synonymNikolai Ostrovsky (Soviet writer, author of How Steel Was Tempered) Generally refers to Nikolai Alexeyevich Ostrovsky
Nikolai Alexeyevich Ostrovsky (Russian: НиколайАлексееевичОстровски, September 29, 1904 - December 26 or 22, 1936),Soviet UnionWriters and revolutionaries, whose representative works are《How is steel made》。[1-2]
Ostrovsky was born in Virya Village, Ostrovsky County, Warren Province, Ukraine, and began to work as a child laborer at the age of 11.In 1919, he joined the First Cavalry Division of the Red Army and participated inSoviet Russian Civil War。In 1923, he served as the secretary of the Communist Youth League branch in Berezdov, Ukraine[2]In 1924, he joined the Ukrainian Communist Party.In 1930, he began to write How Steel Was Tempered.In 1934, he was electedSoviet Writers Associationmember;The following year, it was awarded by the Soviet governmentOrder of Lenin[1]。December 26, 1936[1]）, died of kidney stones and bile poisoning.[2]
Chinese name
Nikola Alexeyevich Ostrovsky
Foreign name
НиколайАлексеевичОстровский (Russian) Nikolai Alexeevich Ostrovsky (English)
On September 29, 1904, Ostrovsky was born inRussian Empire(Today Ukraine) Vilya Village, Ostrog County, Warren Province, whose ancestral home is Russia.In 1910, he studied in the local church primary school in his hometown.[2-3]
Nikolai Ostrovsky
During the First World War, he fled with his father and came to Shepetovka, a small city, to study in a two-year school. Later, he was expelled from the school at the insistence of the theological priest and worked as a boiler worker in the railway station canteen.[2]
On July 20, 1919, he joined the Communist Youth League of Ukraine;On August 9, he joined the Red Army and participated in the Soviet Russian Civil War.[2]
In August 1920, he was seriously injured in the battle and returned to his hometown to recuperate in October.In 1921, he served as the secretary of the Ukrainian Communist Youth League branch;In the same year, he went to Kiev to work as an electrician assistant and entered the electric power technical school to study.[2]
In 1922, due to overwork, he suffered from severe arthritis and was diagnosed as severely disabled.In 1923, he served as the secretary of the Communist Youth League branch in Berezdov, Ukraine, and the political member of the Second Battalion of National Military Training;On October 27, he became a probationary member of the Ukrainian Communist Party.[2]
On August 9, 1924, he officially joined the Communist Party of Ukraine;In the same year, he served as the secretary of the Communist Youth League in Ijaslav.[2]
In 1927, his illness worsened to paralysis and he began to write novellas about Kotovsky's division;December, participationCorrespondence universitystudy.In 1928, he became blind.In 1929, he graduated from correspondence university and went to Moscow for recuperation.[2]
In April 1930, he began to write the first part of How Steel Was Tempered.In June 1932, he began to write the second part of How Steel Was Tempered;In May of the next year, the creation was completed.[2]
In April 1934, he published the literary review "Striving for the purity of language";On June 1, he was elected a member of the Soviet Writers Association;In December, he began to write the novel Born of the Storm.[2]
In May 1935, he participated in writing the screenplay of How Steel Was Tempered;On October 1, he was awarded the Order of Lenin by the Soviet government.[2]
In May 1936, he returnedSochi , stay in the villa given by the Ukrainian government;In August, the creation of "Kochagin's Happiness" was completed[3]；On December 15, kidney stones and bile poisoning occurred;December 26 (first 22[1]）At 7:50 p.m., he died at the age of 32.[2]
Personal life
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family
Ostrovsky's father, Alexei Ivanovich Ostrovsky, was a seasonal worker in a winery and had participated in the army.Her mother's name was Origa Osipovna Ostrovskaya.[2]In 1929, Ostrovsky married Laisa Balfrievna.[11]
Main works
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Ostrovsky's main works include the novels How Steel Was Tempered (1933) and The Birth of the Storm (1933, only the first volume was completed),The short story "Kochagin's Happiness" (1936, unfinished)[3]，And the literary review "Striving for the purity of language" (1934).[2]
Creation characteristics
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Nikolai Ostrovsky
Ostrovsky's worksHow Steel Was Tempered vividly expounds the communist ideal for the young generation and how to work hard for it.The life a revolutionary soldier should have[4]。In the book, the confession of "life is the most precious thing for human beings" reflects a brave and strong communist's outlook on life[6]。In the 1930s, the Soviet Union set off large-scale construction with good expectations and visions of the future socialist societysocialistThis era calls for a large number of people with the spirit of self sacrifice and dedication.Ostrovsky deeply understands the requirements and spirit of the times and creates Paul Kochagin, a hero who conforms to the call and spirit of the times.Paul Kochagin is a concentrated embodiment of the revolutionary spirit of his contemporaries, which not only conforms to the requirements and spirit of the times, but also conforms to the aesthetic pursuit of life of the Soviet people in the 1930s.Ostrovsky's works reproduce the beliefs, ideals and sentiments of the contemporary Soviet people, and describe the struggle spirit and selfless labor enthusiasm of the Soviet people in that era.[7]
Character evaluation
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Ostrovsky is an excellent writer with amazing perseverance and indomitable spirit.(Comments by writer Yang Sheng)[3]
Ostrovsky only lived to 32 years old. His life of heroic struggle was intertwined with Paul Kochagin's experience, and it was difficult to separate the two.(Associate Professor of Gansu University of Political Science and LawGao XiaochunComment)[4]
Ostrovsky's works contain the essence of the wonderful innovation achievements in Soviet literature.(Danish writerMartin NixonComment)[5]
Character controversy
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The product of Stalin's model
Some people believe that Ostrovsky distorted his vision and struggle for a communist society into complianceStalinist Model He blamed the ideological fanaticism of his "vanishing personality consciousness and becoming a screw".In How Steel Was Tempered, Paul joined the workers' opposition and opposedLeninThis is the only time he made an ideological judgment based on spontaneous class emotions (the plot was deleted in the final version of the novel).Paul's thought twists and turns show that the conditions of the times did not enable Ostrovsky to seriously consider the relationship between the history, reality and communism of the Soviet Union.With some of the most simple working class consciousness (such as hatred of the economic system that produces the difference between the rich and the poor), he is far from being able to "freely and independently" think about the scientific communist road.[9]
Commemoration for future generations
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Commemorative statue
Statue of Ostrovsky
In memory of Ostrovsky, Russian sculptor Gregory Podotsky made a statue of Ostrovsky.On the morning of September 22, 2015, the unveiling ceremony of Ostrovsky statue jointly donated by Moscow University of Russia and Podotsky to Tsinghua University was held in the Library of Humanities and Social Sciences of Tsinghua University.[8]
