Frederick I(German: Friedrich I; English: Frederick I; 1122-1190, June 10), nickname“Redbeard”Or“Barbarosa”（Italian：Barbarossa；German: Rotbart), yesHouse of Hohenstaufen First place ofRoman peopleThe kingHoly Roman EmpireThe emperor (from June 8, 1155 to June 10, 1190), alsoGermanyA famous politician and strategist in history.
Frederick was born in 1122 toHouse of Hohenstaufen Taxi Duke of SwabenFriedrich II AndBavariaWelf familyJudith.In 1147, he inheritedDuke of Swabia His title was Frederick III.In 1152, he won the election of the German king and was crowned the King of the Roman People of Hohenstaufen Dynasty.In 1155 (1154), the PopeEugenius III At the request of FrederickItaly, and onPaviaacceptIron Crown, was crowned king of Italy.In 1155, in St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome, the PopeAdrian IV Honor Frederick asHoly Roman Emperor, known as Frederick I.In 1178, FrederickArlesOnce again he was crowned king of Burgundy.
Frederick I was considered one of the most successful rulers of medieval Germany,Holy Roman EmpireOur national strength has reached its peak and we have become the strongest country in Europe.
Frederick I YesItalyHis strong interest in Italian affairs made him the most important part of his life.To conquerLombardy Cities made these rich areas the source of revenue for the empire. Frederick I carried out the policy of invading Italy for a long time.
He made six military incursions into Italy:
for the first time
In 1154, the Italian PopeEugenius III Sent a letter to Frederick ILetter of Help, originally at that timeRomeAn uprising broke out. The common people revolted under the leadership of a priest named Arnold. The insurgents claimed to abolish the papal territory and let the pope lead an ordinary life.Frederick I did not give up the opportunity. He sent troops to Italy, quickly suppressed the uprising, and convened representatives of Italian city states to hold the Loncaria Conference, reaffirming that Frederick I had absolute control over ItalyDominionFrom the appointment of officials to the collection of taxes, it can only be decided by the emperor;
The second time
In 1158, because Frederick I connived at the soldiers' looting in Italy, the northern Italian city states were completely angered, and they formedMilanThe city state group led by Frederick I fought to the death.Frederick I overwhelmed the insurgents with powerful military violence, and the city alliance was forced to surrender;
But in the same year, the Milanese rebelled again and kidnapped Frederick I's wife in an attackBurgundyCountessBeatrice IQueen, force hertricycleOut of town.This is an insulting ceremony to witness oneself being paraded like a prisoner.This also led to Frederick's later revenge.
third time
In 1160, Frederick I invaded againItaly, because the new Romethe pontiffAlexander III could not tolerate the tyrannical red beard. He announced that Frederick I wouldExcommunicationAnd support the struggle of the city-state alliance.Frederick I sent troops.After two years of fighting, Milan was captured. Milan representatives went out of the city in linen and barefoot to surrender.However, Frederick I relentlessly drove Milan residents out of the city, dug ditches in the central square of the city, making them barren, and allowed the prisoners to cut off their heads and kick them as balls to insult the people of Milan.
The fourth time
In 1167, Frederick I's slaughter of the city angered the Italian people, including Venice and VeronaItalian city-stateFormed a new“Lombardy League”And quickly won the support of the Pope.Frederick I once again sent troops. At the beginning, he was unstoppable and attacked Rome. Pope Alexander III fled.Later, the war reached an impasse. Frederick I's army was bravely resisted by the Italian peopleplaguePopular, thousands of brave veterans died.At this time, Frederick I had to withdraw;
Fifth time
In 1174, because of the last failure, Frederick I rallied and marched out.At the beginning“Lombardy League”He wanted to talk about peace, but Frederick I refused.Due to the increase of "Lombardy League" cities (22) and the enhancement of the experience of League soldiersBattle of LenianoFrederick I's army failed, and Frederick I himself was seriously injured and had to surrender.In 1177, Frederick I and Alexander III signed《Venice Peace Treaty》Frederick I agreed to return the religious property, and at the same time he would not interferePapal StatesInternal affairs.
The sixth time
In 1183, Frederick I launched his last expedition to Italy, which still ended in failure.
Frederick I, like all talented emperors, tried toGermanyControl the rebellious princes in the territory.He issued it in 1158ManorThe decree required all the people who accepted the manor to perform military service for the emperor.His other major move was to divide the large vassal territory into several pieces, so in 1156AustriafromThe Principality of BavariaDivide it out and make it a principality.
Coronation
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Frederick I
After his first expedition to Italy (1154Eugenius III He was crowned, but Eugene III had just died of grief and indignation.The new Pope Hadrian IV was very stubborn and rigid. When he crowned Frederick I, he constantly criticized Frederick I's behavior, and finally asked Frederick I to lead the horse and stirrup for the Pope according to the practice.
Frederick I was angry, and the coronation ceremony suddenly becameSlaughterhouseNearly a thousand priests fell under the sword of the army, but Frederick I still got“Holy Roman Empire”(Ironically, Frederick I knelt down on the Pope piously to show "repentance" after the failure of his fifth expedition to Italyalexander iii Kiss the Pope's feet).
Power struggle
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Although Frederick I and his empire are famous, they have formed a feudal separatist regimeGermanyHis centralized policy still faces strong challenges.His main enemies and competitors areDuke of Saxony Henry the LionHenry also took over Bavaria in 1156.
In 1174, due toHenry the LionDecline to participateItalyOfmilitary actionFrederick I attacked Henry and defeated him.Henry was deprived of most of his land, only Brunswick andLuneburg 。But Frederick I did notHenry the LionThe confiscated territories were incorporated into the royal domain and distributed to other dukes.Since then, it has become a practice in Germany that the confiscated duchy can only be owned by the emperor for a short time.
Leading the Eastern Expedition
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In 1189, Frederick I, after reconciling with the PopeRichard IandPhilip II·Capey led it togetherThe Third Crusade。However, he failed to reach the Holy Land after all.
The German army took the roadthe danubeskip overbalkan, ArrivalConstantinople。saladin BuyoutByzantiumemperorIsaac II Angelos (Isaac Angelus), let him try to slow down the speed of the crusade.Isaac angered Frederick I, and the two sides had friction, and finally exchanged hostages.East and WestRoman emperorI also met him once in a lifetime.Shenluo troops spent the winter in Edirne and arrived across the strait in the spring of 1190Asia Minor。
On May 18, 1190, Shenluo troops occupied Konya after fighting（Battle of Konya）On the road, I sometimes meet some scattered ArabsLight cavalryIn addition, the Turks did not dare to launch a major attack on this army all the way.At the end of May, the troops of the Holy Roman Empire entered the Armenian Silesia, from where they could safely goSyriaHas.[1]
Death
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Frederick I
However, on the evening of a scorching summer on June 10, 1190, the 68 year old emperor was riding across the Saleph RiverLatinMiddle pairGekesu RiverIn extreme fatigueheart disease, fell into the river and drowned.His death wassaladin It is regarded as Allah's manifestation, because this time he iscrusadeThe most powerful leader was also one of Saladin's most feared enemies.
Without the emperor's strong leadership, the German army began to disintegrate.Some of them went home immediately, and the rest went by boat or landAntioch, onSyriaThe troops suffered heavy losses due to minor battles and intense heat along the wayAntiochAgainplagueThe heavy blow of.Only a small number of people participated in the siege of Ak. When Friedrich's son, the Duke of Swabia, died on January 20, 1191, thisHoly Roman EmpireThe Crusades of.And the Third CrusadeLeadershipIt also fell to the English and French.
Later generations also have different views on the death of Frederick I,Niccolo MachiavelliIn his works《History of Florence》It was suggested that Red Beard died because he took a bath in the Salifa River and fell ill from the cold;It is also said that Frederick inherited the 8th centuryCharlemagneThe great monarch of the soul, and like Charlie, he was infected with the blood of JesusLonginusThe two also died because of the loss of the long gun.Although the death methods are slightly different, they are all equally regrettable.[2]
Evaluation of later generations
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Statue of Frederick I
"The great and peaceful messenger crowned by God, the glorious victor and the continuous expansion of the empire, the Roman emperor Frederick." - Frederick I on the third expeditionItalyLater, I evaluated myself on the released notice.
"The enemy forced you, and you never used your power to destroy the shackles... So you called in the Franks; it was like praying, there was no honor there" - Frederick I taunted the Romans.
"You must set an example for others to make the shaken empire recover through you" -- Frederick I persuadedHenry the LionTake part in an expedition.
"Defender of justice, lover of law" - contemporary's evaluation of Frederick I.
Beatrix (c. 1162/1163-1174)William II They were engaged, but died of tuberculosis before they got married.
Frederick V (Friedrich V; July 16, 1164 - November 28, 1970), Duke of Schwaben.
Henry VI(Heinrich VI; November 1165 - September 28, 1997), Holy Roman Emperor, and Queen of SicilyConstanceMarriage has offspring.
Friedrich VI (February 1167 - January 20, 1911), Duke of Schwaben.
A daughter (1168-1184)
Otto I (Otto I; 1170-13 January 2000) The Earl of Burgundy.
Konrad II (1172-1196), Duke of Schwaben.
Rainard (1173)
Wilhelm (1176)
Philip (1177-1208), andOtto IV The King of the Opposite Roman People (1198)
Agnes (1181-1184), who was engaged to the Hungarian king, died before their marriage.
※ Children born out of wedlock
△ Ulrich
Cultural influence
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The romantic play created by Victor Hugo in 1843《An old fogey》（Les Burgraves）Frederick reappeared many years after people thought he had died;
Cyrus Townsend Brady, American writer and historian（Cyrus Townsend Brady）In his 1901 book, Hohensorum: The Story of Frederick Barbarosa（Hohenzollern; a Story of the Time of Frederick Barbarossa）The deeds of Barbarossa were mentioned in the dedication;
The Unreasonable Land, a fantasy novel co written by L. Sprague de Comm and Fletcher Platt in 1941（Land of Unreason）Frederick's Kiefferhausen Castle in Germany is mentioned in the book;
John Crowley's 1981 novel Small, Big（Little, Big）Frederick was portrayed as a modern character.
Real time strategy game developed by full effect studio in 1999《Age of Empires II: Emperor Century》The battle Barbarossa around Frederick appeared in, covering the history of nearly 50 years from Frederick's rule of Germany to the Third Crusade.
2002 RTS Game《Fortress: Crusade》In, Emperor Frederick appeared as the player's opponent.
In the round based strategy game Medieval 2: Total War - Kingdom in 2006, Frederick appeared in the crusade.
2016 round strategy game《Civilization 6》Frederick appeared as the leader of German civilization.
