As of 19:00 on March 8, 2021XinhuaIn the 2021 National Two Sessions hot spot survey, 780000 netizens participated in the voting, of which "income distribution" ranked first with 94582 votes, again becoming the most concerned topic of netizens.[1]
The People's Republic of China was foundedIn the nearly three decades from then to the reform and opening up, the theoretical circle's understanding of the realization form of socialism was still in the early stage of explorationSocial distributionIn absoluteequalitarianismMainly formed“The organization and distribution mode of "eating from a large pot" has hindered the social and economicsustained development。Socialist transition period，Public economyGradually establish the main position of income distribution, and gradually shift from coexistence of multiple distribution methods to distribution according to work;untilThree major transformations of socialismAfter that, China entered the socialist stagePublic ownership of means of productionBased on“distribution according to work”System.[2]
Fairness and efficiency
After the Third Plenary Session of the Twelfth CPC Central Committee in 1984, income distributionInstitutional reformTurning to cities, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) issued the Decision on Economic System Reform, which requires employees' wages and bonuses to be the same as those of enterprisesEconomic performanceTo improve the linkage betweenIncrease staff salariesGap, establish various forms of contract orientedEconomic responsibility system；At the same time, promote the development of state organsReform of the wage system of public institutions.The urban-rural income gap has continued to expand due to a series of wage growth mechanisms,Gini coefficientAfter the mid-1980s, the gap was basically in the stage of continuous expansion.In this period, the discussion on the relationship between fairness and efficiency was the first to make theoretical progress.Zhou Weimin andLu ZhongyuanTake the lead in proposing efficiencyGive priority to fairnessAt the same time, more researchers also tend to give priority to efficiency and give consideration to fairnessDistribution principle。Subsequently, the 13th National Congress of the Communist Party of China allowed other distribution methods for the first time. "Other distribution methods" gradually evolved from the supplementary distribution method of "distribution according to work" to coexist with the main body of "distribution according to work".After 2000, the focus of the distribution policy has been adjusted, and the distribution principle has gradually changed to give consideration to efficiency and fairness, and pay more attention to income on the basis of reasonable income gapEquitable distributionQuestion.Emphasis of the 17th CPC National CongressInitial distributionThe relationship between efficiency and fairness should be handled well in both the distribution and the redistributiondistribution systemThe important development of, is based on the actual situation of China's income distribution, and further deal with efficiency andFair relationsMajor initiatives.[2]
System adjustment
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China's economy has entered the new normal, gradually deepening the reform of the income distribution system, and paying more attention toResident incomestaynational incomeTo further improve the governmentredistributive policy OfRegulatory mechanism, proposed“Two synchronizations”The goal of "two improvements";At the same time, it is required to improve labor, capital, technology, management and other elements according to their contributionsParticipation in distributionWe will accelerate the improvement of the primary distribution mechanism based on taxation and social security、transfer payment As the main meansIn the redistribution adjustment mechanism, both primary distribution and redistribution should take into account efficiency and fairness, and redistribution should pay more attention to fairness.The main social contradiction has been transformed into the people's growing needs for a better life andout-off-balanceThe contradiction between inadequate development and adherence to distribution according to workPrinciple, improvementAssign by ElementTo promote more reasonable and orderly income distribution.Pay more attention to fairness in income distribution, especially to ensure that all citizens share the fruits of economic development. In the initial distribution, constantly eliminate the various foundations of unfair distribution, while strengthening the function of fair distribution in the process of redistribution, constantly improve the income distribution system, and promote the formation of a fair and reasonableIncome distribution pattern。[2]
income disparity
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evolution
From the founding of the People's Republic of China to the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee in 1978,Public ownership of means of productionThe dominant position of "" is gradually established and ultimately forms a single public ownership. Income distribution follows the principle of "distribution according to work", based on the division of urban and rural areasequalitarianismThe evolution trend isMeans of productionPublic ownership andMeans of subsistenceEqualization of possession.In this caseInstitutional arrangementsNext, the income gap between urban and rural areas has gradually narrowed, and even tends to average.After the reform and opening up, witheconomic transition Accelerating the pace of development, China's income distribution pattern has shown an obvious trend of widening income gapNonlinearfeatures.[2]
reason
The government implements the cityBiased policy, leading to urban and rural areasincome disparityOne of the main reasons for the rapid expansion.The huge income gap between urban and rural areas is unfairEconomic development strategyIt brings about an unfair societyeconomic systemIt brings many kinds of unfairnesspublic servicePolicy, which is a seriousincome distributionUnfair phenomenon.suffereducational levelIt is also a basic and important factor that affects the income gap.Mainly due to education and wagesrelevanceas well asReturn on educationThe increase ofWage incomeThe inequality in education has been reduced to a certain extentWage incomeThe difference is the main reason for the widening of the regional income gap, and the level of rural wage income is mainly related to the education level of farmers everywhere.competitivenessmarket mechanismThe role oflabour marketUp, as shown inEnterprise and industry staffThe income gap between the two countries has gradually widened, and has increasingly become aUrban residentsThe important reason for the widening income gap.[2]
Gini coefficient is used internationallyComprehensive investigationAn important analytical indicator of the difference in income distribution among residents was proposed by Italian economists in 1922.Its economic meaning is: in the total income of residentsAverage distribution% of total incomepercentage。The maximum Gini coefficient is "1" and the minimum is "0".The former means that the income distribution among residents is absolutely uneven, that is, 100% of the income is occupied by people in one unit;The latter means that the income distribution among residents is absolutely average, that is, the income among people is completely equal without any difference.However, these two situations are only theoretical absolutization forms and generally do not occur in real life.Therefore, the actual value of Gini coefficient can only be between 0 and 1.
according toInternational practiceThe Gini coefficient is below 0.2, which means that the income distribution among residents is "highly average", that between 0.2 and 0.3 is "relatively average", and that between 0.3 and 0.4 is "relatively reasonable".0.4 is generally regarded as income distribution internationallypoverty gapOf“cordon”It is considered that 0.4~0.6 is "large gap", and more than 0.6 is "uneven height".According to Chinese citiesHousehold surveyAccording to income grouping data, the calculated Gini coefficient was 0.18 in 1978 and 0.424 in 1996, breaking the warning line and 0.496 in 2004.Data shows that Chinacity dwellerpersonal incomeIn 1978, the gap was small, too average;After 1978, the individual income gap of urban residents began to open;By 1996, the individual income gap of urban residents had gradually widened.
It is a common method to analyze the difference of residents' income with Gini coefficient.Its characteristics: First, the method itself is scientific.The calculation of Gini coefficient is a mathematical method of social and economic phenomena, which can reflect the degree of difference in income distribution within the collective residents as a whole.Second, the Gini coefficient reflects the degree of difference in income distribution accurately and sensitively, and can reflect subtle and continuous changes in the degree of difference.Thirdly, Gini coefficient can be regarded as a comprehensive factor in economic workEconomic parameters, incorporated into nationalPlan managementAnd macro-control.Fourthly, Gini coefficient is widely used internationally, which is convenient for strengthening in practical workHorizontal comparison, learn from otherscountries and regions Experience.
Five not equal to
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（1） The distribution mode in the primary stage of socialism is not equal toSocialist distributionmode
What kind of distribution mode a society adopts is not determined by people's subjective wishes, but by the society'sOwnership of means of productionDetermined by form.Public ownershipIt's socialisteconomic baseThe corresponding socialist distribution mode is distribution according to work.At the present stage, China is still in the primary stage of socialism. The overall level of productive forces is relatively backward, and the development is uneven and multi-level. This determines that it is impossible for China to achieve a pure and pure form of socialist distribution at this stage, but only to implementDistribution according to work as the main body and multiple distribution modes coexistThe system of distribution according to work andDistribution by production factorsCombine.Therefore, the current distribution mode in China is not equal to the socialist distribution mode.
（2） Distribution according to work does not mean that every worker can get equal pay through equal work
First, personal labor is not directSocial laborOnly through market exchange can it be transformed into social labor, and only individual labor transformed into social labor can obtain labor remuneration.manyEnterprise productsThe overstock and layoff of workers is not that the workers in these enterprises did not provide labor, but that individual labor could not be transformed into social labor, thus becoming a kind ofInvalid labour。Ineffective labor is not remunerated.
Second, equal pay for equal work is achieved through circuitous roads.Individual labor must be transformed into social labor through the market and governed by the law of value.Under the effect of the law of value, individual labor is just equal to social labor, so equal labor can get equal pay;Individual labor can not be completely or even transformed into social labor, so equal labor can not get equal pay;The social labor realized is greater than the individual labor, and then the laborer can obtain an excess reward.
Third, while distribution according to work is obvious in the same enterprise, it is ambiguous in the whole society.staycommodity economyUnder the conditions, each enterprise has its ownMaterial interestsThe employees do not directly provide labor to the society, but provide labor to the enterprise and obtain labor remuneration from the enterpriseeconomic performanceDirect hook.As the economic benefits of each enterprise are different, distribution according to work is ambiguous from the perspective of the whole society.
(III)Labor incomeNot equal to income according to work
At the present stage of our country, the labor income of workers is diverse.It mainly includes the income distributed according to work of the staff of state organs and the staff and workers of public economic enterprises and institutions,Individual workersOf labor income, operationrisk premiumBy virtue ofComplex laborAnd the labor income obtained.Since the premise of distribution according to labor isSocialist public ownershipThe labor income obtained on the basis of non-public ownership does not belong to the income distributed according to labor.
Income from exploitation refers to the income obtained by private entrepreneurs and foreign businessmen by virtue of capital ownershipsurplus value。There is no doubt that the income from exploitation is a kind of non labor income.At present, the non labor income of Chinese residents is mainly based onFund allocationIncome.This part of the fund is the accumulation of residents' past labor income, which cannot be regarded as income from exploitation;At the same time, under the condition of commodity economy, there are huge risks in stock trading, and this part of income is actually a reward for managers to seize opportunities, make decisive decisions and pay a huge intellectual price.
Initial distribution and redistribution
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Initial distribution meansgross national income （Gross National Product）Directly withproduction factorsAssociated assignments.whateverProduction activitiesThey are inseparable from such factors as labor, capital, land and technology.staymarket economyUnder certain conditions, certain remuneration must be paid to obtain these elements, such as wages andsalaryIt refers to the remuneration for labor, and the rent and rent refer to the provision of real estate or the transfer of others within a period of timePhysical capitalThe first distribution income of each factor provider will be formed by such remuneration.
As of 19:00 on March 8, 2021, a total of 780000 netizens had voted in the survey on the hot spots of the 2021 National Two Sessions launched by Xinhuanet, of which "income distribution" ranked first with 94582 votes, again becoming the most concerned topic of netizens.Revenue growthPeople's wellbeingIncome distribution concerns thousands of families.The year 2021 is the 20th consecutive year that Xinhuanet has launched a survey of the hot spots of the NPC and CPPCC. A detailed count of the hot spots of concern over the years shows that income distribution has ranked first for 16 times.In the comment area, the "income distribution" attracted nearly 90000 netizens to leave messages and interact, among which, the wages increased and decreased reasonablyincome disparity, improveLow income groupIncome and other topicsParticipationAt the front, netizens are also the most active.[1]
