MaoriNew ZealandOf the indigenous peoples and ethnic minorities ofAustronesian language family-Polynesian。Its national language originally had no characters, and it began to uselatin alphabetAs a national language.[1]Current multi beliefProtestantism。[1]The word "M ā ori" is used inMaoriIn the context, it means "normal" or "normal person". When Europeans entered New Zealand at that time, Maori people claimed to be so.The foreigners call it "Pakeha" (originally meaning "abnormal person").[1]
Most archaeologists and historians believe that the Maori people are fromCook IslandsandpolynesiaFrom the region.[1]Some scholars also believe that the origin of the Maori nation and all South Island languages can be traced back to the western PacificTaiwan IslandThe language, culture and traditional architecture of Maori people are very similar to the Ami people in Taiwan, and there are many cultural similarities.[1]
Before the British invasion in the early 19th century, there were about 200000 people, divided into 50 tribes, includingTribal alliance。
At present, the total population of Maori is more than 700000, includingNew Zealand620000,Australia126000 people, 8000 people in Britain, the United States andCanadaAbout 4000.
MaoriIt is one of the official languages of New Zealand, and the other official language is English.
The original commune began to disintegrate,Class differentiationObviously.The society is based on the patriarchal clan commune, and some begin to transition to the extended family.Hawaiian kinship system is adopted, that is, uncles and biological fathers are the same name, uncles and biological mothers are the same name, nephews and children are the same name.The economy is dominated by agricultureslash-and-burn cultivation；Some people are engaged in fishing, hunting and gathering;The handicraft industry is developed.During the colonial period, the population was decimated.After the independence of New Zealand in 1907, national rights were respected and the population gradually rebounded.Modern Maori people have accepted the influence of British New Zealanders. Social, economic and cultural changes have taken place. Most of them speak English. Many people go to cities to work as employees.Tribal boundaries have been broken and national consciousness has begun to form.National culture has been revived and developed.
The Maori migrated from the middle of the Pacific Ocean about a thousand years ago by raft from the legendary Hawaki and settled down here.Maori people living in cities still inherit the traditional Maori culture.They pay special attention to the time when people gather together, such as funerals. Families scattered around cherish the rare time of meeting and always take the opportunity to return home.It said that once Maori left the world, they would meet with their ancestors and give spiritual strength and guidance to their descendants with the strength they gave them.
Maori people attach great importance to their heirloom treasures, such as sceptres and jade necklaces, and are convinced that they contain the aura of their ancestors.They will pass on these family treasures to generations.In the past, Maori people had a close relationship with their living environment, and created and spread many related myths and legends, such as the god of the forest and the god of the sea.It spreads among people through traditional songs and dances, and becomes an indispensable part of today's Maori culture.《Treaty of Waitangi 》The signing of the ", which preserves the ownership of Maori land and other resources, has preserved the cultural essence of this unique nation and is now a major tourism feature of New Zealand.
In New Zealand, people will always feel the existence of Maori culture.The culture of a nation has deeply influenced the life of the whole country.Similarly, Maorihongi andStriated surfaceIt is widely known.
maori
New ZealandPolynesian。According to their traditional historical statement, their ancestors migrated from a mythical place called Hawaiki to New Zealand one after another from about 1150 A.D., and the migration climaxed with the arrival of a "big fleet" in the 14th century.This mythical place is generally believed to beTahitiTahiti Island.However, archaeologists have found that Maori people lived in New Zealand at least 800 years ago, so the above legend is not credible.However, the traditional Maori social organizations are still based on the above legends.Members of each tribe recognize a common ancestor (which can be traced back to one or both parents) and are loyal to one or more chiefs.Traditionally, one of the most important social groups in daily life is the "Hapu" (sub ethnic group), which is a basic land occupation group and also a group that gives priority to intermarriage within it, and the other is the "Chinese Brain", that is, an expanded family.
When the first European, Abel Tasman, arrived on the coast of New Zealand in December 1642, this social system was still in effect.He was with a Maori tribeSouth IslandWhen the fighting broke out, the area was largely unexplored.
From 1769 to 1770, Captain James Cook sailed around the two main islands in the north and south, and wrote a report on the situation of Maori and the suitability of New Zealand for colonization.Later, huntingwhale、SealsMaori people and other Europeans seeking huge profits were the first to be welcomed here by Maori people.along withmusketWith the introduction of diseases, western agricultural methods and missionaries, the cultural and social structure of Maori began to disintegrate.By the late 1830s, New Zealand had established ties with Europe, and many European immigrants came here.
New Zealand was originally the land of the Maori nation. In 1839, missionary Henry WilliamsTreaty of Waitangi Translated into Maori, a total of 512 Maori chiefs signed the treaty. Since then, New Zealand has becomeBritish colonies, or one of the current Commonwealth countries.
Therefore, the Maori War is not the Maori people plundering the land of North Island, but a real national war against imperialism and colonialism.
After the British formally annexed New Zealand in 1840, European colonization and domination began to frighten Maori, especially in the North Island.In 1845, some Maori chiefs began to plunderArchipelagic bayThe Bay of Islands and other far northern regions (sometimes referred to as the First Maori War) were not suppressed by the colonial army led by the Governor Sir George Grey until 1847.His victory brought a period of peace from 1847 to 1860.
The "King Movement" is Maori's response to the growing threat to land.1857 North IslandWaikato Several tribes in the Waikato area elected Te Wherowhero as the king, who was called Potatau I.In addition to electing the king, they also established a political council, a judicial system and a police agency, all to support the Maori people's determination to retain their land and prevent inter tribal wars in this dispute.Although not all Maori people recognize the authority of the king, most of them agree with the decision of the "King Movement" to refuse to sell land.
By 1860, Maori still occupied most of the land in the North Island. However, the number of immigrants increased significantly in the 1850s, which led to the need for the government to buy more land. However, many Maori were determined not to sell their land.1859TaranakiTe Teira, a Maori in the Taranaki region, sold his land beside the Waitara River to the colonial government without the consent of his tribe, which caused the first Taranaki War in 1860~1861.Only the extremists of the "King's Movement" participated in the war.
In the first Taranaki War, a series of British troops basically successfully besieged the fortified Maori villages and militias to dig tunnels.The British were defeated in an attack on Puketakauere pa in June 1860, when the Maori suddenly launched a counterattack.But the Maori were defeated consecutively in Orongomai in October and Mahoetahi in November.In late March 1861, after the surrender of Te Arei pa, an armistice was reached, and the Maori continued to stay on the land of Tataraimaka occupied by Europeans.
In April 1863, Governor Gray built an attack road into the Waikato area and expelled the Taranaki Maori from the Tatalemaka area. The second Taranaki War broke out again.At the same time, the Waikato War began in July 1863;The "King Movement" tribal centersWaikato RiverThe region became the main target of Europeans.The war again besieged the Maori villages, but the Maori also began to use guerrilla tactics.The British army was assisted by gunboats and forest rangers composed of colonial volunteers.In October and November 1863, Europeans won major victories in Meremere and Rangiriri respectively.At the beginning of April 1864, with the fall of Orakau pa, the Waikato War was basically ended.
The last war, which was called "fire in ferns" by Europeans, or "white anger" by Maori, lasted from 1864 to 1872.The hostilities actually extended to all of the North Island. In the mid-1960s, the main Maori fighters were fanatical Hauhau warriors.In 1864, the British government intended to conclude a peace treaty, but the colonial government hoped to obtain more land to continue the war and expand the war.In July 1865, Gray occupied Weroroa village in the south of Taranaki.The Europeans and the Maori forces that supported them (increased significantly after 1864) stopped each new operation of the rival tribes.From 1868 to 1872, the Haohao warriors were supplemented by Ringatu, a group of new samurai believers established and led by Te Kooti, the leader of the guerrillas.
All fighting ended in 1872.Large areas of Maori land were confiscated, and Maori society was forever disintegrated.The supporters of the "King's Movement" retreated toKings Domain 。Before 1881, the area was closed to Europeans and still under the control of Maori. It was transferred to the government in 1881.
In the second half of the 20th century, about 9%New ZealandersThey are Maori, and almost 4/5 of them are urban residents.UrbanizationIt means fully accepting urban culture and increasing contact with New Zealanders of European origin.The rate of intermarriage between Maori and Europeans has grown steadily, especially with more young Maori men and European women getting married.However, from the economic point of view, Maori still account for more than Europeans among people engaged in lower status and less paid occupations.This is mainly due to the fact that Maori people have less education.In order to improve their educational level, the Maori Education Foundation was established in 1961.Although this group has had some success, the educational achievements of most Maori children are still lower than other New Zealand children.As a result, few Maori can engage in occupations of high status.However, there are a few Maori at all levels of work, and they are rarely discriminated against in their work.
In other areas of social life, Maori people have generally been accepted by other New Zealanders. Although some people may encounter difficulties in finding a house in the city, others may be opposed if they want to marry New Zealanders of European origin, but for the vast majority, prejudice is not deep-rooted.Many Maori fear cultural superiority over discrimination and always want to maintain their Maori identity.Almost all Maori people have some European ancestors, and some people think they are Maori people. In fact, their European ancestors are particularly prominent.Therefore, their characteristics are not so much genetic as cultural.
For most Maori, being Maori means recognizing and respecting their ancestors, having requirements for family land, and the right to be accepted as people of the land in their ancestral villages.It means being accepted as a member of the group, and jointly recognizing the unique thinking and behavior of Maori people with the group members.Now we have recovered some pairs ofMaoriMaori language was stipulated as an official language of New Zealand in 1987.
In modern New Zealand, many Maori cultural customs are still preserved.All Maori official gatherings are accompanied by Maori speeches and war songs. When formally receiving guests, they should rub their noses to welcome each other (called hongi), and sometimes hold a challenge as a ceremony;Cook food on an earthen stove where the stones are pre heated.The carved houses used as meeting and ceremony centers in Maori villages are still under construction.
Now most Maori believe that the biggest dispute in New Zealand is still the land issue.In the 19th century, Europeans felt deeply the injustice in land transactions, so they were suspicious of any measures taken by the government to change the land law.The land previously referred to as "Maori land" must be approved by the special court before the owner can sell it himself.Later, the law made it easier for Maori people to sell their ancestral land.However, there are some Maori people who strongly oppose the idea that the land they occupy is only entrusted by their children and grandchildren and should be handed down from generation to generation.
Since the Maori first entered Parliament in the mid-19th century, they have played a role in New Zealand's political life.Of the 95 seats in the parliament, 4 seats have been reserved for Maori peoplevoter, can vote in Maori constituencies, but can also register in Maori constituencies or non Maori (ordinary) constituencies.
Culture
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Tribal system
At the beginning of the 19th century, they began to trade with Europeans, exchanging guns, clothes and many western advanced scientific and technological products.The white people also began to buy land and cut down and reclaim land from the Maori people.By 1840, 200 Maori leaders had signed with the British government《Treaty of Waitangi 》New Zealand has been one of the colonies of the British Empire since then.But westerners also bring many diseases, because Maori people have no immunity to these diseases, and many people die within five days when they get a cold.
From the 1860s to the 1870s, many Maori felt the threat and aggressiveness of Western imperialism, and they were unwilling to continue selling land to the British government. Several ethnic groups wereAucklandThe Waikato region in the south united to form their own kingdom and revolted against the British colonial government, causing ten years of“New Zealand Land War”Or“Maori Land War”。Of course, the advanced guns and cannons in the West easily outdid the Maori stone culture, but in the war of 1864, some Maori rebels used trench warfare tactics for the first time in a place called Ruapekapeka Pa.After the British colonial government troops bombed the "Pa" with cannons, they thought they had won and moved forward. In fact, the Maori rebels had been hiding under the trench until the British troops arrived.One hundred white men were killed in ten minutes.
music
Maori are born artists, especially unique in music and dance.Learn the melody and harmony of the hymn from the missionaries, and then develop into bright and happy music of Maori people through clever application.Maori song and dance, similar to Hawaiian hula dance, is also a major part of New Zealand's festival celebrations, in addition to the Maori music performance in Rotorua.
Maori songs
When you take out the heart of the bush,
When you take language and culture away from people,
Where will the birds sing?
Why do people continue to exist?
You asked me,
What is the most important thing in the world?
My answer must be,
That's people, that's people, that's people.
Wood carving
maori
In addition to music and dance, in terms of art, wood carvings also show the cultural characteristics of Maori. Both the carvings on canoes, at the entrance of Chengsai Village, and in front of and around the meeting place fully show that Maori people integrate carving art into their daily life.This wood carving has become the best gift for others.
Maori people have outstanding wood carving skills, and stone carving skills are also good.The most famous is to carve the statue of Tiki on the New Zealand greenstone, which is regarded as a talisman by Maori culture and is very precious.
Visitors can visit one householdMaoriIn the hall, watch the traditional Maori welcoming ceremony.Each Maori hall is carved by the old tree whakapapa in the homeland.
Around the 13th century, Maori migrated to New Zealand, becoming the oldest indigenous people here.The early Maori had no written language. They recorded history with oral legends and carved marks on wood, thus forming unique Maori wood carvings.There is an old legend about Maori wood carving: Rua is the ancestor of Maori.One day, his beloved son was unfortunately kidnapped by the sea demons.The demons transformed the son of Rua into wood by magic and erected it as an ornament in front of the Demon King's Cave.Rua Xunzi came to the cave and walked into the cave. He found that there were wooden sculptures lined up by the wall. These wooden sculptures were talking to each other.At night, the demons were sleeping soundly, and Rua covered all the transparent doors and windows in the cave, which was completely dark.The sky was bright, and the demons were still sleeping soundly.At this time, Rua quickly removed all the covers, and the strong sunlight penetrated the doors and windows, directly into the cave. The demons suddenly felt dizzy and rushed away.Rua took the opportunity to swing a stone club, beat the devil, rescued his beloved son, and returned triumphantly. At the same time, he brought back some wooden statues with him.They became the origin of Maori wood carving art.There is also a saying among Maori people in New Zealand that wood carving art is the art of Rua.For centuries, Maori people have persistently maintained the unity of their national culture and art.
Welcome ceremony
New Zealand Maori welcome guests is very special.There is a "family style" welcome ceremony. At the beginning, the venue was silent.Men and women lined up neatly on both sides. After a long silence, a middle-aged man came out suddenly, shirtless and barefoot. First he shouted loudly, then he sang loudly.As soon as the singing ended, the young girls danced gracefully, and the people around them sang in a low voice.After singing and dancing, they came to meet the guests one by one“hongi ”, nose to nose, touch each other three times, and the welcome will reach its climax.
There is also a "challenge" welcome ceremony: the welcoming party is dressed in all ethnic costumes, the leader is shirtless and barefoot, wearing a straw skirt, with a face painting, holding a spear, shouting, waving to the guests, and sticking out his tongue from time to time.When approaching guests, throw a sword or green leaves on the ground.At this time, the guest must pick it up and hold it respectfully until the other party finishes dancing, and then return it with both hands.This is the oldest and most solemn welcome ceremony.
be usurious
Maori people in New Zealand are world famous cannibals.Of course, it has been more than 200 years since they stopped eating people, but modern Maori people are still very proud of their ancestors' bravery.If you visit New ZealandNorth IslandThe tour group usually arranges people to watch a Maori song and dance performance, the most exciting part of which isBattle dance。
King's Movement
In 1859, the Maori King Movement began, and the Maori introduced a king of their own, just like the Britishqueen victoria Generally, it is expected to stop the loss of clansmen and strengthen the unity of tribes. However, the immigration government does not agree with this movement. The laws passed subsequently resulted in many violent conflicts. These conflicts are commonly known as the Maori Land War or Waikato land wars. In Maori, they are called "raupatu", which is intended to fight against the war of conquest.The Maori tried toThe Queen of EnglandCommunication, seeking compensation, but all efforts are not responded.The wildfire that burned their homes has not been extinguished yet, but the Maori battlefield has been constantly expanding outward.
Unemployment
With the advent of the industrial society, the Maori are forced to face new challenges.Many factories were closed and processing plants were closed (e.g. Waitara, Moerewa). Maori began to rely on social relief and became the recipients ofUnemployment benefitsThe largest ethnic group of.Factories are closed, employees are dismissed, and enterprises are moved to places that can create more profits.Maori economy gradually withered, and culture and language disappeared.
Nasal snout
Rotorua, a small market with 70000 people.Perhaps the earthquake and volcano once carved the nature here with the most meticulous carving, and the unique cultural landscape here, making the town a mosaic ofNorth Island A bright pearl beside the central volcanic lake.
There are 20000 Maori living here. Their skin is slightly brown and their bodies are strong.Although Maori only account for 9% of New Zealand's 3.8 million people, they were the first residents of the Pacific Ocean before British navigator Cook discovered this oasis.Fortunately, the British immigrants and their descendants here are merciful, which makes New Zealand Maori people not like AustraliaIndigenous peopleThat's the fate of being killed in large numbers.With the development of social civilization, Maori people have already had good living conditions.They are industrious, warm and polite.
On the way to the Maori Cultural Village, the escort taught us a few simple Maori greetings and introduced the highest courtesy of Maori to guests.From a distance, Maori people are waiting.The receptionist was a middle-aged lady, who was also called "Amy"."Wow!" We almost sent this Maori phrase "Hello" to accompany our classmates at the same time.
First of all, I saw a piece of historical relics: ancient grass houses, caves, tree houses, tree caves, tree whistles, curved bow stone tools, big knives and spears... which immediately made people feel like reading history.Entering a manual weaving hall, the Maori are working. Many unspeakable plants on the Pacific Island can be woven into beautiful animal toys and appliances by the Maori. The slightly gray flat thick and long broad leaves of arrow hemp can be brushed by the Maori with iron, and the white leaf tendons are like nylon silk, which can be immediately woven into small Kunbao.In a wood carving hall, we visited traditional sculpture.Maori people carve carefully in their respective positions.It can be seen that the wood chiseled by the knife is as hard as iron.Many works are portraits of people, ancient, contemporary, moon watching, hunting, lifelike.We listened to the introduction while watching. During our visit, every Maori was polite and smiling to the visitors. No one looked around, let alone stopped working.
At the end of the visit, "Amy" was already very familiar with us.It was about to say goodbye. "Amy" looked at me near me, as if to say something. I took the initiative to tell her: "I am Chinese!" (I am Chinese). She cried out joyfully: "Oh, Beijing!" I remember she repeated Beijing twice, and people around looked at her and me at this time.She stood upright, looked at me with a smile, and raised her right hand slightly. Although I felt a little sudden, I was still very polite and calm. According to the Maori etiquette that was told in advance, when the woman kissed, the man took the initiative to step forward, raised his hands, opened his arms, gently put his hands on the other side's shoulders, slowly, first the tip of his nose,The back is the forehead, look at each other's similarities, and gently stick to each other.I successfully completed the nose kiss with the Maori people, although a little stiff.At the moment when the tip of the nose touched, the cameras of fellow travelers from other countries flashed repeatedly, which seemed to imply silent envy.
economic development
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Maori leaders shoulder the responsibility of leading the Maori economy. Maori women begin to influence the decision-making and operation of the government and support new proposals for Maori language, welfare and health.
It's like being in a tunnel and seeing a bright torch lighting up the exit at the other end.
Language Nest (Kohanga Reo)
Maori believe that teaching children Maori will make them proud of their culture and language, and these new generations will become future leaders.The leaders of the older generation (kuia and kaumatua) teach children language and culture. Without the assistance of the government, the language nest is booming all over the country. Nowadays, many Maori assembly centers (Marae), villages and communities have implemented the language nest plan.When children live and play, they begin to use Maori language, which gradually revives Maori language.
Te Kura Kaupapa
Maori leaders tried to find an educational system to continue the above growth.In order to enable children to receive education in their own language and cultural environment, Maori schools came into being and bilingual schools were gradually established. These schools have made great contributions to the promotion of Maori language.Maori University and other specialHigher education institutions, also began to offer a diploma in Maori language and Maori culture.
The first group of students who graduated from the Language Nest program have graduated from ordinary universities and Maori universities in succession, and then returned to the Language Nest, Maori schools and tribal schools to pass on what they learned to the next generation.
Maori no longer wither.The phenomenon that Maori language and Maori culture experts become the target of competition between the public and private sectors is particularly evident in educational institutions.
Maori have made contributions to national construction. Maori's achievements in education have gradually changed the style and features of the system. With the increasing number of students graduated from science, law, and literature departments, changes naturally occur within the society.This is only the education part.
Fisheries
The Maori are Polynesians who come down from the Pacific Ocean, and the Maori are outstanding in fishing activities.Due to the gradual migration of the Maori to the inland and the declining fishery resources, the Maori gradually abandoned the development of fishery.Moreover, due to the past laws and regulations, the Maori cannot continue to develop their inherited fishery technology, but recently there has been a major breakthrough, the Maori Fisheries LawWaitangyiThe development of courts and catch quotas has made Maori the most important participant in New Zealand's fisheries today.
