Racemes belong toInfinite inflorescenceThe inflorescence axis is unbranched and long. The florets with petioles are born on the inflorescence axis. The petioles of the florets are equal in length and blossom from bottom to top.Wisteria、Consolida ajacis、Chinese cabbageThe inflorescences of other plants are racemes.[1]Evolved from racemeSpike, capitulum,Umbel、Corymb；And further evolved into spikeletsFleshy inflorescence、CatkinEtc.
Inflorescence refers to that many flowers are arranged on the total axis according to a certain rule, which is divided into unlimited inflorescence andFinite inflorescenceTwo categories.Infinite inflorescences are divided into racemes, spikes, catkins, meat spikes, corymbs, umbels, headsCryptocephaly。The limited inflorescence is divided intoMonochasium、Dichasium、Polychasium。[2]The limited inflorescence is a primitive type, and the unlimited inflorescence evolved from the limited inflorescence.[3]
Racemes belong toInfinite inflorescenceThe floral axis is long and unbranched. Many florets are born on the floral axis from bottom to top in turn. The petioles of florets are equal in length and open from bottom to top.Spike, capitulum, umbelCorymbThey all evolved from racemes.[2]
morphological character
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The characteristics of racemes are that each floret has a flower stalk andfloral axisThey are connected regularly. Flowers with different development levels can be seen on the whole axis. The flowers below the axis develop earlier, while those near the top of the axis develop later.Most flowers have pedicels and are born on the unbranched inflorescence axis. The petioles of each floret are equal in length,bloomThe order is from bottom to top.
Deciduous lianas;The bark is auburn.The stem is right-handed, the branches are thin and soft, the branches are dense, the leaves are luxuriant, at first it is densely covered with brown pubescence, and then it is bald.The pinnate compound leaves are 20-30 cm long;Stipules linear, caducous;The leaflets are 5-9 pairs, thin paper, ovate lanceolate, equal in size from bottom to top or gradually narrow and short, 4-8 cm long and 1-2.5 cm wide, with the apex gradually pointed, and the base blunt or oblique. When tender, both sides are covered with flat hairs, and then gradually bald;Petiolule 3-4 mm long, becoming black and pubescent after drying;The small stipules are bristly, about 3 mm long, and easy to fall off.The raceme grows on the branches of the current year, and the flowers on the same branch open at the same time. The leaves of the lower branch develop first. The inflorescence is 30-90 cm long and 5-7 cm in diameter, and flowers from bottom to top in order;Inflorescence axis densely covered with short white hairs;Bracts lanceolate, caducous, flowers 1.5-2 cm long;Pedicel thin, 1.5-2.5 cm long;Calyx cup-shaped, 4-5 mm long and 5-6 mm wide, with dense silky hairs on the same side as the pedicel. The upper 2 calyx teeth are very blunt, round headed, the lower 3 teeth are acute, and the lower 1 tooth is very long, up to 3 mm long;The corolla is purple to bluish purple, the flag petal is round, the apex is round, the base is slightly heart-shaped, the wing petal is long and narrow, the base is flat, with small sharp angles, the keel petal is wide, nearly falcate, and the apex is round and blunt;Ovary linear, densely tomentose, style incurved, glabrous, ovules 8.The pods are oblanceolate, 12-19 cm long, 1.5-2 cm wide, flat, densely tomentose, with 3-6 seeds;Seeds purple brown, shiny, round, 1-1.4 cm in diameter.The flowering period is from late April to mid May, and the fruiting period is from May to July. The pods have persistent branches.[4]
It is native to Japan and cultivated in China.[4]
The flowers of this species have many changes in horticultural varieties, such as white, light red, variegated stripes and double petals.[4]
Baikal Skullcap
Scutellaria baicalensis (Latin scientific name:Scutellaria baicalensisGeorgi），Another name is Camellia root and Tujincha root, which belong to LabiataeScutellariaPerennial herbs.
The rhizome is plump, fleshy, up to 2 cm in diameter, elongated and branched.The stem base lies on the ground, rising; 'The leaves are hard papery, lanceolate to linear lanceolate.The inflorescence is terminal on the stem and branches, racemose, 7-15cm long, and often gathered at the top of the stemPanicle；Pedicel 3 mm long, puberulent with rachis;The lower part of the bract is like a leaf, the upper part is much smaller, oval lanceolate to lanceolate, 4-11mm long, nearly hairless.The calyx is 4mm long when it blooms, and the scutellum is 1.5mm high. It is densely puberulent outside, and the calyx margin is sparsely pubescent, and the inner surface is glabrous. In fruit, the calyx is 5mm long and has a 4mm high scutellum.Corolla purple, purple red to blue, 2.3-3 cm long, densely glandular pubescent on the outside, and pubescent on the inside at the cystic bulge;The crown tube has obvious knee flexion near the base, the middle diameter is 1.5 mm, and the width to the throat is 6 mm;The crown brim is 2-lipped, the upper lip is helmet shaped, the apex is slightly absent, the middle lobe of the lower lip is triangular oval, 7.5 mm wide, and the lobes on both sides are close to the upper lip.Stamens 4, slightly exposed, the front pair is longer, with half medicine, the degenerate half medicine is not obvious, the rear pair is shorter, with full medicine, the anther chamber has white beard hairs at the opening, and vesicular hairs at the back;Filaments flat, anteroposterior below middle to medial to posterior to puberulent on both sides.Style slender, apex acute, microcrack.Disk annular, 0.75 mm high, slightly enlarged in front, extending into a very short ovary handle in the rear.Ovary brown, glabrous.Nutlets ovoid.Flowering from July to August, fruiting from August to September.[5]
It is produced in Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Henan, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shandong, Sichuan and other places, and cultivated in Jiangsu;Born on sunny grass slopes and fallow lands, with an altitude of 60-1300 (1700-2000) meters.It is distributed in East Siberia of the Soviet Union, Mongolia, Korea and Japan.[5]
It is reported that the root control measures against cotton bollworm, pear weevilTentorial caterpillar, apple nest insects are effective (see Chinese Pesticide Records).In addition, the stem can be extracted into aromatic oil, which can also be used as a substitute for tea and is called Qincha.According to analysis, there are mainly two derivatives of baicalin in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, namelyWogoninandBaicalin。[5]
Violet Orychophragmus
Violet Orychophragmus
Zhuge Cuisine (Latin scientific name:Orychophragmus violaceus）Nickname: February Blue,CruciferaeOrychophragmus, annual or biennial herb.It is called February Blue because blue and purple flowers begin to bloom around February in the lunar calendar.It grows on plains, mountains, roadsides and land edges.Low requirements for soil illumination and other conditions, cold and drought resistance, strong vitality.
Annual or biennial herb, 10-50 cm tall;Basal leaves and lower stem leaves are pinnately divided, and the top lobes are nearly round or short ovate.The flowers are purple, light red or faded into white, 2-4cm in diameter;Pedicel 5-10 mm long;Calyx tubular, purple, sepals ca. 3 mm;Petals broadly obovate, 1-1.5 cm long, 7-15 mm wide, densely veined, claws 3-6 mm long.Long horned fruit is linear, 7-10 cm long.It has 4 ridges, and the lobes have 1 protruding midridge, and the beak is 1.5-2.5 cm long;Fruiting pedicel 8-15 mm long.Seeds ovoid to oblong, about 2 mm long, slightly flat, black brown, with longitudinal stripes.Flowering from April to May, fruiting from May to June.[6]
It is produced in Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hubei, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Gansu and Sichuan.Born on plains, mountains, roadsides or land edges.It is distributed in North Korea.[6]
Soak the tender stems and leaves in boiling water, and then soak them in cold boiling water until they have no bitter taste.The seeds can be pressed for oil.[6]
Introduction to Inflorescence
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The flowers of some plants are solitary on their stems.Many plants have several flowers, which grow on the same inflorescence axis in a certain order and form, forming inflorescence.[7]The main axis of the inflorescence is called "inflorescence axis".[1]There is no typical vegetative leaf on the inflorescence, but only a simple bract grows under each flower, or a involucre grows under the entire inflorescence.According to the opening order of flowers on the inflorescence axis, the inflorescence can be divided intoFinite inflorescenceandInfinite inflorescenceTwo categories.[7]In some plants, the two may coexist to form a mixed inflorescence.[8]
raceme
When the infinite inflorescence blooms, the inflorescence axis continues to grow and elongate upward.Infinite inflorescence is divided intoSimple racemeandRacemose inflorescenceTwo types.Simple racemeIncluding racemesSpike、Catkin、Fleshy inflorescence、Corymb、Umbel、Capitulum、CryptocephalyRacemose inflorescenceDivided intoCompound raceme, compound spikeCompound umbel、Compound corymb, compound head.Finite inflorescenceIn the middle, the most apex and the most central flowers open first. Because the opening of the top flowers restricts the continued growth of the top of the inflorescence axis, the flowering sequence gradually extends to the lower edge or around.Limited inflorescence divided into monomialCyme, dichotomous cymes and polybranched cymes.[1]
Infinite inflorescence
Simple raceme
Simple raceme refers to the unbranched raceme of inflorescence axis.
(1) Raceme: long inflorescence axis, bisexual flowers with nearly equal flower stalks from bottom to top, such as rape, peanut, wisteria, etc.[9]
（2）Corymb(corymb): the inflorescence axis is shorter, the flower petiole at the base is longer, the shorter the flower petiole near the top, and the flowers are distributed at the same level, such as pear, applespiraea cantoniensis And hawthorn, etc.[9]
（3）Umbel(umbel): The inflorescence axis is shortened, and the flowers grow from the top of the axis. The flower stalks are equal in length, and the inflorescence is like an umbrella, such as acanthopanax, ginseng, and leek.[9]
（4）Capitulum(capitulum, anthodium): the inflorescence axis is shortened to be spherical or disk shaped, and there are many near sessile or sessile flowers densely growing on it. The bracts often gather to form an involucre, which grows at the base of the inflorescence, such as clover, sunflower, etc.[9]
（5）Cryptocephaly(hypanthium): The inflorescence axis is fleshy, especially hypertrophic and concave into a head shaped sac. Many sessile unisexual flowers are concealed on the inner wall of the sac, with male flowers at the upper part and female flowers at the lower part.The whole inflorescence only has a small hole in the front of the capsule, which can allow insects to enter and leave for pollination, such as fig, Ficus pumila, etc.[9]
（6）SpikeSpike: The inflorescence axis is long, on which there are many sessile bisexual flowers, such as plantain, verbena, etc.[9]
（7）Catkin(ement, catkin): There are many sessile or short stalked unisexual flowers on the inflorescence axis. Usually, the female inflorescence axis is upright, and the male inflorescence axis is soft and drooping. After flowering, the whole inflorescence falls off together, such as poplar, willow and maple poplar.[9]
（8）Fleshy inflorescence(spadix): The inflorescence axis is enlarged and fleshy, on which many sessile unisexual flowers grow, surrounded by large bracts, such as the female inflorescence of corn and cattail, and the inflorescence of Pinellia ternata and Araceae.[9]
The above are simple inflorescences with single flower axis. Some plants will further form secondary branches on the simple inflorescences in the same way to form compound inflorescences. If the secondary flower axis and its florets are arranged in racemes, spikes, umbrellas, corymbos or heads, they will form compound racemes or panicles (such as privet, etc.), compound spikes (such as wheat, etc.)Compound umbels (e.gCarrot、fennelEtc.)Compound corymb(e.gSorbus bungeiAnd compound heads (such as blue thorn).[8]
Racemose inflorescence
Ligustrum lucidum complex raceme
Complex raceme refers to that the inflorescence axis has branches, and the arrangement characteristics and flowering order of each branch are racemose.[9]
（1）Panicle（panicle）；PanicleCompound racemeThe branches of the inflorescence axis are arranged in racemes, and each branch is equivalent to a raceme, such as privet, rice and oats.·[9]
（2）Compound corymb(complex corymb): the branches of the inflorescence axis are arranged in a corymb like manner, and each branch is a corymb, such asSorbus bungei、Chinese photiniaEtc.[9]
（3）Compound umbel(complex umbel): Umbrella branches are separated from the top of inflorescence axis, and umbels are regenerated from the top of each branch, such as carrot, celery, cumin and other umbelliferae plants.[9]
(4) ReplySpike(complex spike): The inflorescence axis bears spikes of branches, each branch is equivalent to a spike, such as wheat.[9]
Inflorescence evolution
inflorescence
Little is known about the evolution of inflorescences. It is widely accepted that solitary flowers are mostly found in ancient and primitive plant groups (such as Magnoliaceae and Ranunculaceae) and are primitive traits.In the process of evolution, the size of flowers became smaller, leading to the formation of multi flower inflorescences.Inflorescence is more conducive to pollination than single flower and produces more offspring, which is an evolutionary trait.From the perspective of phylogeny, the more primitive families (such as Ranunculaceae) in angiosperms or the more primitive genera in the same family areFinite inflorescence；Most of the more evolved families and genera areInfinite inflorescence, such as the most advanced dicotyledonthe composite familyThe common inflorescence type is racemeCorymbOr capitulum,RanunculaceaeModerately more evolvedDelphinium、AconitumIt forms spikes or racemes, and the inflorescence types in monocotyledonous plants are mostly racemes or spikes.All these indicate that the limited inflorescence is a primitive type, and the unlimited inflorescence evolved from the limited inflorescence.However, it was also suggested that unlimited inflorescence and limited inflorescence may be two major branches formed by parallel evolution of single flower.[9]
