In the literature of linguistics, it has different names: variations of the name of Ubik, such as ubikh、Ubıh(Turkish name) andOubykh(French) and so on have been seen in literature;andPekhi(From Ubik/tʷaχə/）And its German variantPäkhyIt also appeared in the literature.[1]
Main features
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The Ubik language has the following characteristics, some of which are also found in other languages of the Northwest Caucasus:
It is an ergodic language, so there is no grammatical difference between the subject of a transitive sentence and the subject of an intransitive sentence.Disjunctive ergodic(Split ergativity)If any, it only plays an unimportant role.
It is a highly cohesive language and mainly uses a large number of monosyllabic or disyllabic roots. However, in terms of length, a word that uses word formation sometimes has nine or more syllables, such as the following sentence:
/aχʲazbatɕʾaʁawdətʷaajlafaqʾajtʾmadaχ/("If only you can't make him take them all out from me again for them")
In addition, affixes are rarely combined under any circumstances.
It has a relatively simple noun system, with only four case changes, and at the same time, it has a direct case(direct case)In Chinese, the singular and plural nouns are not always marked.
Its verb changes are quite complicated.In languages such as English, the verb only needs to change with the subject, while Chinese lacks the verb change;The verbs in Ubik must change with the subject, the direct recipient and the indirect recipient. In addition, the beneficial case(benefactive)Nouns in verbs must also be marked
It is also complex in phonology, with a total of 84 different consonants (four of which are only used in loanwords).According to the analysis of some linguists, it has only two vowels, but these two vowels have a lot of allophones, because there are so many consonants associated with it
pronunciation
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See the article "Ubik Phonics" for the pronunciation of Ubik.
Word formation syntax
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Ubik language is a multimodal comprehensive and cohesive language, as shown in the following sentences:
"/ʃ ə k ʲ ʼ aaj ə fanam ə t/" - "We will not be able to return"
"/awq ʼ aq ʼ ajt ʼ ba/" - "If you said it at that time"
The form of Yuubik words is often extremely simple.
The boundary between nouns and verbs in Ubik is somewhat blurred.All nouns can be used as the roots of state verbs. For example, the word/m ə z ə/(child) can be changed into the meaning of/s ə m ə z ə jt ʼ/(I used to be a child). At the same time, the roots of many verbs can be changed into nouns simply by using noun affixes, such as the word/q ʼ a/(say) can be changed into/s ə q ʼ a/(my words, what I said, etc.).[2][3]
noun
The noun system of Ubik is quite simple.Its noun has three cases (its oblique case and ergative case may be two homonyms with different functions, so it can be said that it has four cases), as shown below:
The direct case or the general case is only marked by the root word;This case represents the subject of a transitive verb sentence and the direct subject of a transitive verb sentence, such as/t ə t/("a man")
Diagonal - grid, marked with -/n/;This case represents the subject of a transitive verb sentence, the goal of preverb, or an indirect recipient without other suffixes, such as/m 601ə z 601ə n/("give a child").
The position grid, marked with -/ʁʁʁ a/, is equivalent to the meaning of "in," "within," or "above," etc.
instrumental case, marked with -/own (ə)/, which means "using", "using", etc., and is also regarded as a case in some literature produced by Dumes in 1975.The two pairs of prepositions outside Ling -/laaq/(facing) and -/ʁʁʁ aafa/(for), have been considered as synthetic dative, such as/a χʲə laaq ast ʷ695aw/can be interpreted as "I will send that thing to the prince".But in the best case, their status has also been discounted.
Nouns are gender neutral.The definite article of this language is/a/-, like/at ə t/which means "(that) man";Ubik has no indefinite article like a or an in English, but/za/- (root word) -/g ʷ ara/(literally translated as a - (root word) - true) can be translated as un in French or bir in Turkish, such as/zanayn ʃ ʷ g ʷ ara/which means "a thing that is really a young man"
Singular and plural numbers are only indicated in ergative nouns, with -/na/.The singular and plural numbers of generic verbs are either marked with the supplementary form of the verb root (e.g./ak ʷ ə n blas/for "he is in the car"; and/ak ʷ ə n bla ʒ a/for "they are in the car"), or with verb affixes (e.g./ak ʲ ʼ an/for "he has gone"; and/ak ʲ ʼ aan/for "they have gone").Interestingly, the prefix of the second person mode/f ʷ/- also has the function of making the thing before it become the mode, whether the second person mode and the prefix before it are the general case, ergative case or oblique case:
/F ʷ ast ʷ aan/- "I gave you to him" (general)
/S ʷ nt ʷ aan/- "He gave me to you" (oblique)
/As 601ʷ t ʷ aan/- "You gave it/them to me" (case)
Note that in the last sentence, the modular prefix prefix (/a/-) of "it" is omitted, so its meaning can be "I gave it to you" or "I gave them to you" at the same time.
In most cases, adjectives are directly suffixed with nouns, such as/t ʃ ə b ʒ ə ja/("pepper") plus/p ɬ ə/("red") becomes/t ʃ ə b ʒ ə jam ɬ/("red pepper").Adjectives have no inflection.
Postposition words are rare. Most of the semantic functions of orientation and some non orientation related semantic functions are provided by the pre verb, such as/as χ ʲ awtxq ʼ a/(you wrote that for me);However, some postpositions do exist. For example, in the following two examples,/s 601ʁ ʷ a s ə g 690AAT f ʼ/is interpreted as "like me"/A χ690601ə laaq/is interpreted as "close to the prince".
verb
(The following content gives the word "Passim" in Dumez 1975) The tenses on verbs can be divided into past tense, present tense and future tense (-/q ʼ a/and -/awt/these two suffixes indicate the past tense and future tense respectively), and the suffix of incomplete aspect also exists (marked with -/jt ʼ/, this suffix can be used in combination with the suffix of tense).Just like Arabic, dynamic and static verbs are different, and verbs have several gerund forms.The morphological causative form is not very common.The conjunctions "and" and "but" are usually marked by verb suffixes, but these two conjunctions also have non suffix "independent" forms:
-/G 690ə/suffix form of "and" ("independent" form is borrowed from Turkish/ve/);
-/The suffix form "independent" of g 690ə la/"however, but, even so" is/a ʷ a/
A part of the suffix of the pronoun's interest case meaning verb, the former verb/χʲ a/- indicates, but the mark of the general interest case cannot appear in the verbs that have three marks for nouns with different cases.
Gender is only used as a part of the second person inflection, and depends only on the speaker's use.The symbol of the second person negative is/χ a/-, and its use is just like the prefix of other personal pronouns. Take the following two sentences as examples to compare their differences:
/W ə s χ ʲ ant ʷ n/"He gave you (that thing) for me (general usage, gender neutral)"/As.
Adverbial system
Some of the meanings given by adverbs or auxiliary verbs in English and other languages are given by verb suffixes in Ubik:
/Asf ə p χ a/- "I need to eat that"
/Asf ə fan/- "I can eat that"
/Asf ə g ʲ an/- "I always eat that"
/Asf ə lan/- "I am eating that thing in despair"
/Asf ə t ʷ an/- "I eat too much of that stuff"
/Asfaaj ə n/- "I eat that again"
Interrogative sentence
Questions may be grammatically marked with the prefix or suffix of a verb:
Yes no interrogative sentences are marked with -/f/:/wana awbjaq ʼ a f/?- "Did you see that?"
Complex questions are marked with -/j/:/saak ʲ ʼ a w ə p ʼ ts ʼ aj/?- "What's your name?"
For other types of questions, if there are interrogative pronouns such as "where" and "what", their interrogative pronouns may also be marked only in verbs:
/Maawk 690700601ə j/- "Where are you going?"
/Saawq ʼ aq ʼ ajt ʼ ə j/- "What did you (just) say?"
Pre verb and determiner
Many directional, prepositional and other functions are provided by pre verb elements, which provide a wide range of applications. Ubik language is very complex in this respect.There are two main types of pre verb elements in Ubik language: determiner and pre verb.The number of prepositions is limited, and they mainly indicate the position and direction.The number of decision words is limited, but relatively open;The prefix of partial decision words includes/t 643a/- (about a horse) and/ɬ a/- (about the foot or base of a thing)
For simple location indication, Ubik and have many possibilities that can be indicated by pre verbs, including (but not limited to) the following:
Above and in touch
Above but without contact
Under and in contact with
Under and without contact
On the edge of
Through a space
Via solid objects
On flat and horizontal surfaces
On a surface that is not horizontal or vertical
In homogeneous blocks
face
In the upward direction
In the downward direction
Into the tubular space
To the enclosed space
In addition, it also has an orientation, meaning that the former verb facing the speaker: j -, which occupies an empty affix slot in the verb.However, the former verb can have the whole meaning of a phrase in English.The former verb/jt f ʷ ʼ aa/- means "on the ground (ball)" or "in the ground (ball)", like/ʁ adja ajt f ʷ ʼ aanaa ɬ q ʼ a/("they buried his body").Even in a narrow sense, the former verb/faa/- means an action about fire, from fire, or into fire, like/amd ʒ an zat ʃ t ʃ aq ʲ a fast χ ʷ n/This sentence means "I take a piece of burning wood out of the fire".
Vocabulary
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Local vocabulary
The syllables of Ubik have a strong tendency to form the CV structure, although the syllable structures of VC and CVC also exist.Its consonant clusters are not more than two consonants like the big consonant clusters in Abkhaz or Georgian.The consonant clusters of three consonants only exist in two words, they are/nd ʁ a/(sun) and/psta/(expansion), but the word behind is a preposition from Adig, while the word in front is often pronounced as/n ə d ʁ a/when appearing alone.
Compound words are an important part of the semantics of the Ubik language and all the languages of the Northwest Caucasus.There is no verb "love" in Ubik, so if someone wants to say "I love you", they will say/t ʂ an ə w ə zbjan/(it's good for me to see you).
Reduplicated words appear in some roots, especially those with onomatopoeic characteristics, such as (/χ ˁ a χ ˁ a/) the word from/χ ˁ a/scrape with a horse comb,/k ʼ ə rk ʼ r/crow like a chicken (borrowed from Adig) and/warqwarq/(crow like a frog).
Roots and affixes can be as short as a single phoneme, such as the word/want ʷʷʷ aan/(they gave you to him), which contains six phonemes, and each sound is a separate morpheme:
/W/- Second person singular absolute case marker
/A/- third person dative mark
/N/- third person case marker
/T ʷ/- give
/Aa/- sign lattice is complex
/N/- tense is the modern tense
However, some characters may grow to have seven syllables (although they are usually compound characters), such as/ʂə q ʷʼəə f a ɬAAD əʃ643a/(stairs).
Slang and Idioms
Like all other languages, Ubik is full of various idioms, such as the word/nt ʷ a/(door), which can be used to mean "local judge", "hall" or "government" in Ubik.However, in Ubik, phrase structures are even more common than in other languages.(In fact, using a series of concrete things to express an abstract idea is one of the characteristics of Gaojiasuo's language in northwest China.) The idiom "I love you" literally means "it's good for me to see you";You make me happy literally means "you cut into my heart".And/w ə r ə s/(Russia), a loan word from Turkish, has become slang to express the meanings of "unbelieving", "non Muslim" and "enemy" (see also the section of "history")
Foreign loanwords
The main borrowings in Ubik language come from Adig language and Turkish language, and a small number of borrowings come from PersianAbkhaz, and South Caucasian languages.Until the death of Ubik, the influx of Adig words was detected;Walker noted hundreds of examples in 1963/G//k//k ʼ/These four phonemes are borrowed from Turkish and Adig/620ʼ/It also seems to be a phoneme borrowed from Adig, although it has been a long time//It may also be a phoneme borrowed from Adig language, because most of the few words with this sound are obviously borrowed from Adig language, such as/paa ∨ a/("pride"),/∨ a/("testicle"), etc.
Many loanwords have local equivalents in Ubik, but their use is gradually reduced due to the use of Turkish, Caucasian and Russian equivalents, such as the following examples (format: "loanwords" on the left, and "native equivalents" on the right):
/B ə rw ə/Perforation (from Turkish)=/p if aat χ ʷ/
/T ʃ aaj/tea (from Turkish)=/bz ə p ʂ/
/W ə r ə s/Enemy (from Turkish)=/b ˁ aq ˁ a/
Some characters, usually older ones, borrowed from some less influential language branches: in 1994, Claruso regarded the word/χˁ ʷ a/("pig") as a loan word of the original Semitic word * huka;While/ag ʲ ar ə/("slave") comes from the root of Iranian language branch.
evolution
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In the script of language evolution in the northwest Caucasus, whether it is related toAbkhazIn the parallel relationship between the two languages, the Ubik language formed the third branch of the Northwest Caucasian language family.Where the original labialized sound is still preserved, the Ubik language has turned it into a palatalized sound: for example, Ubik corresponds to the word/g 690ə/used to represent the "heart", and to the single word/g ʷə/in Abkhaz, Abaza, Kabanda and Adig languages.Ubik language is also held in other northwest Caucasian languages, and can only be found in the pharyngeal consonant groups of some Abkhaz and Abaza languages.All other languages in the Northwest Caucasus have real pharyngeal sounds, but Ubik is the only language in the Northwest Caucasus that uses "pharyngalization" as the second pronunciation part.
When considering the relationship with other languages in the family, Ubik language is closer to Abkhaz language than other languages, but Ubik language has many characteristics of Adig language based on the influence of culture and geography.Many Ubik speakers are bilingual in both Ubik and Adig.
dialect
Although there are not quite a variety of dialects in Ubik, one of them is quite different, but it is noticed.Although this dialect is similar to the standard Ubik language in grammar, it has a very different phonological system, and its phonetic system is reduced to 62 more strange sounds:
/D ʷ//t ʷ//t ʷ/has been converted to/b//p//p ʼ/respectively.
/F ʷ//ʑʷ/and/ʃʷ//ʒʷ/are not different.
//seems to disappear.
Pharyngeal sounds are no longer distinguished, and these (pharyngeal) sounds have been replaced by lengthened consonants in many cases.
The palatalized small tongue sound is no longer its rhyme.
Development history
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The Study Characters of Ubik Language
Until 1864, when the Ubik people were expelled from the area by the Russians, the Ubik language was once used in the east coast of the Black Sea near Sochi.After being expelled by the Russians, they finally settled in Hac ı Osman, K ı rkp ı nar, Masukiye, Hac ı Yakup and other places in Turkey.Therefore, Turkish and the Circassian language became their preferred daily communication language, and many words of these languages also entered the Ubik language at this time.
Ubik became a dead language on October 7, 1992, when Tevfik Esenç, the last fluent user of Ubik, died in his sleep.Fortunately, before the demise of the Ubik language, thousands of pages of data and many recordings had been recorded, and many linguists, such as Georges Charachidz é, Georges Dum é zil, Hans Vogt and George Hewitt, among its last users,For example, it was recorded with the help of Twofik Eisenich and Huseyin Kozan.
The Ubik language has not been written by its user community for a long time, but a few phrases have been recorded by Evliya Celebi in his Seyahatname. At the same time, a considerable amount of oral literature has also been recorded together with the part of Nart saga.Later, Twofik Eisenich also learned the writing method of Ubik language invented by Dumes.
The Hungarian linguist Julius von M é sz á ros came to Turkey in 1930 and wrote down some records about the Ubik language.His book Die Päkhy-Sprache，Its content is extensive and accurate to the extent allowed by the transcription system invented by him (but his transcription system cannot express all the different pronunciations of the Ubik language). This book also lays a foundation for the linguistic research of the Ubik language.
The Frenchman George Dumes also went to Turkey in 1930 to record information about the Ubik language. He later became the most famous Ubik linguist.In the late 1950s, he published a collection of folk stories in Ubik, which soon attracted linguists' attention because of its few (two) phonemic vowels.Hans Vogt, a Norwegian, published a huge dictionary. Although there are many mistakes in this dictionary (which Dumes later corrected), it is still an important work and indispensable tool in Ubik linguistics.
Later, in the 1960s and early 1970s, Dumes published a series of archives on the northwest Caucasian language sources in general, and on the Ubik language sources in particular.Le Verbe Oubykh (1975), a book written by Dumes in 1975, is a detailed description of the formation of nouns and verbs in Ubik language. It can be said that it is another book that lays the foundation for Ubik language linguistics
After the 1980s, the linguistic study of Ubik suddenly slowed down.There are no other major papers published, but the Dutch linguist Rijex Smez is trying to compile a new dictionary of Ubik based on Vogt's book published in 1963, and a major similar project is under way in Australia;Ubik people have shown their interest in learning their mother tongue again.
The following persons have published the Ubik language offering:
Brian George Hewitt
Catherine Paris
Christine Leroy
George Bossong
Georges Dum é zil
Hans Vogt
John Colarusso
Julius von M é sz á ros
Rieks Smeets
Tevfik Esenç
Wim Lucassen
Relevant knowledge
Ubik is cited as the language with the most consonants in the 1996 edition of the Guinness Book of World Records, although this record may have been cited by someKhoisan family (Khoisan languages).
Ubik has 20 small tongue sounds and 27 pure fricatives, more than any other known language.
Ubik may be related to Hattic language.Hati is a language written in a cuneiform script and used in Anatolia before 2000 BC.
Once upon a time, two male friends, adverbs, they, mutual, interest case, become plural, adverb definite article, way, oblique case above, entry (mode), past tense, mode
Once upon a time, there were two men walking together on the road
/a.f.awtə.nə mʁʲawəf a.χʷad(a).awtə.n a.kʲa.n.a.n, a. z a n fatɕʼ.aala ɕʷəbˁ(a).aala χʷada.qʼa,/
They eat, future tense, adverb food, they buy, future tense, adverb food, they enter (mode), mode, past tense definite article, one case, bread, and buy, past tense
They went to buy some food for the journey. One of them bought bread and cheese,
