Liu Zongyuan (November 28, 773-819), with thick characters, Han nationality, ancestral homeHedong County(TodayShanxi ProvinceYuncheng CityYongji, Ruicheng), bornHedong Liu Family，[1]Known as Mr. Liu Hedong and Mr. Hedong.It is also called Liuzhou and Liuyuxi because of its official position as governor of Liuzhou.Tang Dynasty litterateur, philosopher, essayist and thinker.
Liu Zongyuan's ancestral home isHedong County（Hedong Liu FamilyTogether with Xue and Pei, they are called "Hedong's Three Surnames". Their ancestors have been officials for generations (the seventh ancestorLiu QingFor the Northern Wei DynastyWaiter, Feng Ji Yin Gong.Liu Zongyuan's Tang GaoboLiu ShiHe was once the prime minister, and his great grandfather Liu Congyu and his grandfather Liu Chagong were county magistrates).His fatherLiuzhenFormer postTo serve as an officialGrade.Liu Zongyuan's mother Lu's familyFan Yang Lu ShiOur ancestors have been officials for generations.Liu Zongyuan has only two sisters[42]。[5-6]
In 773, Liu Zongyuan was born in Chang'an, the capital.When he was four years old, his mother, Lu Shi, lived with him in Jingxi Manor. His mother's enlightenment education made Liu Zongyuan have a strong interest in knowledge.Liu Zongyuan spent his childhood in Chang'an, so he saw and felt the corruption and incompetence of the imperial court, the crisis and turbulence of society.(At the age of nine, Liu Zongyuan encountered the turmoil in Jianzhong. In the fourth year of Jianzhong, Liu Zongyuan came to his father's Rensuxiakou in order to avoid the war. At the age of twelve, Liu Zongyuan also experienced itVassal separatist regimeThe flames of war)[7]
785 years（The first year of Zhenyuan）, from LiuzhenJiangxibe an official.Liu Zongyuan Follows His FatherOfficial tour, have direct contact with the society, and have increased their knowledge.He participated in social activities, made friends and friends, and was valued by people.Soon, he returned to Chang'an.[8]His father, Liu Zhen, has long served in the government and the county, has some knowledge of the real social situation, and has developed a positive attitude towards the world and a forthright character.His father, who was able to write poems, and his mother, who believed in Buddhism, laid the foundation for his later thought of "integrating Confucianism and Buddhism".[9]
Juvenile success
In 792, Liu Zongyuan was electedXianggong, was able to participateJinshikeexamination.
In 793, 21 year old Liu ZongyuanScholars and, a great reputation.Soon, Liu Zongyuan's father, Liu Zhen, died, and Liu Zongyuan was in mourning at home.
In 796, Liu Zongyuan was assigned to the secretary provinceSchoolmaster。
In 798, 26 year old Liu Zongyuan participated in theErudite and macro word scienceAfter passing the exam, he won the exam and was awarded the Zhengzi of Jixian Hall Academy(The official rank is from the top of the ninth grade)。[10]
In October of 803, Liu Zongyuan was transferred back to Chang'an and was appointed as the supervisor of the imperial historian.Since then, he has made more friends with the upper class officials, had a deeper understanding of the dark corruption of politics, gradually sprouted the desire for reform, and became an important figure of Wang Shuwen's reformists.[10]
Innovation period
Liu Zongyuan
On January 26, 805 (the 21st year of Zhengyuan era),Tang DezongDeath, Crown PrinceLi SongSuccession to the throne, changed to Yongzhen, namely Shun Zong.After the accession of Shunzong, reuseWang Pi、Wang Shuwenwait forsomeone.Liu Zongyuan was also promoted toCeremonial departmentYuanwailang, in charge of etiquette, sacrifice and tribute.(At this time, there were many political figures with the same political views around Wang Shuwen, includingHankook 、Han Ye、Liu Yuxi、Chen Jian、Ling Zhun、Cheng Yi、Terrestrial、luwen 、Li Jingjian、Room openingAnd others, they formed a political group).[5]After Wang Shuwen and other officials took charge of the government, they actively carried out reform and took a series of reform measuresYongzhen Innovation。[11]The main innovation measures are to restrain the forces of vassal towns and strengthen the power of the central government;Abolish the palace city, and depose the eunuchs of the carving workshop, the Uighur workshop, the Harrier workshop, the dog workshop, and the eagle workshop, called the children of the five workshops;To denounce corrupt officials;Rectify taxes, abolish the extra contributions of local officials and local salt and iron envoys, and try to recovereunuchandVassal townThe military power in hand.With the aggravation of Shunzong's illnessWell-informedThe eunuch group led by the leader, the courtiers, together with the foreign vassals, united against the reformists to put pressure on the court to withdraw.[12]
In April of 805 (the first year of Yongzhen), eunuch Ju WenzhenLiu Guangqi, Xue Yingzhen and other officials established Guangling PrefectureLi ChunHe became the crown prince and changed his name to Li Chun.In May, Wang Shuwen was cuthanlin academician First position.In July, eunuchs and ministers invited the crown prince to supervise the country.In the same month, Wang Shuwen went home to watch his mother's funeral.On August 5, Shun Zong was forced toAbdicationThe throne was bestowed on the crown prince Li Chun, known as“Yongzhen Internal Zen”。Li Chun ascended the throne, namelyXianzong。Xianzong attacked Israel as soon as he ascended the throneWang ShuwenandWang PiA political group headed by.On August 6, Wang Shuwen was demoted to be the head of Yuzhou and Wang Pi to be the head of Kaizhou. Wang Pi died of illness soon after he took office, and Wang Shuwen was also killed soon after.Yongzhen InnovationThe announcement of failure lasted more than 180 days.[13]
Moving Left to Yongliu
Yongzhen InnovationAfter the failure, Liu Zongyuan was demoted to be the governor of Shaozhou in September, and on his way to office in November, Liu Zongyuan was demoted to be the Sima of Yongzhou(Other members of Wang Shuwen's political group were also demoted to Sima of Yuanzhou, later called“Two Wangs and Eight Simas”。）[14]。After taking office, Liu Zongyuan temporarily lived in Longxing Temple.Only half a year later, Liu Zongyuan's mother died of illness.[15]
In 815, Liu Zongyuan left Yongzhou and lived in Yongzhou for 10 years. Liu Zongyuan studied philosophy, politics, history, literature and other aspects, traveled Yongzhou's landscape, and made friends with local scholars and idlers. He wrote《Eight Tales of Yongzhou》（《Complete Works of Liu Hedong》317 of more than 540 poems and essays written in Yongzhou)。[16]
In January of 815 (the 10th year of Yuanhe), Liu Zongyuan receivedimperial edictAnd asked him to return to Beijing immediately.In February, after more than a month's trek, Liu Zongyuan returned to Chang'an.In Chang'an, Liu Zongyuan was not put in an important position becauseWu YuanhengPeople's hatred, do not agree to reactivate.On March 14, Liu Zongyuan was demoted to be a governor of Liuzhou.[15]At the end of March, Liu Zongyuan left Chang'an for Liuzhou and arrived on June 27.[17]
In 819 (the 14th year of Yuanhe era), Xianzong implemented an amnestyPei DuPersuaded by Liu Zongyuan to return to Beijing.On the eighth day of November, Liu Zongyuan died of illness in Liuzhou.He was 47 years old.[17]
In 1158 (the 28th year of Shaoxing),Song GaozongLiu Zongyuan was granted the title of Wen Huizhao Linghou.[18]
Main contributions
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literary works
Liu Zongyuan's Postscript
Liu Zongyuan left more than 600 poems and prose works in his life, and the achievements of prose are greater than poetry.hisrhythmical prose characterized by parallelism and ornatenessThere are nearly 100 articles, and the ancient prose can be roughly divided into six categories.
（1） Argument: including philosophy, political commentary and essays based on argumentation.Sharp writing and accurate argument.《Heaven says》He is the representative work of philosophy paper.（《Feudalism》《Sentencing theory》It is a representative work of long and medium length political commentaries.《A Discussion on Duke Wen of Jin's Questioning and Defending the Original》《Debate on Tongye Fengdi》"Yi Yin Wu Jiu Jie Zan" and other short political commentaries are representatives.)There is a simple materialistic element in his philosophy.His political thought is mainly manifested in the progressive social historical view of emphasizing "potential" and the Confucian people-oriented thought.However, they are also influenced by Buddhism, especially when they are politically frustrated. They often seek spiritual relief from Buddhism.
（5） Poetry and Sao Fu: unique (representative works such as Fu on Punishing Gui, Fu on Min Sheng, Fu on Dream Return, and Fu on Prison Mountain all use the styles of Li Sao and Jiu Zhang. They express their feelings directly, or hurt themselves by borrowing the ancient times, or allegorically satirize, ponder over bitter words, and deeply understand the essence of Qu Sao. The two great pieces of Tian Dui and Jin Wen are another type, and the form is modeled on Tian Wen and Qi Fa, creating strange and profound words.In addition, Liu Jiji also has many works about Buddhist steles, inscriptions, notes, prefaces, poems, etc., which are related to Zen, Tiantai Sect, Law Sect and other theories.)Liu has more than 140 poems, all of which were written after relegation.His predecessors called him King Meng Weiliu together with Wang Wei, Meng Haoran and Wei Yingwu.Some of his Five Ancient thoughts are close to Tao Yuanming's poems, with simple and natural language, elegant style and profound meaning.Others in the Five Ancient Times were influenced by Xie Lingyun. Their words were exquisite and complicated with metaphysics. They even learned Xie's poems when making questions.However, Liu's poems can contain deep resentment in the beauty, and there are differences in the same.Liu's poems are also characterized by generosity, sadness and health.(For example, "Climbing the Liuzhou Tower to send Zhangting to seal the four states" is a famous poem of the Tang Dynasty, and "River Snow", "Fisherman", and "Stream Dwelling" are also rare works in the quatrains of the Tang Dynasty.).
（6） Collection:Liu YuxiFirst compiled Liu Collection《Mr. Hedong Collection》。There were many annotated versions in the Song Dynasty, and Han Chun's "Gu Xun Liu's Collected Works" is the earliest existing version of Liu's Collected Works.Notes to the compilation of Jiang Zhiqiao in the Ming Dynasty《Liuhe Dongji》。See Han Yu's epitaph of Liu Zihou, the new and old biographies of Tang Shu, and Wen Anli's Chronicle of Mr. Liu.
（7） National Academy: Prose of the Eight Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties (Classic Collection Edition), On the First Emperor of Qin, a collection of books of the Imperial Siku - Liuhe East Collection, and Liu Zongyuan Collection.
Ideological theory
Philosophical thought
Liu Zongyuan is a man of political innovationAncient prose movement。His philosophy was in line with the development of social productivity and the level of natural science at that time.He developed the ancient simple materialism atheism to a new height and was an outstanding thinker in the Middle Tang Dynasty.[19]Liu Zongyuan's philosophical works include "Non national Language", "Zhen Fu", "Shi Ling", "Duan Xing", "Tian Shuo", and "Tian Dui".In these works, Liu Zongyuan's philosophical worksscholar-statesman instrumental in institutionalizing Confucianism and civil-service examinationsThe advocated Fuming theory of "the Fuming of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties" holds a negative attitude.He opposed the theory of heaven, criticized theology, emphasized personnel, and replaced "God" with "man".Liu Zongyuan turned the criticism of theology into the criticism of politics, explained the "time between heaven and man", that is, the relationship between heaven and man, with a materialistic view, and criticized idealistic fatalism.
Liu Zongyuan's works on social politics are the concrete reflection of his political thought and a means for him to participate in political struggle.Liu Zongyuan believes that the whole social history is a process of natural development, which has an inevitable trend of objective development that does not shift with people's will.HisspeechFrom the standpoint of compromise and reconciliationConfucianism、methodThe theories of Buddhism, Buddhism and Taoism are interpreted harmoniously.[20]
Buddhist thought
Liu Zongyuan was a good Buddha all his life. He once said, "I have been a good Buddha since I was young, and I have been pursuing the Tao for 30 years." The more than 30 years can be roughly divided into three stages: childhood blindness, attachment fashion during the political period, and consciousness after demotion[21]。During the period when he was elected and served as a politician in Chang'an, he made friends with monks who came and went in and out of the official literary world, such as Wen Chang. He appreciated the relationship between famous scholars and monks who supported Daolin, Shi Dao'an, Hui Yuan and Hui Xiu since the Jin and Song Dynasties, and highly praised the life of those who lived in Confucianism and Buddhism with their contemporaries who "served the teachings of saints, and respected the float chart"[22]。Liu Zongyuan believed that "the way of Buddhism is big and tolerant. Anyone who aspires to the outside world but is ashamed of the world will think deeply[23]。”This is his true psychological state of being demoted to Yongzhou after the failure of reform.As a result, "self effacing in the mountains and waters", more consciously seek solace from the natural mountains and waters to dispel the depression in the heart.[24]
Liu Zongyuan is by no means a person of indifferent nature. His attitude towards life is positive and persistent.Although he is good at Buddhism, his thoughts are basically Confucian.[25]He has two major activities in his life: one is to participate in the Yongzhen innovation, the other is to lead the ancient Chinese movement.Both of them are related to his thought of reviving Confucianism and helping the world to use it.[26]He has personally practiced the political ideal of "encouraging talents, developing skills, bringing great health to the people, and maintaining an indelible voice",[27]It also clearly proposed that "the writer should make the way clear"[28]"Auxiliary time and material"[29]And the principle of taking Confucian classics as the "source of the way".[30]
Although Liu Zongyuan claimed to be a "good Buddha since childhood", the Tiantai Sect also listed him as a secular disciple who valued Xun.[31]However, he is not a devout Buddhist. He draws on many scholars. Su Shi praised him for "being both Confucian and Buddhist, and pure in Taoism."[32]His acceptance of Buddhism is mainly to understand the Buddhist principles in order to "integrate Confucianism and Buddhism" and bring Buddhism into the Confucian ideological system.[33]
Literary characteristics
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Poetry
Liu Zongyuan Jiangxue
There are more than 140 poems written by Liu Zongyuan, which is one of the few poems in the Tang Dynasty, but many of them are handed down from generation to generation.On the basis of his unique life experience and ideological feelings, he learned from the artistic experience of predecessors, gave play to his creative talent, created a unique artistic style, and became an outstanding poet representing a school at that time.Su Shi commented that "those who value dry talk are said to be dry on the outside and creamy on the inside, which seems to be light and beautiful, and Yuanming and Zihou are the same." He juxtaposed Liu Zongyuan and Tao Yuanming.Most of the existing poems of Liu Zongyuan are works after being demoted to Yongzhou, with a wide range of themes and various genres.His narrative poems are simple and vivid in description, and his allegorical poems are vivid in image and profound in meaning. His lyric poems are better at using fresh, solemn and refreshing writing style to euphemistically and deeply express their feelings.No matter what genre, they are exquisite, dense and profound, showing extremely deep feelings and a unique appearance in simple style.Because he is a poet who cares about reality and sympathizes with the people, he can write poems with social significance and artistic value no matter what theme he writes.
Ci Fu
Liu Zongyuan
Song peopleYan YuSaid: "Only the son of the Tang Dynasty is thick and deep in Sao." This theory is quite pertinent.Liu Zongyuan inherited and carried forward his poemsQu YuanThe tradition of ci fu.His ci fu not only used the traditional form, but also inherited the spirit of Qu Yuan.This may be because although the two people have been separated for thousands of years, they have something in common in terms of their thoughts, experiences, ambitions and character.《Old Tang Script》It is said in this biography that "Liu Zongyuan suffered from fleeing, walking with barbarism, and suffering from hardships. He carried the sadness of the poets, wrote sentimental narrations, and wrote dozens of essays in order to express his emotion."Qu YuanHow similar is his work Ci Fu.Liu Zongyuan's "Nine Fu" and "Ten Sao" are really excellent works in the Tang Dynasty's Fu style literature. Whether they focus on telling stories or chanting things, they are sincere and full of content.
Prose
Liu Zongyuan's prose, andHan YuQi Ming, Han Liu and Song DynastyOuyang Xiu、Su ShiAnd so on“Eight Great Men of Letters of the Tang and Song Dynasties”, can be called the most outstanding essayist in Chinese history.Liu Zongyuanhe in the middle of Tang DynastyHan YuHe initiated and led an ancient Chinese movement in the literary world.They put forward a series of ideological theories and literary propositions.In terms of the content of the article, in view of the shortcomings of the parallel prose, which does not attach importance to the content and is empty and empty, it proposes "the unity of literature and Taoism" and "the civilization of Taoism".The article is required to reflect the reality, "if it is not fair, it will sing", and it is rich in the critical spirit of eliminating current problems.In terms of the form of the article, it proposes to reform the style, break through the constraints of parallel prose, and not limit the length of sentence patterns.In addition, it is also pointed out that the first thing to do is to make a statement.This is a progressive literary proposition.In their creative practice, Han and Liu have created many excellent essays with rich content, skillful skills and concise and vivid language.Han Liu's ancient prose movement had a profound impact on later generations.
fable
Liu Zongyuan also left outstanding works for later generations in travel notes and fables.“Eight Tales of Yongzhou”It has become a masterpiece of ancient Chinese landscape travel.These beautiful landscape travel notes vividly express people's feelings of natural beauty, enrich the new field of classical prose reflecting life, and thus establish the position of landscape travel notes as an independent literary genre in literary history.Because of his artistic achievements, he has been widely read and highly praised.In addition to allegorical poems, Liu Zongyuan has also written many allegorical stories, such as "Donkey of Guizhou" and "Rat of Yongmou", which have also become famous ancient allegorical works."Qian Lv has poor skills" has become an idiom, which is almost universally known.Some fables, though short in length, have been passed down through the ages just like his landscape stories.
Character evaluation
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Su Shi"Those who value dry talk are said to be dry on the outside and creamy on the inside. It seems to be light but beautiful. It is also true that people like Yuanming and Zihou are so rich."
Ouyang Xiu: "The heaven is thick in giving birth to a child, and it is difficult to be alone. It is too quick to pull up the rope, and too quick to hurt. It is difficult to worry about the danger, and often makes people cry sadly. It is open to the sky, and the genius can be seen vertically and horizontally. The mountains are poor and the waters are dangerous, and it moves up and down the poles. Therefore, in the article, the words are very steep."
Yan Yu"The only person in the Tang Dynasty who is rich and profound in poetry is his son."
Mao Zedong"Liu Zongyuan is a materialist philosopher, which can be seen in his" Theory of Heaven ". This philosophical treatise put forward the argument that" heaven and man are mutually victorious "against the theory of destiny. Liu Yuxi developed this kind of materialism."
Liuzhou follows a cruel custom: "If men and women pledge money, they will redeem it from time to time. If children are like Mou, they will become slaves." Liu Zongyuan issued a decree to "reform the local law", so that those who become slaves can still pay for redemption.The decree formulated a set of measures to release slaves, stipulating that those who have become slaves can convert their wages according to their working hours during their service for creditors.After paying off the debt, he immediately regained his freedom of life and returned home to reunite with his relatives.This move was welcomed by the poor people, and was later carried out in states and counties outside Liuzhou.[34]
Set up schools
After Liu Zongyuan took office, he set up many schools and encouraged children to study actively in various ways to fundamentally improve the quality of the nation.In addition to political affairs, Liu Zongyuan patiently accepted the visit of young students and gave them good guidance.In view of the superstitious and backward customs of the local people, Liu Zongyuan strictly forbids the Jianghu witch doctors to cheat money and harm people.At the same time, we will promote medicine and train local doctors to serve the people.[35]
Digging well
Liu Zongyuan is not only satisfied with the dissemination of knowledge, but also committed to changing the old ideas and ways of thinking.He made Liuzhou, which had never dared to dig a well, dig several wells in succession. Liuzhou people, who had grown up by drinking rain and river water from generation to generation, have drunk clean and sweet groundwater since then, which is an important event in the life of Liuzhou people.The change in the way of drinking water is a reflection of the change in the way of life, which also drives the renewal of people's way of thinking.[36]
Reclamation and construction
There is a large area of wasteland outside Liuzhou. Liu Zongyuan, as a parent officer, called for the organization of idle labor in the countryside, land reclamation, planting trees and vegetables, and encouraged the development of production.Only with enough land can we produce enough food and vegetables, and people can live out of hunger and poverty.With the efforts of Liu Zongyuan, the arable land area in Liuzhou has greatly increased.Liu Zongyuan also attached importance to afforestation and personally participated in tree planting activities.During Liu Zongyuan's reign, he renovated streets and alleys, built temples, and developed many natural landscapes.[34]
Liu Zongyuan Memorial Hall is located in GuangxiLiuzhou CityThe Liuhou Park is mainly composed of Liuhou Temple, Liu Zongyuan's Clothes Tomb and Orange Pavilion.Liu Hou Temple, formerly called Luochi Temple, was built in 822 AD.
December 1995, namedGuangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionPatriotism Education Base.The "Liuhou Temple" on the front of the main gate of Liuhou Temple is composed ofGuo MoruoAs mentioned, the couplet on the gate post "The mountains and rivers come back, the yellow plantain and the red litchi; the spring and autumn report things, bless me and the people" according to the Tang Dynasty literatiHan Yu《Liuzhou Luochi Temple Stele》It is a collection of articles, expressing the yearning of Liuzhou people for Liu Zongyuan.
