Thirty Year Warlater,BohemianThe king has always beenHabsburg DynastyThe Holy Roman Emperor served concurrently, but remained an autonomous country with his own government.In 1806, the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved,BohemianThe king wasEmperor of Austria part-time.[1]
Holy Roman EmpireemperorFriedrich II Published onsicily, AcknowledgingBohemianThe throne was elected by the nobility, and the empire did not interfere;The Kingdom of Bohemia can enjoy an independent status outside the empire. It mints its own coins and has the right to appoint bishops. Bohemia occupies the top position among more than 300 kingdoms in the empire.
The name of Bohemia originated from "Boii". In 500 BC, Bohemia regionImperium RomanumIt was a group of people called BoshiCeltsThe settlement of.In the first century BC,germanic peopleThey moved in and occupied the place, but the name remained.In the 6th century, it moved from the eastSlavicSince the establishment of the Kingdom of Bohemia, it has had a long and bumpy history, and has multiplied splendid cultures.
The earliest country formed in Bohemia was in the 7th centuryFrank Samo Empire established by merchants.
From 623 to 658 AD, led by the Frankish leader SalmonCzechThe rise of the empire, once built a defense hereAwar peopleOfSlavTribal Alliance.After the death of Salmon in 658 ADMoraviaPeople rule.
In 833, the Czech people andSlovakEstablishedGreat Moravian Empire In its heyday, it once occupied quite a vast land.Due to the separatist regime of internal forces and the intrusion of external powers,Great Moravian Empire It died in 907.
(2) Pushermes
Kingdom of Bohemia
The 9th century was a glorious period in Czech history,PushermesyesCzech RepublicThe first dynasty in Bohemia at the end of the 8th centuryBraggWas bornPushermes。In neighboring countriesMoraviaUnder the influence ofBohemiaIn the 1980s, the central Czech tribes graduallyPushamesThe family of Borgwoi was united around to form a unified country. In 874, he was baptized by the Bishop of Grand Moravia, Medudius.
Pushermes——Is called“Czech”One ofBohemiaAs a member of the tribe, the word "Czech" came from this. In 995, it unified the surrounding Czech tribes and established centralized rule.PushermesHe ruled Bohemia and its surrounding areas for more than 500 years from 800 to 1306 AD.
In the second half of the 12th century, the Czech Principality was renamed the Kingdom of Bohemia.
In 1182, Moravia became the territory of the Kingdom of Bohemia.
After 1285, the Kingdom of Bohemia has grown to includeAustriaeven to the extent thatHungary，PushermesFinal and subsequentLuxembourg DynastyDuring its reign, the Kingdom of Bohemia was the most powerful kingdom in the Holy Roman Empire.It became one of the most powerful kingdoms in Central Europe at that time.
CharlemagneIt was crowned by the Bishop of Rome and gave birth to the nominal empire. It was used in 1254Holy Roman Empiretitle.The historical entanglement between the Kingdom of Bohemia and this holy empire that tried to centralize power and was loose in essence began for hundreds of yearsGermanicandSlavThe fate of struggle and swing in the middle.
In 1346, the successor of the Kingdom of Bohemia,Luxembourg DynastyOfCharles IV Elected as the king of the Romans, he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1355.Charles IV also madeBraggBecome the capital of the empire.He has implemented a large number of building plans, including the establishment of a new city in the southeast of the old city.The royal castle was also rebuilt.
As a result, the prosperity of Bohemia in history has also followed (in recent public opinion surveys,Charles IV Still voted the greatestCzech。）
1440 King of PolandWadislaw IIIIn the PopeEugenius IV With the support ofHabsburg DynastyGermany and King of HungaryAlbrecht IIElizabeth, the widow of Albrecht, fought for the Hungarian throne for three years in the civil war, and finally won the Hungarian crown from Albrecht's young sons and served as the king of Bohemia.[2]
On November 10, 1444,Wadislaw IIIIn the fight against the Ottoman EmpireBattle of Varna Was killed in battle.HungaryThe nobles decided to letLadislaus the Posthumous In succession to the throne, they sent envoys to Vienna to demandFrederick V releaseElizabethMother and child and returncrown, was rejected by the latter.The nobility elected Xiongyati Yanosh asHungaryRegent, meanwhile, in Bohemia, Izh of Bojblad gained the same status.
In 1458, Laszlo V died and became the regent of BohemiaIzh in BJBBecame king of Bohemia.On May 3, 1469, the King of HungaryMatthias Corvinus stayFriedrich III With the support of the emperor, he established himself as the king of Bohemia, and Iraq and Japan refused to abdicate, so the war was frequent, and in 1471, Iraq and Japan died of illness, and the war ended.
1471Vladislas IIHe was elected King of Bohemia.In the early days of his reign, he kept working with the King of HungaryMatthias Corvinus A conflict has occurred.[2]
1516Lajosh IIHe succeeded to the throne of the king of Hungary and Bohemia, ruled in December 1521, and married Princess Maria of Austria in January the following year.Both of them are addicted to the life of money and money.Because he was too young to govern, in 1526, when he was 20 years oldSuleiman I The first time that the Ottoman army led byBattle of MohachiDied in battle.It is said that he was an ambitious king, but he never realized his ambition in his life.[3]
(5) Austrian Habsburg Dynasty
In 1526, the Congress of Bohemia elected the Holy Roman Emperorcharles v 's brother,Grand Duke FerdinandHe succeeded the king of Bohemia,Habsburg FamilyHe inherited the throne of Bohemia as a kinsman.
From 1526, asHoly Roman EmpireImperialHabsburg FamilyIt has been nearly 400 years since he entered the kingdom of Bohemia directly.
Austrian Habsburg DynastyThe rule brought about two centuries of conflict between the Bohemian Parliament and it.In the struggle,CzechLost a large part of the local nobility, special religious forms, and evenCzechThe wide spread of is also hindered.
Austrian Habsburg DynastyFrom the first rulerFerdinand I The king (1526-1564) began.His efforts to eliminate the influence of the Bohemian Parliament met with stubborn resistance.However, the Bohemian Parliament itself is also divided, and the primary reason is the religious division.After several flexible political activities, Ferdinand established the hereditary inheritance right of Habsburg in Bohemia.Parliament has no right to establish electoral principles, or even to confirm the king, which greatly reduces their status.
Although the Kingdom of Bohemia andMoraviaThe Border Region is composed ofHabsburg FamilyRuling, they are on different development paths.MoravianadmitAustriaThe hereditary rule of the Habsburg family, so there is no local parliament andHabsburgA fierce conflict between monarchs.The Parliament of the Kingdom of Bohemia, which has a long history, has always been ready to defend the rights and freedoms they consider their own.The Habsburg family pursued a centralized policy, which triggered conflicts, and ethnic and religious issues further complicated them.
In the 15th century, Bohemia converted to Protestantism, but the Habsburg family believed in Catholicism.(Religious contradiction) Therefore, the Habsburg family's right to inherit the throne was challenged.In 1555, the Habsburg monarch signedReligious Peace of Augsburg , granting religious freedom to Bohemians.These policies of religious tolerance made the Habsburg monarch always elected as the king of Bohemia.
1620Baishan CampaignFrom then on to the end of the 18th century,Czech RepublicHas entered theHabsburg DynastyThe "dark age" of rule.In the past hundred years, the Czech Republic has sufferedAustriaThe army was overrun and German, and the economy and politics were also very weak.BohemiaParliament onHabsburgThe struggle for autocratic power led to the Bohemian Parliament being totally subordinate to the interests of Habsburg.Baishan CampaignAfter that, the Czech Republic lost its own local aristocratic class, and the reform doctrine and vibrant Czech Protestant culture were mainlyGermanWith the influx of German, the status of German in the government and social occasions is increasing.The Kingdom of Bohemia is nothing butHabsburg Empire It's just a province.
For fromFrederick V And retake the throne of Bohemia,Ferdinand IIDecided to conquer Bohemia, resulting inThirty Year WarThe explosion of.This war later evolved into a subversive war that swept across Europe. Almost all European countries participated in the Thirty Year War.Signed in 1648Treaty of WestphaliaThe Thirty Year War ended.Sweden has won Western Poland Latin America, while Eastern Poland Latin America has wonBrandenburgelector 。France got itAlsaceAnd some land around it.This treaty once again confirmed that the Netherlands andSwitzerlandThe independent status of the German princes gave them the right to form free alliances, which further weakened the emperor.In religious affairs, the Westphalia peace treaty was in 1555RegensburgOn the basis of the treatyCalvinismRights.WestphaliaThe treaty makesHabsburg DynastyComplete under administrationUnification of Germany The hope of Germany was completely destroyed, and Germany was even more divided than beforeGeopoliticsIt has had an extremely far-reaching impact, which still exists.
The war between France and the Hapsburgs did not end until 1659,Pyrenean TreatySo that France can gainSpanish Netherlands And some territories in northern Spain.In order to show sincerity,Philip IV Married his daughter Maria to the King of FranceLouis XIV。Since then, France has become the most powerful country on the European continent.
The 1648 Treaty of Westphalia confirmedBohemiaIncorporated into the capital atViennaOfHabsburg Empire 。The Kingdom of Bohemia actually lost its independent status.
Thirty Year WarSince then, Bohemia has beenHabsburg DynastyRuled, but still remained an independent kingdom with its own government.Until 1743, Bohemia became AustriaHabsburg LorraineGerman became the official language.
After the Thirty Year War, the Westphalia system was established, which laid a solid foundation for the later establishment of the European single nation state. Since then, European countries have formed the idea that all countries are equal, which has changed the situation in which various royal families, because of their marriage relationship, arbitrarily asked each other to cede territory.
On August 6, 1806, after the famous Battle of Oastris (the war between the Austrian Empire and the Russian Union and Napoleon),Habsburg DynastyFranz II gives upHoly Roman EmpireEmperors, the Kingdom of Bohemia will automatically becomeAustrian Empire Jurisdiction.In 1867, the Austrian Empire andKingdom of HungaryThe Kingdom and Territory represented by the Imperial Parliament and thethe Crown ”Alliance is what we callAustro Hungarian EmpireThe Kingdom of Bohemia became a province of the Austro Hungarian Empire.
The first half of the 19th century was an era of national awakening in Central Europe.German nationalism - ignited by the confrontation with the French Revolutionary Army - and Napoleon's expansion have both inspiredSlavicNational rejuvenation.The concept of "nation" defined by a common language and culture has aroused people's awareness of the concept and laid the foundation for the struggle for political autonomy in the future.
Czechoslovakia
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Most of the aristocratsGermanOr GermanBohemia，Czech RepublicThe leaders of the national rejuvenation movement were new intellectuals, and most of them came from peasant families.Only a small number of nobles provided support for the revival movement.
At the turn of the century, some Czech andSlovakiaLeaders began to use the concept of "Czechoslovakia".
After the First World WarAustro Hungarian EmpireAfter disintegration, the world-famous unsolvable equation surfaced, "Whether a country is a piece of land or a group of people of the same origin. If it is a people of the same origin, which common factor should take priority, race, religion or language?" Regardless of whether there is an answer, Bohemia andMoraviaReviewing the old dream of Slovakia.In 1918,Austro Hungarian EmpireCollapse, the Czech Republic and Slovakia seek to establish independent and unified countries,CzechoslovakiaOn October 28 of the same year, Bohemia became independent and established the Czechoslovak Republic. Bohemia became a province of Czechoslovakia, a new country in Eastern Europe.Fore6 § Garrigue. Masarvk became the first bourgeois republic president in history.In the decades since the establishment of the bourgeois republic, Czechoslovakia has ranked among the seven largest industrial countries in the world.
