Zhen'en x ú n, an ancient capital of the Xia Dynasty, is now Erlitou, Yanshi, east of Luoyang City[8]。
According to《Bamboo Chronicle》According to records, from the third monarch of the Xia DynastyTaikangStart, tocruel and oppressive personAll of them take Zhenxi as their capital[1-3]。The name of "Zhengui" should be derived from the surname of the Xia nationality[7]。
According to the historical records, the place of Zhendang is located in HenanLuoyang BasinsoLuozhou58li in the southwest of Gongxian County[4]。Summer 1959, famous in ChinaarchaeologistXu XushengSir led the team inWestern HenanProceed“Xia Ruins”During the investigation, I found thatErlitou Site, and is preliminarily confirmed asXia DynastyThe site of the capital of the middle and late period of the Qing Dynasty.
The discovery of "the capital of Xia" in Erlitou, Yanshi, further proves that the ancestors of the Xia nationality and the Xia Dynasty took the Heluo area as the center of their activities.[6]
Zhen E n x ú n, isXia Dynastyancient capital.Xia Yu founded his capital inYangcheng, move backwardYangzhai。Yangcheng isDengfeng, Yang ZhaiYuzhouAre not far from Luoyang.The third emperor of the Xia Dynasty, Taikang Duzhen.According to many historical records, the location of the capital of Xia Dynasty, Zhengui, is roughlyYiluo PlainRegion:
Restoration of Erlitou No.1 Palace
Ancient edition《Bamboo Chronicle》It is recorded that "Taikang lived in the village of Zhenzhu, Yi lived in it, and Jie lived in it."[5]
This edition of the Bamboo Chronicle also contains: "Zhong Kang is the emperor, according to the emperor."
According to the Yizhoushu Dunian, "Taikang lived in the village of Zan, Yi lived in it, and Jie lived in it."
Today's "Bamboo Chronicle" says: "Since the Rui of Rui of Rui of Rui of Rui of Rui of Rui of Rui of Rui of Rui of Rui of Rui of Rui of Rui of Rui of Rui of Rui of Rui of Rui of Rui of Rui of Rui of Rui of Rui of
The Records of the Historian · Xia Benji · Justice said: "The Book of Commerce said: 'Taikang lost his country, and five brothers must live in Luorui'. This is where Taikang lives, Yi lives, and Jie lives."
The Historical Records Biographies of Wu Qi said: "The residence of Xia Jie, left Heji, right Taihua,YiqueIn the south, sheep intestines are in the north. "
According to the National Language · Zhou Yu, "Xiyiluo died in summer after exhaustion."
《Include geographical records》As the saying goes, "Therefore, the city is locatedLuozhouFifty eight miles southwest of Gongxian County, where Gai Jie lives. "
According to the Records of the Historian, Xia Benji, "Taikang lives in the village of Zan Gui, Yi lives in it, and Jie lives in it".Yi namelyHou Yi, a leader of the Oriental Yi nationality, who took advantage of Taikang's immorality and the resentment of the Xia people, entered the house and took power, rejecting Taikang.Taikang died and helped Zhongkang to the throne. He still lived in the tomb.
Sima QianIn the Book of Historical Records, it is said that "the houses of the past three generations were all located between Heluo".Sima Qian's "three generations" really refers to the Heluo area, the capital of Xia, Shang and Zhou before the Qin Dynasty.
These documents show that Luoyang Basin, where Yi and Luo meet, is the center of Xia people's activities, and the site of Wang Yi is the current edition of the historical record of Zhen Zhi《Bamboo Chronicle》According to the record, "Zhong Kang lived in the capital of the Xia Dynasty."History of the Xia DynastyPlayed an important role in.
The archaeological excavation of Erlitou Site in Luoyang also basically confirmed this point.According to C-14 measurement, the absolute age of the Erlitou site is about 1900 BC, which is equivalent to the Xia Dynasty. It has a history of more than 4000 years, with a total area of 3.75 square kilometers. There are large palace sites inside.Many archaeologists believe that the Erlitou Cultural Site is the capital site of the Xia Dynasty, that is, the location of Xiazhengui.
archaeological discovery
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The model of the Zhenzhu Palace
For more than half a century, China'sarchaeologistHe is committed to finding the remains of the lost Xia Dynasty, which is concentrated in western Henan.According to ancient documents,Western HenanThe region is China's first unified and centralizedSlaveryDynasty -- the central activity area of the Xia Dynasty, and the "Sun of Xialuo" is the important capital of the Xia Dynasty.
In 1959, ancient historianXu XushengstayWestern HenanProceed“Xia Ruins”During the investigation, I was in Zhai Town, Yanshi City, LuoyangErlitou VillageA large site was found.Since then, three generations of archaeologists in New China have excavated this site for more than 40 times.
Archaeological excavation and research show that this is the first half of the second millennium BC in China and evenEast AsiaThe largest settlement in the region, which has the earliest known palace buildings in ChinaBronze ritual vesselsQun and the bronze smelting workshop are the earliest confirmed ruins of the capital city of the kingdom in China.This site is the site of the capital of Xia.
Wudu Huiluo
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Erlitou SiteLocated in the east of Luoyang Basin, westThe Old City of Luoyang in the Han and Wei DynastiesAbout 5km, eastYanshi Shopping Mall6 km.Back to Erlitou SiteMang Mountain, facing Ilo（Sui and Tang DynastiesThe Luohe River changes its course and is now in the north of the site), connecting Zhongyue to the southeastSongshan Mountain, connected to the southwestYiqueLongmen is surrounded by mountains, with a narrow and long basin in the middle and Yi, Luo and Er rivers nearby. The ditches are crisscross, suitable for agricultural cultivation.The site faces the Yellow River in the north, Ruying in the south and Heishiguan in the eastTiger Prison Pass, directly to Zhengzhou, connecting the Great Plains of North China;Westboundstrategic Qin-dynasty pass in HenanandTongguanIt connects eight hundred miles of Qinchuan and becomes the throat of east-west transportation.The Iluo Plain where the site is located has fertile land, controlled by mountains and rivers, and is extremely dangerous. It is not only suitable for human beings to recuperate, but also an ideal place for emperors to build their capital.
The nobility unearthed in Zhendang
After more than 40 years of archaeological excavation and research, the scale and layout of the site have been basically mastered.Erlitou SiteThe scope includes Erlitou, Gedangtou and SijiaolouNatural Village。The site area is located in the highland, covering an area of about 3 square kilometers, which is about 2-3 meters higher than the east, south and north sides. There are two miles undergroundCultural layer, i.e. summerBusiness cultureAccumulation, after archaeological excavation andCarbon14It is measured that the age of its remains is between 2043 BC and 1500 BCXia CultureWithin a calendar year.According to the record in the Ancient Bamboo Chronicle, "Taikang lives in Zin, Yi lives in it, and Jie lives in it"Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences40 years of scientific exploration and our country“Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project”Through interdisciplinary research, Erlitou Site is identified asXia DynastyCapital, and from summerYuThe capital from Taikang, the grandson of Xia Dynasty, to Xia Jie, the last king of Xia DynastyCultural sitesOnly the Erlitou Site has the nature of the capital of kings.
More than 30 large-scale sites are distributed in Erlitou Siterammed earthPalace siteThere are the earliest bronze casting workshops in China, and the sites of bone making, pottery making, and jade making workshops. There are three types of buildings in the sites, large palacesFloor areaThey are all about 10000 square meters, which should beXia DynastyhighestAuthorityLocation;A kind of building built on flat ground with wooden bones as walls and grass mud as skinsSlave ownerThe residence of the nobility;There is also a kind of semi cave building. The house with pit wall as wall and grass roof covered by columns is small, dark and humid, and may be the residence of the lowest level people at that time, that is, slaves.The three different forms of architecture reflected the differences of the class at that time.The tombs in Erlitou are also divided into three types: large, medium and small. Large tombs includeSlave burial, medium-sized tombs with bronze and jade wares, small tombs withoutFunerary goodsSome of the dead seem to have been buried alive, and some of the dead seem to have been killed.In short, we can also see from the shape of the tombClass differentiationThe obvious traces of the Erlitou site, which proves thatPrimitive societyto change intoclass society, entering from the era of flood and famineThe Age of CivilizationTypical representative of.
Recent drilling and excavation results show that the site is along the ancientIlo RiverThe north bank is distributed from northwest to southeast, with the longest from east to west of about 2400 meters and the widest from south to north of about 1900 meters. The northern part is destroyed by the present Luohe River, with an existing area of about 3 square kilometers.Its central area is located in the micro highland in the southeast of the site, with palace base sitesCast copperImportant remains such as workshop sites and medium-sized tombs;The west is slightly lowergeneralityliveActivity area。At the eastern edge of the site, discontinuous and extended trench like accumulations were found, with a proven length of more than 500 meters. It may be a borrow trench for building soil or pottery soil, and it also plays a zoning role, forming the eastern boundary of the site.
Proved roads in the palace area of Erlitou RuinsNetwork systemIt is composed of three main roads, which are consistent with the foundation sites of No. 1 and No. 2 palaces excavated in the past. The north-south main road on the east side has been proved to be nearly 700 meters long, and the north main road and the south main road have been proved to be more than 300 meters long. The distance between the two roads is about 400 meters.In the palace area, several small roads were also drilled out;A large area of road soil remains and hundreds of square meters of pebbles are found between the foundation sites of No. 1 and No. 2 palacesActive surfaceAnd several rammed earth foundation sites.Archaeological team firstErlitou PalaceThree roads that intersect vertically were discovered outside the district, and it was confirmed that the palace area enclosed by it was about 120000 square metersMiyagiThe clue of the city wall is exploring the capital city of Erlitou siteoverall structureAnd layout.
Excavation site
The earliest known large-scale palace site in China -- Yanshi, HenanErlitou SiteUnder the No. 2 Palace, a large-scale building site with an earlier age, larger scale and more complex structure has been excavated, which brings forward the age of the earliest palace complex in China that can be confirmed up to now by about 100 years.The foundation site of this building now numbered 3 belongs toerlitou cultureIn its early stage, it was the earliest large-scale rammed earth foundation site of Erlitou culture that can be confirmed so far due to its complex structure and large scale.It is narrow and long from north to south, with a proven length of more than 150 meters. The main part is at least composed of triple courtyards.In the past, due to material limitations, the academic community's understanding of the early Chinese palace buildings in the initial period came from the No. 1 and No. 2 palaces in the Erlitou site excavated in the past. They believed that their shape was simple and their courtyard was unique. Later in the Yanshi Shangcheng period, the structure of the palace buildings became complex. The disclosure of the No. 3 site changed this view.
The archaeological team also found rows of medium-sized tombs in the middle courtyard and the south courtyard of the No. 3 base site, and five have been cleared.All tombs areSoil pitIn the vertical cave, more vermilion sand was laid and there were coffin marks, and bronze, jade, lacquer, white pottery, printed glaze pottery (orPrimitive celadon）InlayTurquoiseCrafts, clam craftsSeashellsAnd so onThe funerary objects。Many of them are like hat shaped white pottery and bird headsJade ornament, large turquoise inlaid tools, ornaments composed of hundreds of gear shaped perforated clam pieces, etc.GroupnobleThe tomb was found in the palace area, which is rare in the past archaeological excavations. It was first found at the Erlitou site, which can help to determine the nature of the No. 3 site and the Erlitou cultureBurial customIt is of great significance.
Erlitou Site is the capital of Xia Dynasty.LuoyangIt was the ruling center and capital of the Xia Dynasty.The Yizhoushu Duyi says: "SinceRuiIt extends to Erie, where there is no stability, and it has a summer residence. "The Records of the Historian · Xia Benji · Justice says:“《Commercial book》Cloud:‘TaikangWhen the country is lost, the five brothers must live in Luorui. This is where Taikang lives and Yi lives,JieAnd live there again. "《Redords of the Grand History of China·Biography of Wu Qi》Said: "The residence of Xia Jie, Zuoheji, Youtaihua, Yique in the south, and Yangchang in the north." The Guoyu · Zhouyu said: "The former Yiluo was exhausted and the summer perished." These documents show that Luoyang Basin, where Yiluo intersected, is the activity center of Xia people, and looks toward Luoyang CityYanshi DistrictErlitou Ruins just coincide.The site of Wangyi is the one recorded in historical records,Ancient edition《Bamboo Chronicle》According to the present edition of Bamboo Chronicle, "Tai Kang lived in the village of Zhen Zhu, Yi lived in it, and Jie lived in it."“ZhongkangJu Chen. ".
