiAnd sent hundreds of people back to the Eastern Jin Dynasty.Later, Emperor Wenhuan of the Later Qin DynastyYao XingEmperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei DynastyMetamacroHave released prisoners of war safely for many timesEastern Jin Dynasty、Nanqi。These measures have effectively alleviated the gap between the northern and southern Hu and Han nationalities.[216-219]
Religion
The metaphysics, which had been engaged in idle talk since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, was abandoned by Fujian and other northern kings. Fujian vigorously promoted Buddhism, which brought new vitality to the Chinese culture and became world-famousMogao GrottoesIt was during the Jianyuan period of the former Qin Dynasty that the eminent monks of the former Qin DynastyLezun MonkFirst cut.[87]
In 372 AD, the eminent monk of Fujian SectGoguryeo kingSmall Animal Forest KingThe Buddhist scriptures and statues were sent to Koguryo and other countries. Since then, Buddhism has been introduced to Koguryo and the King of Small Animal Forest takes Buddhism as the national religion. Koguryo people call this "the beginning of Buddhism in the East Sea".In addition, under the influence of Fu Jian of the former Qin Dynasty, King Lin of the Small Beast promoted Confucianism, widely established the Imperial Academy, and Fu Jian becameBuddhism, Chinese cultureKorean PeninsulaHas made important contributions to the development of.[88]
In 384 AD, Secretary Lang of the former Qin DynastyZhao ZhengpleaseShi Dao'anPeople, please recruit learned monks in Chang'anTanmo is hard to mentionTranslation《Middle Arabic Classic》、《Zengyi Ahan Sutra》There are also 106 volumes of sutras, such as "Pitan Heart" and "Three Dharma Degrees", which were translated previously.It was translated by Buddha Nian and recorded by Hui Song. After two years of hard work, it was finally completed. During this period, Fu Jian led the people to resistWestern Yan、Later Qin DynastyRebels, to gain valuable time for people to translate books.[153-154]
Anecdotes and allusions
Announce
edit
Dummy food supplier
It is said that Fu Jian's mother Gou once played in Zhangshui and was offeringXimen leopardHe dreamed of making friends with God that night, so he had Fujian in mind.Fu Jian was born twelve months later. At that time, there was a divine light shining in the sky. There were also red words on his back, saying "Cao Fu Chen and Earth King Xianyang".afterFu HongThis and the prophecy of "Dummy Fu Ying Wang" changed their surname to Fu.[89]
Aspire for wisdom
During the Sixteen Kingdoms Period, there was a nun namedZhixian Buddhist nun, her folk name is Zhao.Zhixian had an unusual ambition and a chaste disposition when she was young. After she heard about Buddhism, she was more committed to practicing Buddhism and decided to become a nun. After becoming a nun, she was not greedy for the secular world and adhered to Buddhist disciplines.Du Basu, the then governor, did not like Buddhism. He coveted the beauty of Zhixian. Later, Du Ba held Zhixian hostage and forced him to obey him.Zhixian swore to stick to the precepts and would rather die than obey Du Ba's evil thoughts.Finally, Du Ba wounded Zhixian with a knife. Zhixian fainted to the ground. After Du Ba left, he slowly came to life.After this disaster, the wise and virtuous people became more diligent and practiced Buddhism.Many years later, after hearing about Zhixian's deeds, Fujian admired her and respected her very much. Fujian also sent someone to weave a million yuan cassock for Zhixian, which took three years to weave.[164]
I meet a good man
In the 10th year of Jianyuan (374),Deng QiangWhen he came to Chengdu, Fujian summoned Deng Qiang at the East Hall and said to Deng Qiang, "Deng Yu, the ancestor of the general, was in front of Emperor Guangwu; when the general met me, it was really an honor for Deng's family to always meet the Ming Lord." Deng Qiang retorted, "I thinkEmperor GuangwuencounterDeng YuIt is lucky. It is not Deng Yu's honor to meet Emperor Guangwu. "Fu Jian smiled and said, "The general is comparing himself to this. It's not just the general's pleasure. I'm lucky to meet such a talented person as the general!"[196]
Love Cui Ying
Cui Ying has been loved by Fu Jian since she was a child. She has studied in the former Qin Emperor's Palace since she was nine years old.Once, Fu Jian was lying on his side on the top of the hall. All the Confucians stepped forward quickly, while Cui Ying was walking slowly.Fujian was surprised and asked him why. Cui Ying said, "Your majesty is like my kind father, not like kings like Xia Jie and Shang Zhou. Why should I be afraid?" Fujian asked, "What books have you read recently?" Cui Ying replied, "Recently, you are reading the Book of Filial Piety." Fujian asked, "What does it say?" Cui Ying said, "Being in a high position without being complacent."Fu Jian stood up for him and asked, "Is there any reason?" Cui Ying said, "From the" Chapter of the Son of Heaven "to the" Chapter of the Common People ", it is said that the Son of Heaven loves the common people, and the common people respect the Son of Heaven." Fu Jian said, "I will use you as a doctor when I am seventeen years old." Cui Ying said, "The sun and the moon can see each other again every day, and your majesty is respected. I'm afraid I can't see your majesty again.If a man can be appointed, why wait until later? "Fu Jian said, "You are too young now. When you are seventeen years old, I will find you." Later, Cui Ying grew up, and Fu Jian really worshipped him as an advice doctor.[294]
Chi Chao was overjoyed
During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, people oftenChi ChaoCompared with Fu Jian, the former Emperor Xuanzhao of the Qin Dynasty, Xi Chao was very happy when he learned about it.[90]
Origin of nickname
Di leaderFu HongSeeing the appearance of Fujian, the grandson, I hoped that Fujian would be firm in mind and soft in heart, so I gave him the nickname of Jiantou.[178]
Divine Skill Treasure Sabre
MannoseIn the fourth year (362), Fujian gathered five thousand skilled craftsmen to make a treasured knife with the word "Shenshu" engraved on the body in clerical script《Ancient and Modern Sword Record》。[179]
Five Movements at the Age of One
In 357 AD, Fu Jian was killed at one strokeFu ShengHe and his accomplices established themselves as the King of the Qin Dynasty, changed to YongxingWang MengHe is the secretary of secondary school, and is in charge of military and state secrets.Wang Mengzhi made outstanding achievements and was soon promoted to Minister Zuo Cheng.Because of his persistence in law and shrewdness, he was promoted five times in succession at the age of 36, until he reached the posts of minister, general of the auxiliary country, and captain of the Sili school.Those royal relatives, uncles and senior officials were all jealous and gnashing their teeth.Later, the opposition to Wang Meng changed from public attack to slander.Court officialQiu Teng、Xi BaoTaking advantage of his position, he repeatedly slandered Wang Meng. Fu Jian was about to drive the two out of the court. Fu Jian even whipped and kicked the Di officials who targeted Wang Meng in the courtPower wingHe tried to dissuade him and then gave up.So, those people were afraid and didn't dare to talk nonsense anymore.From beginning to end, this pair of monarchs and ministers never had any quarrel. Fu Jian often said to Wang Meng, "Although we are called monarchs and ministers, our relationship with you is more than flesh and blood." Fu Jian often told the princeFuhong, Changle DukeFu PiWhen the royal children said, "You should serve the prince as you serve me."[91-93]
Medium white sideburns
In 375 AD, Wuhou, QingheWang MengWhen he died, Fu Jian personally participated in the encoffining of Wang Meng, went to cry three times and told the princeFuhongSaid: "Heaven doesn't want me to unify the world? Why did it take away my scenery so quickly?" According to the Han DynastyHuo GuangWang Meng was buried in the old practice.Later, because of Wang Meng's death, Fujian was too sad. At that time, Fujian was only in his thirties, but his hair had turned white.[94-95]
Can't wait to see
QianyanGuangxin CountyYuewanHe is a loyal and virtuous minister who has both civil and military integrity. Later he asked for verificationShady household, enacted laws, and left more than 200000 households. The government and the public were shocked, which made Xianbei nobles resent him,Murong CommentsSomeone was secretly sent to assassinate Yuewan.After Fu Jian destroyed Yan, he heard of his loyalty, but it was too late. The two never saw each other again, so he crowned Yue Wan's son as a monk.[96-97]
Missing the public
Born in the Western RegionsMonk wadingWhen he came to Chang'an, the capital of the former Qin Dynasty, it was said that he was quiet and obedient, did not eat grain, and could walk 500 miles every day. He predicted that what had not happened would come true.Monk wade can let the divine dragon down in the name of secret blessing. Whenever there is a drought, Fujian often asks him to pray to the dragon for rain.Before long, the dragon descended into the bowl. When it began to rain heavily, Fu Jian and the ministers came to the bowl to watch.Monk wade passed away in Chang'an after many years. After a drought, Fujian sighed and said, "If the duke wade is still there, how can he be so worried?"[155]
Make fun of Huan Wen
In 371 AD, Fu Jian heard thatHuanwenHaving done the act of abolishing the emperor, he said to his officials: "Huan Wen was first emperor（Fu Jian）He was defeated in Bashang and laterMurong ChuiDefeated by Fang Tou, he could not reflect on his mistakes and condemn himself in order to apologize to the people, but did the act of abolishing the emperor to justify himself. How could an old man in his sixties face the world when he did such a ridiculous thing?The proverb often says, 'If you are angry with your wife, you will show your father your face.' It's Huan Wen. "[98]
Knowing mistakes can change
In 371 AD, Fu Jian led Wang Luo and other actors to hunt in the West Mountain of Yecheng, and they even lingered for more than ten days.Wang LuoLima admonished: "Your majesty is relied on by the people. Now he has been hunting for a long time and will not return. Once there is an unexpected disaster, letEmpress Dowager GouWhat should people do? "Fu Jian therefore stopped hunting and returned to the palace.Wang Meng said, "Hunting is really not an urgent matter, and what Wang Luo said should not be forgotten." Fujian rewarded Wang Luo with 100 pieces of silk and gave him an official admonition. Since then, Fujian never went hunting again.[99]
Fu Jian was very frugal in clothing, food, housing, and transportation when he first ascended the throne. However, after the former Qin Dynasty unified the north, the national treasury became rich and the living standard improved significantly, and Fu Jian began to become increasingly extravagant,Pei YuanlueHe admonished Fujian not to be extravagant. Finally, Fujian realized his mistake and was very happy with Pei Yuanlue's outspoken words. Then he corrected the extravagance and appointed Pei Yuanlue as the admonition doctor.[100]
Grand Inquisitor
In 354 AD, the former Qin Donghai KingFu XiongShe died of illness in the army. Gou, Princess of the East Sea, was widowed very early. Later Gou and the former Qin generalLi WeiWith feelings, the matter was recorded by the historian.Later, Fu Jian watched the Qiju note and saw that Li Wei andEmpress Dowager GouFujian burned the book in anger and made a massive inspection of the historiographer who recorded the incident, who was going to convict them.Later, it was learned that the author, Zhao Quan, Che Jing, and others had already passed away, so Fu Jian stopped investigating the historian and did not anger the family members of the deceased historian.[101]
Favor Kuren
In 376 AD, the former Qin Dynasty annexedOn behalf of the state, appointed by Emperor Xuanzhao and Fu JianLiu KurenHe was the general of Lingjiang and was granted the title of Inner Marquis of the Pass. He ordered him and Liu Weichen to split up the heads of the state department.Since the area west of the Yellow River belongs toLiu WeichenThe area east of the Yellow River belongs to Liu Kuren.At that time,Tuoba Shiyijian Son ofTuobashi's wifeEmpress XianmingHe's carryingRubbingsWait for the third son to come to live from Helan Department.Liu Kuren has devoted himself to serving, not changing his moral integrity by abolishing his ambition, but appeasing the exiles. He is famous for his kindness and faithfulness.Later, Fu Jian was promoted to Liu Kuren as Guangwu General, and granted such honor guards as banners, drums and umbrellas. The etiquette was equal to that of princes.Fu Jian ranked Liu Weichen below Liu Kuren.Liu Weichen became angry, killed the former Imperial Guard of Qin Wuyuan and rebelled, attacking Liu Kuren's western region.Liu Kuren attacked Liu Weichen again and defeated him. He chased Liu Weichen to the northwest of Hell Mountain for more than 1000 miles, captured his wife and children, and collected all his followers.Liu Kuren also marched westward to attack Shedi tribe, captured a large number of livestock, moved their tribes and settled in Sangqianchuan.Fu JianrangGongsun XiLiu Kuren and his younger sister, Liu Kuren, gave a large amount of property to each other.Liu Kuren went to Fu Jian again, and Fu Jian gave Liu Kuren the title of General Zhenwei.[288-289]
Hiroko presents poems
In 381 AD, Emperor Xuanzhao Fujian held a banquet and ordered officials to hold a poetry contest. Qinzhou did not drive Tianshui peopleJiang PingziThere is a word "D" in the poem of "D", which is written straight without hooks.Fu Jian felt very strange and asked Jiang Pingzi.Jiang Pingzi replied, "My T-shaped character cannot be bent. It is not right to present it to your majesty because it is bent downward." Fu Jian smiled and said, "It really deserves its reputation." Jiang Pingzi was promoted to the first place.[249]
a big army
When Fu Jian decided to go southEastern Jin DynastyWhen the prince left the guardShiyueHe advised that the Eastern Jin Dynasty had the natural danger of the Yangtze RiverSima YaoAlthough there is no virtue, there is no major crime and it is not easy to attack.But Fu Jian, who wanted to end the troubled times, responded: "I have a million troops. As long as all the soldiers throw their whip into the Yangtze River at a command, they can cut off the water of the Yangtze River. What's to be afraid of the natural danger of the Yangtze River?"[102]
state of extreme nervousness
During the war of Feishui, Fu JianheFu RongClimb the Shouchun City Wall and look northBagong MountainI saw that every tree and grass on the mountain looked like soldiers of the Jin army.Fu Jian turned to Fu Rong and said, "What a powerful enemy! How can we say that the Jin army is not strong enough?"[103]
referring to the great fright of routed soldiers
After the defeat in Feishui, Fujian's defeated soldiers heard the wind and the cry of cranes all the way, thinking that the Jin army was coming again, so they ran away desperately regardless of the day and night.[104]
People are emperors
In the battle of Feishui, the former Qin Dynasty was badly hurt. Fu Jian returned to Huaibei on his own. At that time, Fu Jian was very hungry. When people saw Fu Jian coming, they immediately gave him tea and pig legs to appease his hunger. Later, Fu Jian rewarded the people, but they refused. The people said, "Your Majesty is tired of hardship and happiness, and he is in danger.I am your majesty's people, and your majesty is my father. How can a son in the world respect his father and ask for compensation? "Finally, I left without even looking at the reward.Fu Jian said to Mrs. Zhang, "How can I govern the world now?" Then he wept.[17]
Xinping's loyalty
Hou ZhaoStone tigerLast year,Qinghe Cui FamilyOfCui YueHe served as the new prime minister and was later killed by the people of Xinping County.Cui Yue's sonCui YeHe followed Fu Jian, Emperor Xuanzhao, and Fu Jian asked him to serve as minister. But Cui Ye thought that his father's revenge was irreconcilable and did not want to stay in Guanzhong, so he asked to return to Jizhou.Fu Jian was moved by Cui Ye's filial piety, so he imprisoned Xinping County and dug a corner of Xinping's city wall to punish Xinping people. Xinping Chieftain Wang was deeply ashamed.
In 384,Later Qin DynastymainYao ChangAttack Xinping County, the prefect of XinpingGou FuIf you want to surrender, Liaoxi Prefecture ChiefFeng JieLotus spoon orderFeng Yu, Shang ShulangZhao Yi, Wenshan Prefecture ChiefFeng MiaoPeople all admonished, "Tiandan used a city to revive the Qi State. Today, there are more than 100 cities under the jurisdiction of the Qin Dynasty. Why should I be a traitor?" Gou Fu heard of the great joy and said, "It's my ambition to die for the country. I'm just worried that the army and people in Xinping will suffer together if there is no rescue. Today, the monarchs are so loyal, how can I care only about my own life!" So the people stayed in the city,Defeated Yao Chang several times to express his loyalty to Fu Jian.Yao Chang, the leader of the Later Qin Dynasty, attacked Xinping many times, but all of them ended in failure. Yao Chang saw that the long war was not good, so he secretly used treachery to trick people in Xinping. Yao Chang said, "I win the world by virtue of faith. Now I need the city of Xinping, and I don't want to hurt you loyal officials. As long as you come out to surrender, I will let you go back to Chang'an to see Fu Jian." Gou Fu, the governor of Xinping, believed in it,He led the people of Xinping out of the city, but Yao Chang ordered that more than 5000 people in Xinping be killed without leaving the old and young.onlyFeng JieSon ofFeng ZhongHe escaped and came to Chang'an alone. He told Fu Jian about Xinping. Fu Jian sent a posthumous gift to Gou Fu and other officials, all of whom were posthumously named Marquises. He was posthumously named Jie Min, and Feng Zhong was granted the title of Chief of Xinping.[221-223]
The meaning of hanging the reins
The allusion of the meaning of hanging the reins comes from《Heterogenous garden》It is said that Fu Jian was defeated in a battle with the enemy and ran away, only to fall into the cave and climb up again.At this critical moment, his horse suddenly knelt at the edge of the stream, dropped the reins, and Fujian grabbed the reins and climbed up, only to escape the great difficulty.And《Extensive Records Compiled in the Taiping Years》The phrase 'A dog is gracious to wet grass' in Chinese is a couplet, and when quoted, it often appears together with the satirical ungrateful person.Such as《Romance of the Mirrored Flowers》The paragraph in "Ma YouThe meaning of hanging the reins, dogs haveGrace of wet grassThe lamb kneels and sucks to repay its mother's kindness, while the ape steals the fairy fruit and runs away.The spider weaves a net to protect the body, the rat steals the surplus food to defend itself, the plum deer sees food in groups, and the unjust people are hateful! "
People will not abandon
After the war of Feishui, the north returned to the era of great division, when Fu Jian wasWestern YanSurrounding Chang'an, at this critical moment, Feng Yi risked his life to deliver food to Fu Jian on the walls of the fortress, but most of the rescuers were killed by the bandits of the West Yan.[18]
Go to the national calamity together
Emperor Xuanzhao Fujian's quiltYao ChangAfter killing,Wang MengSon ofWang YongThe prefectures and prefectures said, "In the Xia Dynasty, it was difficult for the poor to survive,ShaokangRise;usurper who founded the Xin dynastyPoisoningEmperor Hanping，Emperor Guangwu of Han DynastyWhat dynasty didn't have such bad luck when the Han Dynasty was rebuilt!The sky fell into chaos, Qiang Hu disturbed China, the former emperor Fujian died in the bandit camp, the capital became a den of bandits, China declined and withered, and the life was besmirched.However, God did not destroy the Qin Dynasty. There were people who were worshipped in the ancestral temple. The Lord Fu Pi was noble and noble. His virtue was the same as that of Emperor Guangwu. All the places turned to their hearts, and the heaven and the people attached themselves to it. It will certainly make Zhongdian prosperous and restore the beauty that matches the heaven.Yao Chang was tyrannical and Murongchui was cruel. Where they passed, the population was extinct and the graves were destroyed. Both the living and the dead were poisoned by it, which made the people in the underworld and the sun very sadYellow Scarf ThiefThe scourge in Kyushu,Red eyebrow armyThe ferocity in the world is not too bad compared with them.Now autumn is coming, and it is a good time to march and fight. The dukes and herdsmen, as well as the strongmen of the countryside, should serve the country, be loyal to the royal family, and lead their subordinates. In the first ten days of the first month of winter, they will come to Linjin to meet Dajia. "So Tianshui CountyJiang YanFeng YijunKou MingHedong CountyWang ZhaoXinping CountyZhang Yan, Jingzhao CountyTumin , Fufeng CountyMa LangJian Zhong, Gao Ping, pastoral officer, Du WeiWang MinThey all accepted the call of war, and each had tens of thousands of soldiers. They sent messengers to respond to Fu Pi.Fu Pi appointed all of them as generals and prefects and granted them the rank of marquis.Famous General of the Former Qin DynastyDeng QiangSon ofDeng JingGather 5000 troops to occupy Pengchi, andDouchongEchoing from head to tail, attack the post Qin Pingliang Imperial GuardJin Xi。Anding Northern Duwei XianbeiNot good atLead Shanshan KingHu Yuanzha, Zhonglang General protecting QiangLiang GounuAnd others, and General Zuo of the Later Qin DynastyYao Fangcheng, General ZhenyuanQiangjingAt Sunqiu Valley, the former Qin Dynasty defeated the latter Qin Dynasty.[105]
Emperor AipingFu PiAfter his death, Feng YirenGuo ZhiGather people in Guangxiang to fight in response to the former Qin emperorFu DengHe also issued a statement to the people of Sanfu, saying: "Yao Chang is vicious and cruel, and the disasters of the Yao family spread all over the gods and the people. The people of Guanlong have received the image of the former emperor (Fu Jian) for generationsYao、ShunA benevolent government like this, if not the son of an official such as a servant or a minister, should be the grandson of a local official such as a minister, a school, a shepherd, and a guardian.It is better to die for justice than to live in humiliation. "Later, all the civilian fortresses in Sanfu area responded to the call to go to Fudeng.[106]
Letting Yao Chang die
When he finally regained his strength,Yao ChangThe officials went to Longdong, Hedong, Wudu, Wuwei, Brazil, Fufeng and other prefectures, and then served as the governor of Ning, You and YanInfantry Colonel, Feng Yidu County Marquis, Jin ShengGeneral Long XiangHe was honored as the leader of all the clans.But Yao Chang later betrayed Qin and killed Fu Jian. He dug out Fu Jian's body and whipped it. He took off his clothes and wrapped it with thorns, and then buried it in a pit.Fu Jian's evil spirit caused a lot of trouble. Later, Yao Chang went wrong and was repeatedly killed by Qin GaodiFu DengThe defeat was attributed to Emperor Xuanzhao's Fu Jian showing up, which led to repeated defeats of the Later Qin Dynasty. So Yao Chang also set up a statue of Fu Jian in the army and prayed: "The trouble in Xinping is not Yao Chang's fault, but Yao Xiang killed His MajestyYao XiangWhen crossing north from Shaanxi, we will go west along the road, just like a fox facing the original cave when he dies, just to see the countryside.Your Majesty andFu Mei、Deng QiangStop attacking him on the road and kill him if he can't succeed. Yao Xiang's sworn officials must revenge.Fudeng is a distant relative of His Majesty and also wants to revenge. How can I say that I have failed justice when I avenge my brother?When His Majesty called me General Longxiang, he said to me, 'I became emperor after General Longxiang, and you should work hard!'The plain imperial edict was very obvious, as if it were still in my ear.Your majesty has passed away and become a god. How could he kill his ministers through Fudeng and forget what he said in those days!Now set up a statue for your majesty, and ask your majesty's soul to enter here and listen to your sincere prayer. "However, Yao Chang's war situation still hasn't improved. Instead, he can't sleep well and is attractedFu DengCriticism: "Since ancient times and modern times, killing the Lord has turned into praying for blessing for the main public gods? Will it be good?"[107]Yao Chang finally destroyed Fu Jian.It is said that before his death, Yao Chang dreamed that Fu Jian led Tianguan and ghost soldiers to attack him[108]During this period, he was injured by the soldiers who rescued him and suffered massive bleeding.When he woke up, he found that his lower body was swollen, and the doctor's puncture and swelling area was as bleeding as in a dream. There was more than one stone. Yao Chang went crazy and shouted, "I am Yao Chang, who killed your majestyYao XiangI don't want to kill your majesty. Your majesty, don't wrong me! "Then he asked Fu Jian to forgive him[109]Yao Chang was seriously injured and died soon. Before he died, he knelt down at the head of the bed and bowed his head.
have qualified successors
According to《Pre Qin History》Fu Jian's move can't help but make people thinkWei, Jin, Southern and Northern DynastiesAnother outstanding figure of the period who strongly advocated Chinese cultureNorthern Wei DynastyEmperor XiaowenMetamacro。Yuan Hong once said to the influential people in the Northern Wei Dynasty: "When people in the North say what they know about the use of books, I hear this and use it with deep sadness... I am the Son of Heaven, and I don't want to leave the Central Plains, so that you and your descendants can see more. If you live in Hengbei forever, you will not be worthy of being a literary master, and you and your descendants will inevitably have a wall." Fu Jian destroyed the country in the past year, invited the ancestors of Emperor Xiaowen to the Imperial College, and Fu Jian asked Tuoba Shiyijian: "Is it good to learn?"?”The king answered, "If you are not eager to learn, what will your majesty do with his ministers?" Fu Jian and Emperor Xiaowen had different words, but their intentions were the same.[163]
Fu Jian's belief in "mixing six things into one family, which is the same as that of a child" and "mixing six things into one to help the common people" is exactly the same as Yuan Hong's belief that "Gou Neng is honest, Hu Yue people can also be close as brothers" and "Yangon Seven Temples, which help the common people".The wheel of the reform of Chinese culture will not stop because of the death of an individual. Just after Fu Jian diedYao Xing, Northern WeiRubbings、Tuobatao、Metamacro、Yuancheng、Yuan Xie、Queen Mother FengThey continue the trend of Chinese culture and finally become the future generationsSui and Tang DynastiesIt is the first to establish a system and has far-reaching influence.[271]
To worship as a god
According to the myth novel《Yongzhuang sketch》According to the records, Fujian died in Xinping Buddhist Temple. It is said that he dreamed of the master of the temple, Maha, in the night, and hoped that the temple would be changed into a temple to worship Fujian and more than ten guards.The abbot refused. The county and town where the temple is located, indeed, died one after another. Later, he had to respect his spirit. After the temple was changed, there was really no epidemic in the local area.
Later Taoism expanded its righteousness, and built temples to avoid disasters when plagues occurred. They were called Fu Wang Ye and Fu Jia Shen, and they started to build temples on the second day of the first lunar month every yearToo firmFengzhi is called Jifu Family God.It is one of the existing ceremonies in Taiwan's Taoism to celebrate the Fujia God. The day of the ceremony is the second day of the first lunar month.[19]
personal works
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Fu Jian also has attainments in poetry, according to《Spring and Autumn Period of the Sixteen Kingdoms·According to the Pre Qin Record, "Jian Dayue went to Hanyuan to watch the place where the ghosts of Jin and Wei Dynasties gathered grass to fight against the Qin army and wrote poems." However, the Sixteen Kingdoms era was far apart, and because of the war, many historical records were missing, and most of Fu Jian's poems were lost.[272]
Qing peopleYan KejunOf《Quan Jinwen》Twenty articles and edicts written by Fu Jian are included, which are beautiful and elegant with literary color.Fujian's imperial edict language is beautiful and full of charm, which can be seen from Fujian's familiarity with Chinese cultural classics and outstanding literary grace.[237]
Quotations
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one
Han ZuAndNape featherStruggling for the world, he was trapped between Beijing and Suo. He was wounded by more than 70 people, passed through six or seven places, and his parents and wife were imprisoned by Chu.Under Pingcheng, we don't eat on fire for seven daysChen PingThe supreme leader, his wife, and the Huns will be saved.Two phases are not unique!Although there is a metaphor of people and dogs, how can it be said in yellow!
two
Now I know that there are laws in the world, and the Son of Heaven is respected.
three
Zhenfang XiuWei JiangIn the art of peace and war, one should not forget one's faith.In the battle between Wu and Jing in the past, silkworm wives were born;Benefiting from watering melons, Liang and Song stopped fighting.It is not in the interests of the state to disturb people while the resentment of the husband is not great or the matter is not small.The acquired assets shall be recognized and returned.
four
Ru（Fu Rong）He is not full of virtue but harbors right and wrong, and he is too famous for doing good.PoetryCloud: Virtue is as light as a feather, and people are fresh.A gentleman should stand high and guard against failure!
five
Today, there are many things in the four seas, and the common people have not yet settled down. Li Yuan should be pacified, and the barbarians and the barbarians should be reconciled. They will be mixed together into one family. They will be visible to the only child. You should rest on them, and do not care about them.
six
I thinkChineseReturning to a thousand li horse, we sing a beautiful song of grief.If the horse presented today is known to be on the contrary, it will be like the ancients that Shuke recited the former king.
seven
I have been carrying on the great cause for twenty years. I have eliminated the barbarians and Bu Wu. The four sides are slightly defined, but the southeast corner has not become a king.I always think that the world is not the same, and I have to give up food and feed. Now I want to raise the world's soldiers to ask for it.
eight
Heaven doesn't want to make me calm down the one and six evils?How fast can I seize my scenery!
nine
Loyalty and spirituality, come to this court.Your father, don't be a demon.
ten
Heard that the incoming rate is not good, honesty is the loyalty of loyal ministers in distress.Nowadays, the bandits are difficult and complicated, which cannot be helped by one person.The common people have a bright spirit, and the disaster is extremely serious. They are good at being honest and obedient. They love themselves for the country, store food and armour, and listen to the teacher's time. They should not lose nothing and follow the beast's mouth.
eleven
Xirong is a wasteland, not a state of propriety and justice.The way of Jimi is to obey and forgive. It shows the power of China and guides the way of kingship. Do not use extreme force and destitute soldiers to plunder too deeply.
twelve
It is not because the land is not wide and people are not enough, but thinking is mixed together to help the common people.
thirteen
I owe it to you（Wang Meng）Righteous means that the monarch and his officials are more intimate than flesh and blood. Although Fuhuan and Zhaozhi have their own management and music, and Xuande has its own Kongming, they call themselves more than flesh and blood.
fourteen
When a scholar dies and knows his friend, he comes from Gome.So Duke Qiao said, Wei Zu mourned, Zhao Sili GaopingXu TongIn Yedu, I used to know me from my childishness. When I think about his kind words, I dare not forget them.
fifteen
General（Deng Qiang）As a matter of fact, I'm not a straight general, and I've also met a good man.
sixteen
Good, Lord Xi Wengong realized his wrongdoing to Yu people, and I heard about itWang Luo, I have.
seventeen
The two Han forces could not control the Huns, so it was like leaving the Western Regions.Today, the Huns are flat and easy to destroy. Although they work hard in a distant battle, they can be determined by calling the shots. It's not too beautiful to be defeated by Kunshan Mountain and be hanged for thousands of years!
eighteen
I have heard that the king is diligent in seeking talents, and comfortable in obtaining talents. How can his words be verified!It is often said that the emperor is easy to be a prime minister.Since the Prime Minister has gone against the world, his hair is white. Every time he reads it, he feels sad.Today, there is no prime minister, or politics and religion have been replaced. You can send your courtiers Zhou to patrol the counties and counties to ask people about their sufferings.
nineteen
It has been thirty years since I served as the king of all the countries with immorality and honor.All the descendants from far and wide come to the court, but in the southeast corner, they dare to disobey the king's order.I will work hard for the six divisions, and do the punishment of heaven. But I will not hang up the mystery, and the king will fail.Lai Qing（Murong Chui）Loyalty is the most important thing, and you can help me bow. The country will not fall, and you can help me."Poetry" said: the center of possession, when forget it.Fang Renqing regarded Yuan as the prime minister, and Jueqing regarded the county as the marquis. The common people helped the poor and rewarded the heroes. He Tu Boyi suddenly destroyed the ice drill, and Liu Huishu was a prostitute!Looking at the watch, I felt sorry for the pilgrims.Since you are not allowed to cast your life in this dynasty, I will favor you as a general, honor you as a guest, serve as an old minister, and honor you as a noble. I will honor you with my heart and honor.That is to say, you eat, cherish, and keep your old age together.Do you mean to drown the boat with livestock and water, raise animals to fight against harm, and regret will devour the navel!The absurd words are shocking and exaggerated. How can you talk about Zhou Wu!The bird without its cage is not under the control of Luo;Whales off the net, how can they be made!It is unnecessary to hear if you want to hold your head high.Nian Qing is dying of old age. He became a thief when he was old. He was born a rebel and died a rebellious ghost. Dwarf Zhang showed up quietly and spread poison to survive and die. How painful it is for the ladies of the Central Plains!How can I return to you after my journey!But Changle and Pingyuan（Fu Pi、Fu Hui）In my last year, when I met Qing in both capitals, I was afraid that he didn't call me my heart. What I hate is that.[190]
As a senior official, we should pay attention（Xu Song）He is young and has two talents.[226]
Historical evaluation
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General comments
the Sixteen KingdomsDuring the period, countries fought against each other, the economy was severely damaged, and people were displaced.In the late 4th century, the Fu family of the Di nationality establishedPre QinIt gradually became strong and unified the Yellow River basin.The Di nobles were deeply influenced by the Han civilization, and the emperor Fujian had a high cultural accomplishment.Fu Jian appointed Wang Meng, a Han, as the prime minister, to investigate the reform.They rectified the administration of officials, enforced the rule of law, strengthened centralization of power, appeased refugees, reduced taxes and banned extravagance, and vigorously established schools to promote Confucianism.At that time, the confrontation and contradiction between Hu and Han in the former Qin Dynasty were eased.[110]
Fu Jian is an advocate of sinicization and promotion among ethnic minority rulersEthnic integrationOne of the pioneers of.He made the former Qin Dynasty the most rapid economic and cultural recovery and development in China at that time, with relatively clear politics, the highest administrative efficiency, the most generous and dynamic regime.The cultural relics etiquette of the former Qin Dynasty even claimed to be orthodoxEastern Jin DynastyIt is also out of reach.His actions not only had a huge impact on many minority regimes in the late Sixteen Kingdoms, but alsoEmperor Xiaowen's Reform in the Northern Wei DynastySome shadows can also be seen.His action is not as good asEmperor Xiaowen of WeiAs thorough as that, the outcome was not as lucky as Emperor Xiaowen of Wei, but Fu Jian could not be blamed for this, which was limited by the historical conditions at that time.Just over ten years after the tragedy of national revenge, Fu Jian's courage to do so is quite amazing.These measures play a positive role in easing ethnic conflicts and promoting ethnic integration.[111]
《Jin Shu》: ① "At the age of seven, he is intelligent and benevolent, and his behavior does not exceed the rules." ② "He is filial in nature, knowledgeable and versatile, and has great economic ambitions. He should become a hero, and take the picture as the best way to win the world." ③ "He is firm and benevolent." ④ "YongguMagnanimousRose pose, change the barbarians from the summer, sing the songs of Ye Yu Long from afar, and support Mo Fu to stop fighting,KejianTraitorous returnCompile the fake calendar, follow the moral education of the Ming King, explain the Confucian style of the sage, and nurtureLi Yuan, worry about diligencenumerous affairs of state。Wang MengWith Hongcai Weijun,Fu RongPraise the economy with righteousness and Qi, guide the country with Quan and Xue, and guide the country with loyalty and courage. Deng and Zhang use loyalty and courage to restore their power, and their talents and talents are promoted by Qi and Zi. They use both civil and military skills, and use virtue and punishment.It is a peaceful place where the Yan Dynasty settles down in Shu, where people are captured instead of swallowing cool things. It spans two thirds of the territory and is seven of the nine states. It is desolate and admiring righteousness. It is secluded and dangerous. It is a place where people sing songs to stop horses and sit in order to become eulogies. It is not a place where people can be reconciled to the past because of their achievements!Although the five hoods are flourishing, nothing can compare with them.So it is enough to boast about the world, repeat the admonition against the plan, underestimate the enemy and anger the neighbors, and engage in militarism.I hate the three evils before they leave, and I am ashamed of the five evils. I will be obedient, and I will lead the local army to attack the enemy. I will bear the power of his dogs and sheep and use it to devour them.He said that he would win the battle and win the attack. So he wanted to call Siyu Cave and stop at the Mount of Doub. He used Marquis Chucai to build a pavilion to return to life.Zeng Dou knew that humanity helped obedience, and the divine principle harmed the profit. Although he was strong in Zhuoye, Kunyang was finally defeated.The Taoist envoy Wenqu waited for the gap, and the crafty bandits waited for him to start the disaster. The burning should take advantage of the chaos. The clan moved to another family, and his body was exhausted by the bandits. How sad it is that the bandits will warn the future and make fun of the world!Isn't it absurd? "⑤"Yonggu Zhenxiang was born in Longxiang.DiademNegative sign, stealing the emperor and drawing the king.It is difficult to be arrogant and strong when you have trouble with the enemy. "[262]
Sixteen Kingdoms PeriodAugury: ① "Cao Fu chen and Tu Wang Xianyang." ② "At the end of the ancient moon, Zhongzhou was in chaos, and the flood started to flow westward. Only the male son set up eight states." ③ "The big fish in the East China Sea turned into dragons, and the male became the king and female." ④ "The river was clear and the new city died."
《Spring and Autumn Period of the Sixteen Kingdoms》: ① "It's hard to persuade people to be elegant and good at literature. They have a good collection of English and Confucian scholars. They are pure and rich." ② "They are firm and friendly." ③ "They have good looks and outstanding characters."[113]
《Sui Shu》"Among them, the principle of war is to seek, fighting is to do, culture and education are flourishing, Fu, Yao (referring to Fu JianYao Xing）Only. "[115]
《Extensive Records Compiled in the Taiping Years》: "At the beginning, it was firmly inherited from the Shishi Rebellion, and the household people were rich, and the four directions were determined."[201]
common peopleThe ballad praises: "Chang'an Avenue is verdant with Yang Huai; get off the galloping car and sit on the phoenix; gather talents to teach our people."
《Comprehensive Mirror for Aid Government》: ① "The firm nature is filial, ambitious when young, knowledgeable and versatile." ② "Wang Jian in the East China Sea is known for his reputation."[244-245]
《Outline of National History》① "Fu Qin's culture and education are particularly prosperous. All scriptures have doctors, but Zhou's rites are too commonWei XuanThe mother of the Song family passed on her pronunciation, that is, her family set up a lecture hall, and there were 120 students working across the red gauze curtain. "②"Although the Wuhu is disturbed by the clouds, the Confucian tradition in the north is still there. The Shihe and Luohe areas have been deserted for a long time, and Shanxi is also the target of the east-west war,Stone tigerThe chaos was particularly disastrous, so Murong (Murong Wei）Western Weifu, YaoYao Xing）For the survival of northern culture. "[116]
Wang Meng"Your majesty Fu Wei, who is mighty and strong, can shake up the eight wastelands, and the sound education is light and harmonious. There are hundreds of prefectures in Jiuzhou, seven out of ten. It's like picking up mustard to calm down Yan and settle Shu."[275]
Murong Chui: ① "I was not allowed by the Taifu in the past. I joined the Lord of Qin, and was also worshipped by Wang Meng. I saw the light again. Every time the courtesy of the Guoshi was deep, there was no distinction between repaying virtue." ② "The King of Qin treated me deeply, and I did everything I could. However, because of the suspicion of the Ergong, I was afraid of death. Every time I thought about it, I couldn't sleep at midnight."[117-118]
Fu Hong: "This child's appearanceMagnificentThe quality is excellent, and it is very similar. "[260]
Fufa: "Your legitimate heir is worthy and worthy, and should be established."[194]
Xu Tong: ① "This place has the appearance of an overlord." ② "Fu Lang's appearance is not constant. Later, he will become a very expensive person, but his servants will not be seen."[276]
Yan negative、Liang Shu: "Both civil and martial arts are talented, and the magic tools are outstanding. Those who can enter Keyunli, and those who can break through thousands of miles, General Wei, Wang Huangmei, Guangping（Fu Huang Mei）, Later General, Qinghe Wangfa（Fufa）, General Longxiang, brother of Wang Jian in Donghai. "[239]
Quan Yi: "Your majesty is magnanimous and magnanimous, good at controlling heroes, superb in martial arts, and willing to record his meritsHan ZuThe wind. "[240]
Liang Chen: "It is easy to break the crisis and accept the good as the flow.Wang MengHave Wang Zuozhicai and be aggressive.It is a thousand years since the monarch and his officials met each other. "[120]
Zhou: ① "When the army and the army gather together, for example, when dogs and sheep flock together, how dare they compete with the emperor?" ② "The army and the army have come, but they have not."[242]
Shi Dao'an: "Your majesty should control the world according to the sky, center on the earth and make four-dimensional, self-sufficient pilonYao、Shun。”[121]
Guo Zhi: "A gentleman with a sense of righteousness is a man who can move villains. We were born to meet the former Emperor Yao and Shun, and have been grateful for many generations. We are very grateful to the son of Bonayan, who is the son of Qing Xuemu, and can sit and watch the jackals and wolves endure the harm of your father! Naked corpses recommend thorns, and pain knot hidden springs. There is no sign of loose tunnels in the mountain mausoleum, and the spiritual master (Fujian) has no eulogy of the Qing Temple, and thieves and ministers（Yao Chang、Murong Chui）It is so great that it has never been heard of since ancient times.Although the tea is bitter, how can you explain it!Yao Chang was so poor and vicious that he was poisoned by people. He had no points in the prophecy. He dared to steal the name of others. He had the audacity to blink. The sun and the moon did not follow him. He was also sterile.Although the emperor wants to break it, he will also use his artificial hand to be loyal.All the gentlemen have been deified for a long time. They have righteous prescriptions, but they still have shame. Who would like to follow the Tao? "[122]
Wang Shi"Since Liu and Shi disturbed and covered the Chinese capital, the two capitals of Ju are luxuriant grass. Confucianism is rare or exists, and the graves are destroyed without discipline. After being abandoned by degradation, they are almost like the Qin emperor. Your majesty has been able to dispel the chaos by divine force, and the Taoism is prosperous in Yu and Xia. It is beautiful to open up the age, promote the style of Confucianism, and transform the prosperous Zhou Dynasty into a prosperous Zhou Dynasty, with thousands of sacrifices. The two martial arts of the Han Dynasty are not enough."[123]
Cui Hao"The officials try to talk about the officials of generals and ministers in modern times: if Wang Mengzhi governs the country, Guan Zhongya will be the one who can restore the backbone; Murong Kezhi will be the assistant leader of the youth, Murong Weizhi will be Huo Guangya; Liu Yuzhi will calm the trouble, and Sima Dezong will be Cao Cao."[243]
Cui Hong"The most filial, well-informed and versatile person. On the eleventh year of the year, he had great ambitions for management and strategy."[124]
Li Deyu: "The responsibility of the leader of Shukong ming, Fu Jian's use of scenery, althoughGuan YuCannot move,Fan ShiCan't be confused, how effective is it that Shu and Qin Quanjun are not full-time to settle the country? "[125]
Song ShenzongZhao Xu: "Fu Jian is also wise. However, he subverts the situation when he does something. Why?"[247]
Wang Anshi"Fu Jian is good at fighting, but can't bear it. He is too wise to see the opportunity. He suddenly knows that he can't defeat him, so he advises not to attack Jin's ears. Otherwise, if you want to win Jin because you are strong enough, you can't defeat him."
author of the history Zizhi Tongjian(1) "If a man has meritorious deeds, he will not be rewarded. If Yao and Shun cannot govern, let others alone! The King of Qin insists that those who are always rebellious will forgive him, so that his officials will believe that they are rebellious, that they will be lucky when they are in danger, that they will not worry about death, and that there will be no end to chaos!" The Book says: "Weike will love, and will help; if he loves, he will help." The Poem says: "Do not play tricks, and you will be careless.";It can stop the aggressors from abusing, and there is no way to make tea. 'It is impossible for us to be defeated! "He also said: "All the critics thought that the death of King Jian of Qin was due to the fact that Murong Chui and Yao Chang were not killed.Xu ShaoPredicateEmperor Wu of WeiHe is a capable minister in governing the world and a traitor in troubled times.If the firm governance of the country does not lose its way, then both vertical and vertical are capable officials of the Qin Dynasty, and the black can be chaos.The reason why Jian died was that he became arrogant after a sudden victory.Wei WenhouaskRickThe reason for Wu's death was that he said, 'Several battles and several victories.'Marquis Wen said, 'If you win several battles, you will be blessed with the country. Why did you die?'He said, 'A few battles make the people tired, a few victories make the people proud, and a proud leader defends the exhausted people. There is no one who will not perish.'The King of Qin is as strong as that. "②“Liu YuAt the beginning, Wang Shijian levelled the East Xia Dynasty. Instead of honoring the virtues and talents, comforting the exhausted people, promoting the spirit of fraternity, cleaning up the policy of disability and filth, making a group of scholars to the wind, leaving Li Qiheel behind, and more wantonly slaughtering in order to express their anger and trace their actions. Zeng Fu and Yao were inferior to each other. It was better for them not to wander around the world, and to become a great cause of beauty. Isn't it true that although they have wisdom and courage, they have no benevolence and righteousness! "[126-127]
Where to go"With the heroic capital, we have worked hard in the couple and won the talent of Wang Meng to complement his ambition. Therefore, we have been able to overcome the weakness of the Three Qin Dynasty and swallow up the land of Liang and Shu and make seven of them."[128]
Su Zhe: "Although Jian has the strategy of Bo, he has an insatiable heart. He is deeply ashamed of the diversity of the world. Although he has destroyed Yan and settled Shu, he has conquered Qin, Liang and the four regions, but his greed has not yet been overcome, and his army has changed over the years without fear. Although Jin is weak,Xie An、HuanchongAs a general and minister, the monarch and his officials are at peace with each other, and the people have not suffered from the Jin Dynasty, but want to take it with their own strength. Although there is no internal conflict or constant provocation, it is inevitable that the people will be defeated.However, as a ruler, he killed Murong and Yaochang, took the sons of the two surnames, recorded their talents and made official envoys, which spread all over China and abroad. All his old officials were doubted.If it is in secular terms, it can be eliminated gradually, like a fierce plan;If you say it in terms of the emperor's affairs, it will be firm and not necessarily wrong. "[130]
Hu Yin"At the beginning of the Wuhu test, the barbarians were deceitful and relied on their strength. It was not a big mistake. However, it was impossible to cope with the difficulties of the common people more than the elders of the gentlemen."[230]
Ye Shi: "After three generations, those who win the world will have different benevolence and violence, and the strong will be the strong.ShillerFu Jian has eight out of ten peopleStone tiger）Extremely cruel, he killed himself with his own strength.Dujian Ya has the degree of inclusiveness. Suihuai is a strategy. Although it has been defeated in old age, it is also common in ancient and modern times, but it has been destroyed in succession. Those who can't be saved by the collapse of fish and earth are widely taken by Gaijian, while those who guard it are narrow.The reason why it is not appeasement is why it is lost. "[232]
Zhu Xi: ① "Fujian is ugly. Seeing that he killed Fusheng and Donghai Gongyang, it is clear that Fusheng was killed specially, and the history recounts the cruel and evil crimes of Fusheng. The death of Donghai Gonggong was caused by the Empress Dowager on the very floor. Seeing that there were plenty of horses and carriages in front of his door, he wanted to harm Fujian, so it was inhuman to kill him. Gai was all his own sons, so he should not love him and the envoy killed Donghai Gongyang.This is all because historians want to get rid of Fu Jian's crime of killing his brother, so they decorate a lot, so this history is ugly. "②"Fu Jian was eager to stay awake and start his apprenticeship. If he failed, he would make up his mind before he reached Feishui." ③ "He was eager to be orthodox. He was afraid that the future would be unorthodox, so he was eager to kill Jin. He was also impatient. At the beginning, he ordered Wang Meng to kill Yan. He said, 'Your Majesty doesn't have to come in person since he has appointed officials.' And when he entered Yan, he suddenly became very strong. He was afraid that he had done great work to cover his heart, so he came to share his work with others personally.It is because he is small minded that he did so later. "[259]
Wanyanliang"It is so grand that the author of Bingshi does not return to it as an orthodox emperor, but as the first person in the history, Beifu."[131]
Zhan Tong：“ShillerAlthough he did not learn, he was forthright and carefree, and had no choice but to defeat the enemy.Fu Jian is militaristic and does not measure his own strength. After the defeat in Feishui, he became a prisoner.In this word, Shile is superior. "[132]
Zhu Yuanzhang: "When Shi Le was in chaos in the early Jin Dynasty, he didn't meet the enemy, so it was easy to succeed. Fu Jian had been fighting for a long time, and his wits and braves were at odds, so it was hard to help. The man who carried out the battle personally and defeated the attack was not as strong as his strength. If he could contain everything, he could not kill and surrender, so he was not as strong as his strength. However, Le Cong had more than enough observation, but was not decisive enough, so the taming caused the disaster of Shi Jilong;Jian is not smart enough but generous enough, so he formed the Murong Family's father son rebellion.All have not been reincarnated, but the race has been destroyed. It is called the courage of a man (refers toShiller）The benevolence of women and people (referring to Fu Jian). "[132]
Aixin Jueluo Hongli: ① "Fujian is a combination of ambition and ambition at that time. He excels others with his talent. He comes back from poverty without losing his strategy to control heroes. Later, Chuixing was defeated, because he was good at the latter. Cao Cao did not kill the former leader, and later generations did not hear of his missteps. If he did not kill Chui, it was because he was small and could not tolerate ridicule, so he said that he would judge others by success or failure."② "A firm man does not get rid of his weakness early, and he does not take advantage of his weakness. The mediocre think that a hero can measure a person well, and the treacherous think that he is in trouble. It is not true that a firm man covets the Jin Dynasty and wants to make contributions by virtue of his weakness. It is also true that the Wu Yue Spring and Autumn Annals says, 'A cicada does not know a mantis, and a mantis does not know a bird.'"③ "If a strong man should fall down and wait for his change, but also take advantage of the words of separation, until the officials are cut down and the pavilion is burned, the reverse has been exposed, and the end of the house is not asked, then the so-called benevolence of women and bravery of men." ④ "It is not unknown that a firm person believes in the theory of divination. To transfer the letter of divination and try with his own body, he will not lose his mind after the failure, so he will be as if this is the case. It is appropriate that he cannot recover."[189]
Zhang Daling: "With the good fortune of carrying out the list of grass and paying, the sky opened and the land of Kyushu was like a dragon, so there were eight of them. Hai Qiao presented his performance, Yue Shang retranslated it, Li Shu enjoyed his career, fashionable and handsome people ascended to the throne, courteously prepared and happy, and distinguished himself from others. Since its inception, Hu Yun has become more prosperous than ever before. What is the speed of success? Wang Jinglue is the assistant.The talent of Jinglue is not limited to governing the country, but the whole country is determined to listen to it, and people in between will die. Although the name of the emperor and his officials is strong, Jinglue is able to use its talents.And Jian is also diligent and loves the people, benevolent, respectful and thrifty.Jing died slightly and became increasingly arrogant. He was eager to be mixed up in the expedition to the Jin Dynasty. The saying goes that Xianbei was not eliminated early from the Western Qiang.I don't know if the scenery is here, how can we do it.Therefore, the survival of Jinglue is the rise and fall of Fu family.When the comet sweeps the east well, heaven will punish, fish and sheep will eat people, and God will speak earnestly.If there is someone who is kind, Yijian has never done anything wrong in his life, and the emperor may not want to abandon it.However, the five generals ran away and annihilated themselves. They prospered with prophecy and perished with prophecy. Those who asked for it could not get it. "[133]
Lv Simian"Fu Jian is among the Hu people who still have a little knowledge of governing the body, but he is not a great instrument. He tastes the county pearl curtain in the main hall to court the officials. The palace, chariot, utensils, clothes, and jewels, Langgan, Qibao, and Zhenguai are decorated with them. Although he ordered the pearl curtain to be removed with the advice of the minister Pei Yuanlue, and took Yuan Lue as the admonition doctor, it is so well known that everything can not avoid extravagance, which can be imagined."He also pointed out that his order Lv Guangzheng to march to the Western Regions was "to show off his martial arts and to covet his treasures." He also said: "We firmly know that Jin is the end of the Qin Dynasty, and that the fate of the army will not be sufficient for Jin. However, the more serious disaster of the unknown bow is committed by itself, it is still lost in negligence; and its negligence is still lost in arrogance."[134]
historian"Fu Jian is an excellent emperor among the emperors. His most trusted assistant, Wang Meng, is also a first-class general among the generals and ministers."[135]
Cypress poplar"Emperor Fujian appeared on the stage with the wisdom beyond the times, bringing a peaceful and prosperous age to the suffering Chinese people. In China's thousands of years of history, there are only five people who are qualified to be called the Great Emperor. They areFirst Emperor of Qin、Martial Emperor, Wang Fujian of the former Qin Dynasty, Taizong of the Tang DynastyLi ShiminandKangxi。”[136]
Tanigawa Daoxiong"The era of Fu Jian is indeed the most stable period in the Wu Hu regime, and it is also the period to unify the country. The reason for the demise of the former Qin Dynasty was not because of the corruption within the national rights, especially the rule of Fu Jian, which was praised by historians for its moral integrity.Fu Jian's expedition to the south of the Yangtze River is to restore the disorder of the northern literati and officials living in the south of the Yangtze River after Yongjia, that is, to fight for justice, peace and civilization, not to use force indiscriminately, but to obtain land and people. "[137]
Chen Wenhua: "In the famous battle of Feishui, Fujian, the defeated king of the former Qin Dynasty, was considered by later generations to be obstinate and arrogant and despised the enemy. It would be unfair to judge Fujian's life as such. Fujian was the leader of a generation in the troubled times of the Sixteen Kingdoms of Wuhu.He was brilliant, ambitious, diligent, widely recruited talents, and humbly accepted advice. With the help of Wang Meng, a virtuous minister, he created a prosperous pre Qin era in a troubled world, and his historical achievements should not be obliterated. "[138]
Deng Lequn"Fu Jian's enthusiasm for promoting Confucianism is more than that of Han monarchs in the Han Dynasty, Wei and Jin Dynasties."[139]
Zhu Dawei: ① "Fu Jian, King of Qin, WeiEmperor Xiaowen, Northern Zhou Wen, Wu Erdi (referring toYu Wentai、Yu Wenyong）They are talented and have a high level of Chinese culture.Therefore, we should deeply understand the excellent traditional connotation of Han culture and its importance to the improvement of our national cultural quality, so as to accurately grasp the guiding ideology of sinicization. "②"Fu Jian is the highest level of Han culture in the Fu family of Di people."[140]
Zhou SiyuanThe evaluation of Fu Jian has three major historical contributions: unifying northern China, making people free from the hardships of warlord separatism and scuffle, vigorously promoting Han culture, promoting cultural exchanges in northern China and the peaceful integration of ethnic groups, and pacifying the Western Regions, which has continued the jurisdiction and influence of the Central Plains regime on the Western Regions since the Han Dynasty.Another said: "To evaluate an important historical figure, we should not only look at his temporary events, but also look at his life. As the saying goes, one handsome person covers all the ugly people. On the contrary, Fu Jian covers all the ugly people. For most of his life, Fu Jian can be said to be a hero."[141]
historianChen DengyuanIt is believed that Fu Jian has four good deeds: good literature, good internal affairs, generous tolerance, and excellent martial arts.Few Chinese ancient kings can really achieve these four points.Fu Jian and Wang Mengjun and his officials met each other, and they made a decisive decision. What they wanted to achieve must be successful. They are very handsome, but unfortunately they are very diligent. They don't know how to rest people's lives, and they have women's heartMurong ChuiWhen they did not get rid of it, they attacked Jin on a large scale and lost the world, becoming the target of later generations' satirical attacks.[36]
Tian Yuqing《Clan politics in the Eastern Jin Dynasty》: ① "Fu Jian ruled the north for more than 20 years, which was the best stage of the Sixteen Kingdoms Period." ② "Fu JianEmperor Xiaowen、Yu WentaiThey are the outstanding representatives who carried out this policy (the policy of sinicization) at different stages of the development of northern ethnic relations. "③"ExtinguishChenThe success of the war ended inSui DynastyHowever, it includes the contributions made by Fu Jian, Emperor Xiaowen and Yu Wentai, of which Yu Wentai's contributions are more direct and more easily perceived. "④"Fu Jian can be called an outstanding figure in the Sixteen Kingdoms Period, which is consistent with the general opinion of the historians at present." ⑤ "In terms of national integration in the Sixteen Kingdoms Period, Fu Shi (Fu HongFu JianFu Xiong, Fu Jian) has achieved far more than the previous Xiongnu（Liu YuanLiu Cong, Liu Yao), Jie（ShillerShi Hu), Xianbei Murong Department (Murong WeiMurong、Murong Xuan）Established regimes. "[142]
Professor of Dunhuang StudiesFeng PeihongHe praised Fu Jian's rule in Hexi. He said: "Fu Jian respected Dunhuang scholars, reflecting the tolerant and open-minded rule of the former Qin Dynasty, which won the support of the Han people in HexiHexiThe rule won the hearts of the Han people, and even the Dunhuang ethnic groups gave support to the former Qin Dynasty. "It also points out that during the period of ruling Hexi, the former Qin Dynasty inevitably had feudal limitations, and would also carry out economic exploitation policies for officials and people in Liangzhou.However, in general, the former Qin Dynasty's rule in Hexi had done more good than wrong. Fu Jian maintained the stability of political ecology in Hexi and practiced the principle of "governing by virtue".[169]
Ding HongwuEtc.: "Former Qin Fu's previous masters（Fu Hong、Fu Jian、Fu Xiong, Fu Jian, etc.), the migration and development from Longyou to Guanzhong and Central Plains, as well as the inheritance of Chinese traditional culture by his family, the reference of western Buddhist culture, and the acceptance of new metaphysical thoughts, were exemplary at that time.Although for various reasons, the Fu family failed to realize the dream of unifying China.However, the enterprising spirit embodied in this family, its compatibility with multiple cultures and its objective effect of promoting the integration of multiple cultures（Northern Wei Dynasty）, Yuwen（Northern Zhou Dynasty）The rise ofSui and Tang DynastiesThe blending of multiple cultures during the period had a profound impact. "[293]
member of family
Announce
edit
Grandfather Zeng
great-grandfather:Pu Huaigui, leader of the Di nationality in Lueyang.[211]
great grandmother:Jiang's family.[277]
ancestors
Grandfather:Fu Hong, the former Emperor Huiwu of Qin Dynasty, the founder of the temple;
Uncle grandfather:Fu An, was granted the King of Wudu;Fu Hou, was granted Yong'an Duke with the posthumous title of Wei.
parent
Father:Fu Xiong, the prime minister of the former Qin Dynasty, posthumously presented to the King of Wei, with the posthumous title of King Jingwu, and later posthumously posthumously titled Emperor Wenhuan, with the temple name missing;
Fu Jian also had several uncles, who were feared by the influential officials of Later Zhao because of their outstanding talentsHou ZhaoemperorStone tigerKilling;[273-274]
Uncle:Fuding, the marquis of Fucheng;Fu Jian, was granted as the Marquis of Gu'an.[143]
Peer generation
Fufa, elder brother, Duke Donghai, prime minister, posthumous title of Duke Xianai;
Fu Rong, younger brother, Fengyangpinggong, senior general of the South Expedition, posthumously titled Aigong;
Fu Shuang, his younger brother, was granted the title of Duke of Henan, later renamed Duke of Zhao, the general of the Western Expedition, and the governor of Qinzhou;
Signal current，Fu JianThe eldest son, Fujian's cousin, the prince of the former Qin Dynasty, has the posthumous title of Prince Xianai;
Fu Liang, Fu Jian's second son, Fu Jian's cousin, and the King of the Plains;
Fu Sheng, the third son of Fu Jian, the cousin of Fu Jian, was initially granted the title of Huainan King, and the former Qin Dynasty abolished the emperor. He was violent and wanted to kill. He was deposed by Fu Jian as the King of Yue, and later was killed. His posthumous title was King Li;
Calligraphy, the fourth son of Fu Jian, the cousin of Fu Jian, and the King of Changle;
FufangFu Jian, the fifth son of Fu Jian, Fu Jian's cousin, was granted the title of King Gaoyang, and later the title of Duke Gaoyang, with the posthumous title of Duke Min;
Fu Shuo, Fu Jian's sixth son, Fu Jian's cousin, was granted the title of Beiping King;
Fu Teng, Fu Jian's seventh son, Fu Jian's cousin, was granted the title of King Huaiyang, and later became Duke Huaiyang;
Fu Liu, Fu Jian's eighth son, Fu Jian's cousin, was awarded the King of Jin, and later the Duke of Jin;
Fu TongFu Jian, the ninth son of Fu Jian, Fu Jian's cousin, was granted the title of King Runan;
Calling, Fu Jian's ten sons, Fu Jian's cousin, was granted the title of King Wei and later Duke Wei;
FuwuFu Jian, the eleventh son of Fu Jian, Fu Jian's cousin, was granted the title of King Yan and later the title of Duke Yan;
Fu YouFu Jian, the twelve sons of Fu Jian, Fu Jian's cousin, was granted the title of King Zhao;
Fu Jin，FudingHis son, Fu Jian's cousin, was the late Yan Shangshulang;[257]
Fu, a princess, whose title is unknown, married the monarch of Qiu Chi StateYang Ding。
Nephews and nieces:
Fuchang, the biological father is unknown, Emperor Qin Gao Fudeng's biological father, Longdong Prefecture Chief, Jianjie General, Taiwei Sima, and Yingchuan King;[220]
Fu LangHe has an unknown father, is a happy man, elegant, knowledgeable, and loved by Fu Jian;
Fu Chong, whose biological father is unknown, was granted the title of Xiping King.
Both Fujian brothers have children, but none of them left their names.Fu Jian's cousin Yan GongCallingThere were seven sons, who were all pardoned by Fujian after the Five Duke Rebellion. The eldest son inherited the title of Duke of Yan County, and the other six sons inherited the title of Duke of County.[210]
grandchildren
Fu Deng, Emperor Gao of the former Qin Dynasty, Temple Taizong;
Funing, the crown prince of the former Qin Dynasty;
Symbol tableHe was famous for his filial piety. He died as his mother and was buried in Siwanggang. The prince of Ancheng Prefecture in the Eastern Jin Dynasty commended his behavior;[278-279]
Fujian TombIt is located in Shuikou Township, Binxian County, 125 kilometers northwest of Xianyang.The tomb sits from south to north, with a total area of 360 square meters. The remaining enclosure is 24 meters long, 10 meters wide and 2 meters high.According to《County Annals of Yuanhe County》"Jian was killed by Yao Chang in Xinpingcheng, and was buried".《Spring and Autumn Period of the Sixteen Kingdoms·According to the records of the former Qin Dynasty, "Song and others (Xu Song and Hu Kong) were buried between the two castles with king ceremony".《Binzhou Annals》Record: Fu Jian's Tomb is "thirty miles west of the state".After investigation, Fujian Tomb is located todayBinxian CountyJiutian Village, Shuikou Town, 30 miles to the southwest.Tombs are well preserved, and the tomb covers an area of about 4500 square meters.The tomb is long and slanted. The south end is 3 meters high and 7 meters wide, the north end is 2 meters high and 3 meters wide, and the total length from north to south is 21 meters.The local people call it "Long Horn Tomb".There is still a tombstone in front of the tomb today, engraved with: "The tomb of Fujian, the former King of Qin".Fujian Tomb May 1957Shaanxi Provincial People's GovernmentIt was announced as the second batch of provincial key cultural relics protection units.At present, the county cultural center and local cultural staff are responsible for protection.
