The Bamboo Chronicle does not take the Confucian "benevolence, righteousness and morality" as the guiding ideology. It records a lot of ancient history of "letting go and killing", for example, the book records events such as Qishayi and Taijia killing Yiyin.
In addition, the records of many events in the book are quite different from those in other historical books.For example, according to the book, from Zhou toKing Mu of ZhouIt should be 100 years old, not 100 years old.The Bamboo Chronicle records the struggle of the royal family for power and profit.
The Bamboo Chronicle was denounced by later Confucians because of its different writing ideas and contents from the orthodox Confucianism. The academic status of the book has gradually declined, and it is even called the "absurd" book.
Title
Bamboo Chronicle
Alias
Ji Zhong Ji Nian、Ancient Chinese Chronicle
Author
Historian of Jin State in the Spring and Autumn Period、Historian of the State of Wei in the Warring States Period
Creation era
Pre Qin
literary genre
Chronological General History
Number of content
Thirteen
historical value
General Chronicle of Ancient China without Qin Fire
There are different opinions about the starting time of the Bamboo Chronicle.Du YuSpring and Autumn Zuo Zhuan Ji Jie Hou Xu and《Jin Shu·Shuxi Chuan》It is said that the book began in the Xia Dynasty, but《Redords of the Grand History of China·Wei Shijia》The book started from the Yellow Emperor, according to the notes and quotations of Ji Jie and Qiao Yu.[1-3]
the Qing dynastytoRepublic of ChinaThe Ancient Bamboo Chronicle, which was compiled and lost, began in the Xia Dynasty, and did not exist“Five Emperors Period”This part.In addition, there are sporadic words, such as "Shun released Yao toPingyang”It has been quoted by other books and passed down. Some editors believe that it is the quotation who mistakenly《Jizhongsuo language》The content of is taken as the content of "Ji Zhong Zhu Shu", so it is not accepted;However, there are also those who compile the lost books and append them to the books.[4-5]
The young master was exiled and bullied by ministers, which seems to be more consistent with the truth of history.Due to the decipherment of Shang Dynasty oracle bone inscriptions unearthed in different regions, it was found that Yi Yin in the whole Shang Dynasty was a symbol of teacher power, respected in status, with records of Yi Yin's exile and returning to Taijia, and Yi Yin's descendants had high status and power.Therefore, this part of Yin Ji is questionable and needs further study.
Zhou Ji
The most different thing between Zhou Ji and Shiji is thatRepublican administrationRecords.As per《Redords of the Grand History of China》As recorded in official history, republican administration isKing Li ZhouAfter being driven away by the Chinese, Duke ZhouZhao GongThe two parties are in power together.Zhou Jize said thatTotal primordial sumTo conduct the administration of the Emperor, that isRepublicHis uncle, his name, and his throne.This seems to be more in line with the statement of "republican administration".
In addition, there are completeMu TianziHistorical events and recordsKing You of ZhouAfter his death, the two kings stood side by side.
Wei Ji has been called "Liang Huicheng King" since Huicheng King, which is consistent with the state of Wei, also known as the State of Liang, recorded in other ancient books, and is conducive to reading ancient books, such as《Mencius》Find out why there is anotherLiang HuiwangSuch questions.It has better preserved the original appearance of history, which is more convenient for the study of the history of the State of Wei.
Ancient and modern edition
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The book uses Xia Zheng to record the year (Spring and Autumn Annals uses Zhou Zheng to record the year), and Jianyin's month as the beginning of the year.Its characters are written in Tadpole ancient Chinese, and its genre is chronological. Its notes are as brief as Spring and Autumn Annals.
The title of "Bamboo Chronicle" was taken by later generations, because it was originally written on bamboo slips and also used to record the year.And because it is fromTo draw gravesTherefore, some people call it Ji Zhong Ji Nian or Ji Zhong Shu.Since its discovery, this book has often been quoted by people, such as《Water injection》、《Soyin in Historical Records》, Records of the Historian Justice《Stone》And other books have citations.However, it has not been recorded since the Tang Dynasty, so we can see that this book has been lost.This is the ancient edition of Bamboo Chronicle.
here we arethe ming dynastySuddenly, another book named "Bamboo Chronicle" appeared, with contents fromYellow EmperorSpeaking of it, there are two volumes in total, which are called "Today's Bamboo Chronicle" by modern people. Many facts exist in ancient books, but this book does not contain them.After textual research by the people of the Qing Dynasty, it was proved that this book was a fake book put together by some boring scholars in the Ming Dynasty, and almost all of its contents were copied from the Records of the Historian and other books, with the addition of only years.[10]
There are three main differences between the current version and the ancient version:
The first is the way of chronology: according to different historical periods, the ancient edition adopts three ways of chronology: the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Jin State and the Wei State;Now, the emperor or the son of heaven is used to record the year.[13]
The second is about the records of Shun's succession to Yao's position and the dispute over Yi Qi: the records in the ancient version completely overturned the traditional records in the classic ancient books such as Shangshu, Shiji, and the current version is identical to the records in Shangshu and Shiji.[13]
Third, there is no expression of emperor "zhi" in the revised edition of the ancient edition, but the present edition clearly points out that "the collapse of emperors is called zhi", and almost all the collapse of emperors are expressed by "zhi".[13]
Time of excavation
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Academics have the following three opinions about the specific time of the unearthed bamboo slips:
First, it was said in the fifth year of Xianning (279).This statement is based on《Jin Shu·Wu Di Ji is the representative.It is recorded in the Book of Jin · History of Emperor Wu: "In the fifth year of (Xianning)... in the winter of October, Wuyin, the commander of Yuqu, the Hun, Duyong and other handsome tribes were naturalized. The people of Ji County were not allowed to dig the tomb of King Weixiang, and they obtained more than 100000 ancient bamboo slips and small seal script, which were hidden in secret places. In November, they attacked Wu on a large scale." This theory is also held by documents such as Shuduan, a Tang Dynasty scholar, and Hanjian, a brief account, a Song Dynasty scholar, Guo Zhongshu.
The second is the first year of Taikang (280 years).It was Du Yu, a famous scholar in the Western Jin Dynasty, who first put forward this statement. In his Preface to the Collection and Interpretation of the Spring and Autumn Annals, it was recorded that "in March of the first year of Taikang, Wu Kou Shiping returned to Xiangyang from Jiangling, and the Jiejia and Xiubing were to express the old meaning and revise the Spring and Autumn Annals and the Collection and Interpretation of the Annals. From the beginning to the end, Ji County, Huiji County, had published old graves within its boundaries, and had obtained ancient books, all of which were simply compiled into fighting characters."This view is also held by Jin Shu Wei Heng Zhuan, Jin Shu Li Li Zhi, Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi and Tang Dynasty scholar Kong Yingda.
The third is the second year of Taikang (281).Xun Xu, the historiographer of the Western Jin Dynasty who presided over the collation of Ji Zhong Shu, put forward this view in the preface to another cultural classic, Mu Tianzi Biography, unearthed in Ji Zhong.He said: "In the second year of Taikang, people in Ji County were not allowed to steal the books obtained from the ancient tomb." In addition, Fang Xuanling's The Book of Jin · The Biography of Shuxi and Lu Wuji, Ji County magistrate in the tenth year of Taikang, also strongly supported this view.The Book of Jin · Biography of Shuxi records: "At the beginning, in the second year of Taikang, people in Ji County were not allowed to steal the tomb of King Weixiang, or talk about the tomb of King Anli, and got dozens of cars of bamboo writing... Emperor Wu paid his secretary with his book to proofread the book, and then wrote it in modern Chinese."[12]
Site of excavation
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The most common statement used in various documents is Ji Zhong, which is located in the south of Niangniangmiao Village, Sunxing Village, 10 kilometers southwest of Weihui City (formerly Ji County), Henan Province.Because the cemetery isJi CountyIt got its name from the Tombs of the Warring States Period, with seven tombs (numbered from east to west according to the sky, the earth and the five elements).
In the second year of Taikang in the Western Jin Dynasty (281), people from Ji County were not allowed to sendKing WeixiangTomb (or Yan Anli King Tomb) No. 3 Tomb with the character of "gold", got dozens of cars of bamboo script.
throughBandy fairThe Bamboo Chronicle, which was collated and edited, is the earliest chronological history book in China. It was one of the four major discoveries in Chinese cultural history and a county-level cultural relic protection unit.This argument is mainly based on what Lu Wuji, the commander of Ji County, said in the "Qi Taigong Lvwang Table" in the tenth year of Taikang in the Western Jin Dynasty: "In the second year of Taikang, when Ji was leaning to the west, there were graves stolen and bamboo policy books were obtained.".
The Records of Huojia County, compiled in the 23rd year of the Republic of China, believed that "(Daliangzhong Village) was also the ancient Jizhong (Jin belonged to Jijun), or the tomb of Wei Anli King." The ancient tomb column of the "Cultural Relics Chapter" of the newly compiled Huixian Annals also believed that the tomb of Wei Anli King was located in the "Daliangzhong" in Huixian City, north of Daliangzhong Village in urban and rural areas.
The latter statement is contrary to the first one, and the original agreed excavation site of "Ji Zhong Shu" was moved from Sunxing Village in Ji County (now Weihui City, Henan Province) to Niangniaomiao Village in the south to Daliangzhong Village in Huixian City, Henan Province.Niangniangmiao Village, Sunxing Village, Weihui City and Daliangzhong Village, Huixian City, are more than 30 kilometers away.Although the distance between east and west is very far, it is certain that during the Western Jin Dynasty, these two places were under the jurisdiction of "Ji Jun".
According to historical data, "Ji Prefecture was established in the second year of the Taishi era of the Western Jin Dynasty (266). It is located in Jicheng (today's Jicheng Village in the southwest of Weihui City, Henan Province), and belongs to the state of Si. Its jurisdiction is roughly equivalent to today's cities and counties in Henan Province, such as Weihui, Xinxiang, Huixian, Huojia, Xiuwu, etc. Since then, the administration and jurisdiction have changed frequently."[12]
Unearthed process
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In the second year of Taikang, Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty (281), Ji County, Ji County (today'sWeihui City）A large number of ancient books have been unearthed from a Warring States tomb. The Bamboo Chronicle is one of them.[8]
In the early Western Jin Dynasty,Henan ProvinceAn important event happened in Ji County. A tomb robber named Bu Bu (pronounced "No Mark") secretly opened an ancient tomb.After the tomb is opened, it is difficult to find it because it is dark insideThe funerary objectsHe scratched all over the ground and felt a handful of bamboo pieces.He didn't find gold and silver treasures as he expected when he lit bamboo pieces to take photos of treasures. What he saw was bundles of bamboo pieces. Don't be disappointed because they were useless to him.When he was disappointed, he was very unwilling, so he turned the bamboo pieces upside down, took some valuable items and threw them away.
When the villagers saw the opened ancient tombs and scattered bamboo pieces, they told the government.Several officials came, and saw that the bamboo pieces were the same size, with words on them. The handwriting was neat and the number was huge.So they gathered the bamboo pieces together and loaded them into several trucks to transport them away.Unexpectedly, these bamboo strips have been uncoveredChinese historyIt is a great event to shock the world and earth.These are Ji Zhong Shu and Zhu Shu Ji Nian.
These bamboo slips were transported from Ji County to Luoyang, the capital. Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty was responsible for sorting out the bamboo slips, which were sent to Xunzhou, Zhongshuling, and Jiao, the supervisor of calligraphy.The bamboo slips are two feet four inches long and written in ink (orwrite in varnish on bamboo tablets, alsocompound surnameBook), 40 words each.
There were different opinions about the bamboo slips at that time, one was“Xiaozhuan”, said as“Imperial combatantCharacters ", once called" ancient Chinese ", should be a relatively standardthe warring stateswritten words.The first thing to do isParallelismThe second order of bamboo slips is to write explanations in the words of the time, and the last isAuthorsummary.Through the study of bamboo slips, people found that the tomb dug by tomb robbers was the tomb of King Wei in the Warring States Period, and the bamboo slips with characters were unknown books because they wereKejunPeople are not allowed to find tomb robbers, so these bamboo slips are called Ji Zhong Shu.The Bamboo Chronicle is the most valuable historical material in Ji Zhong Shu.
Scholars in the Western Jin Dynasty sorted out the Jizhong books, and unexpectedly found the history books of the State of Wei. This rare history book that reappeared in the world is called the Bamboo Chronicle.
Of course, it has its own reason to name "Bamboo Chronicle".It turned out that there was no paper in ancient times. He wrote a book and wrote a book.The characters are written on the bamboo slips.Most of them are simplified into one book, so they are called bamboo books.Chronology is the chronological arrangement of historical events, becoming a genre of history books.This so-called "Bamboo Chronicle" means that it is a history book.
According to《Jin Shu·Volume 51 Biography 21·Bandy fair》Recorded onEmperor Wu of the Jin DynastyIn the second year of Taikang, the name is not allowedKejunPeople steal tombs and get dozens of bamboo slips of graves, all in ancient Chinese (before the unification of Qin DynastyWarring States characters, or say“tadpole character”, or "ancient Chinese", or“Xiaozhuan”Records, historical title“Ji Zhong Book”。Among them, there are 13 historical books recording the anniversary of the Xia and Shang Dynasties, named "Chronicle" (also known as "Ji Zhong Chronicle") in the early Jin Dynasty.
Chinese Book SupervisorXun Xuan﹑Middle orderHe JiaoHe was ordered to arrange the scattered bamboo slips in order and use the commonly used words at that time to examine and revise the explanatory text, so there was a preliminary version of "Bamboo Chronicle", also known as "Xun He Ben".Thirteen articles are arranged in chronological order, covering Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, followed by Jin and WeiKing Ping of Zhou moved eastwardLater, the Jin Dynasty was used to record the years,Divided by three familiesLater, the Wei State was used to record the years, at least 20 years later.According to the original interpretation, the king recorded in the bamboo slips should beKing WeixiangThe tomb stolen by Ji County should belong to the King of Wei Xiang.
At that time, He Jiao believed that the bamboo chronology started fromYellow EmperorHowever, this opinion was not adopted, or the fragments of historical events since the Yellow Emperor were included as an appendix.
Yongjia Kaozheng
Because the bamboo slips were scattered and the characters of the Warring States Period could not be fully understood at that time, there was a great deal of controversy.here we areJin HuidiPeriod,Secretary ChengWei HengI was ordered to examine the bamboo slips to set the consensus.But the Eight Kings won the throne,Yongjia RebellionBurst.Wei Heng was killed.FriendsZuolang Zuo ZuoBandy fairIf we continue to accomplish this, then there will beExamination of the originalBamboo Chronicle is also called Wei Shu Ben.
The original thought that the king in the bamboo slips should beWei Anli KingThe tomb stolen by Ji County should belong to King Anli of Wei.
During the Yongjia Rebellion, the bamboo slips dating from the Bamboo Annals were lost, and the original of the first interpretation and textual research were handed down.
《Sui Shu · Jingji Annals》It records the same and different volumes of bamboo script, or the proofreading made by later generations based on the two books.
ExperienceAn Shi RebellionIn the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, the biographical copy of the Bamboo Chronicle gradually began to be lost, and the original of the initial interpretation and examination gradually disappeared.In addition to the impact of war, it is also related to the lack of researchers.
Southern Song DynastyAt the beginning of the year,LuobiThe note of "History of the Road · History of the Country" quoted the "Chronicle" of the 12th year of King Huan, but the Jin Chronicle has no longer been used. Except for more than one word, it is the same as the current edition, so it can be inferred that this edition appeared at the latest in the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty.
Bamboo Chronicle Volume II
At the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, and even in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, there appeared the engraved edition of the Bamboo Chronicle. The part of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period was recorded by the royal family of Zhou Dynasty, which is different from the original version of the early interpretation and textual research. It is the current bamboo chronology.Scholars in the Qing DynastyQian DaxinAnd others accused him ofpseudograph，Yao Zhenzong《Textual Research on the Sui Book Annals》It can also be inferred as the Ming DynastyJiajingMaster of Tianyi PavilionFan QinFake works.
Ancient Confucian Books of the Qing Dynasty
Scholars in the Qing Dynasty were keen on exegesis, and many of them studied bamboo chronology.
During the Jiaqing period, Zhu You compiled and recorded the lost articles of bamboo chronicles, which were verified and compiled into《Ji Zhong Ji Nian Chu Zhen》It is for the Ancient Bamboo Chronicle.Wang GuoweiOn this basis, it is compiled again《Ancient Bamboo Chronicle》。
In 1981,Fang ShimingThe works of Zhu, Wang and Fan since the Qing Dynasty have been extensively collected and carefully researchedWang XiulingCompiled by others《Ancient Bamboo Annals》The book includes Wang Guowei's "The Chronicle of Today's Bamboo Script", which is a relatively complete book today.
The contents of Bamboo Chronicle are different from those recorded in traditional official history, such as "(Yin Dynasty)"ZuyiTo win the throne is toZhongzong", and Historical Records·Yin Benji》Take Zhongzong as an exampleTerpentineDifferent, but different fromOracleThe title of "Zhongzong Zuyi" is completely consistent, which shows that the bamboo chronology is of high historical value.
The Bamboo Chronicle contains 13 chapters, which describe Xia, ShangWestern Zhou DynastyThe history of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period is arranged in chronological order.After moving eastward, King Ping of Zhou used the Jin State to record the years, and the three families used the Wei State to record the years until the 20th year of the reign of King Jin.
The Bamboo Chronicle was written in the State of Jin and State of Wei during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States PeriodHistoriographerThe historical records recorded here are the general chronicles of ancient China that have not been exposed to Qin fire.itshistorical value andsocial value They are all based on ancient classics and history.The book starts with the monarch chronology, which records the history of 89 emperors in 1847.
Later influence
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historical value
The shock of the Bamboo Annals to the history circle lies in the historical materials and《Redords of the Grand History of China》The description is not only different in content, but alsovalue orientation Different.The Bamboo Chronicle describesXia Dynastyreachthe warring statesThe bloody coups andmilitary conflictAccording to the Records of the Historian, the Shang DynastyTaijiacoverYi YinAfter three years of imprisonment, Yi Yin saw Taijia's reform, and solemnly handed over the country to him.Taijia resetLater, he learned a lesson and became a sage who worked hard and loved the people.
However, the Bamboo Chronicle has a different description of this: after Yi Yi exiled Tai Jia, he became king. Seven years later, Tai Jia sneaked back to kill the usurper Yi Yin and replaced him with his sonYizhiHe and Yifen inherit Yijia.Du YuSay "This is the big and《Shangshu》It's strange to tell stories about the great things. I don't know whether the old man is alive or fainting. So this ancient book was also written at that timeMiscellaneous Notes, which is not enough for trial. "
Because《Redords of the Grand History of China》AdoptBiographical styleTo record events, the appearance of the Bamboo Chronicle can examine the contents of historical records from another perspective, such as“XiaqikillBoyi”、“TaijiakillYi Yin”、“Wen DingkillSeasonal calendar”、“Total primordial sumIt is very different from the history books.Another example is the record in the Bamboo Chronicle: "In the first year of King Yi, the day came again in Zheng..." It may refer to that on April 21, 899 BC, Zheng (now Fengxiang orHuaxian County）Occurred in the early morning of the regionTotal solar eclipse, it can be inferred thatKing Yi of ZhouThe true year of the first year (some scholars have doubts about this statement).
The ancient edition of Chronicle of Bamboo Scripts takes the time as the longitude and the quotations of various dynasties as the latitude to vertically display the appearance of the original Chronicle;This chapter takes the introducer of the Bamboo Chronicle as the longitude and time as the latitude to horizontally show the appearance of the ancient edition of the Bamboo Chronicle, that is, the cross sections in the process of the spread and variation of the original Chronicle.From a new perspective, we can see things that cannot be seen from a vertical perspective, and we can find some truth and mystery.[8]
The Bamboo Chronicle is the only chronicle of ancient China that has not been exposed to Qin fire.However, it was lost in the Song Dynasty and then re collected, which reduced its credibility and historical value to a certain extent.[9]
The Bamboo Chronicle was written 200 years earlier than Sima Qian's Records of the Historian.According to the ancient edition of Bamboo Chronicle, the Shang Dynasty and the Wang Dynasty hadPan Geng moved to YinAfter273 yearsIt was destroyed by the Zhou Dynasty and recorded in the Records of the Historian as773 yearsIn contrast, the record of the latter is 500 years more.This section of the official case between the ancient edition of "Bamboo Chronicle" and "Historical Records", becauseOracleThe advance of scientific archaeological work has finally reached a conclusion.After textual research, the ancient version of Bamboo Chronicle is correct.Academics generally believe that it only took more than 200 years for King Pan Geng of the Shang Dynasty to move his capital until the collapse of the Shang Dynasty.Because of tomb robbersforbid(Pronunciation of "no mark") broke in, uncovered this 500 year historical mystery, and corrected an extremely rare mistake in the Records of the Historian.[9]
Ji Zhong Zhu Shu has a profound impact on the research of history, literature, philology and other disciplines.Among them, the Bamboo Chronicle records and identifies some important historical events and time limits, which is more irreplaceable by other historical documents.Therefore, the National Key Scientific Research Project of the Ninth Five Year Plan "Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project" takes this historical book as an important supporting evidence.The historians《Ji Zhong Book》With Emperor Wu of the Western Han DynastyConfuciusAncient texts found in the wall of the old house《Shangshu》《The Book of Rites》《The Analects of Confucius》《The Book of Filial Piety》Etc., found in the Yin RuinsOracleAnd DunhuangSutra Cave, known as the four major discoveries in China's cultural history, which shows its important position in China's cultural history.[12]
Guo MoruoWhen he studied the social history of ancient China, oracle bone inscriptions and bronze inscriptions, he also made a high evaluation of the historical value of the Bamboo Chronicle.asDuke Huan of QiThe number of years of Tian Wu's reign.Tian Jingzhong's Complete Aristocratic Family and the Chronicle of Six Kingdoms in the Records of the Historian both consider it as six years, while the Bamboo Chronicle records it as eighteen years.
Later, in the bronze ware“Chen Houwudun”It was found in the inscription that there was a record of the 14th year of the reign of Duke Huan of Qi. Therefore, Guo Moruo asserted: "There is an inscription of 'ten and four years', which proves that the Chronicle is true, but the Historical Records is not."[12]
Work disputes
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Press《Summary of the Four Treasury Complete Books》"In the second year of Taikang in the Jin Dynasty (281 AD), the people of Ji CountyKing WeixiangTombs, among the seventy-five ancient books, there are thirteen "Bamboo Chronicle", which is the title of this worldauthor of an epochmaking work in phonologyNote: It is also consistent with Sui Zhi,Gu YanwuThe science of textual research is the best《Daily knowledge record》It is often taken as the basis, and then repeatedly speculated. It seems that it is not the original book of Ji Zhong. "So scholars in the Qing Dynasty called it today's Bamboo Chronicle.
A study of the "Summary of the Complete Works of Siku" and the doubts cited by Wang Guowei, Zhu Youzeng and others can only prove that it is not the original document, but the processed ancient document.The ancient documents that have undergone necessary processing cannot be regarded as fake books, but also have their due value.[11]
Tomb Site
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Unearthed Site of "Bamboo Chronicle"
In Henan ProvinceXinxiangcityJi CountyCounty seat (nowWeihui City）10km southwest,Sun Xing VillageTo the south of Xiangniangniang Temple (Village), another saying is inhuixian Southwest Zancheng TownDaliang TombVillage (Daliang Tomb is the tomb of Wei Anli King).The cemetery was named in Ji CountyKejun）。It is a tomb in the Warring States Period.There are seven places in total (numbered from east to west according to heaven, earth and five elements).
As for the owner of Jizhong Tomb, there are also different opinions.Ji County in the Jin Dynasty, southwest of today's Ji County in Henan Province, was Wei's fief during the Warring States Period.
According to the Book of Jin · History of Emperor Wu《Legal chronicle》、Xun XuPreface to the Biography of Emperor MuWei Heng《Four style script》King Weixiang is the tomb owner.andWang YinThe Book of Jin · Biography of Shuxi believes that the tomb owner should be the King of Wei Anli.
Until modern times, there is still no clear conclusion on this issue.
