Apogonidae (scientific name: Apogonidae) is a family of Crocoidea of Radioptera, which is traditionally classified as Perciformes.It is divided into 4 subfamilies, 40 genera and about 381 species.
The fish of this family are elongated, oblong and slightly flattened.Big head.Big eyes.Large mouth, oblique fissure;The jaw teeth are small, or withCanine tooth, hoe bone andpalatine boneUsually toothed, without teeth on the tongue.The edge of the anterior operculum is smooth or serrate, and the spine of the posterior edge of the operculum is underdeveloped.Body integumentChlamysorRound scale, Gymnapogon is naked without scalesOperculumAll are scaly;lateral lineComplete or incomplete.Dorsal finThere are two, the first dorsal fin has VI-VII spines, the second dorsal fin has I spines and 8-14 soft strips;Gluteal finWith II spines and 8-18 soft strips;Caudal finRound, cross or fork shaped.
There are 2 subfamilies in the world, includingPelargonidae(Apogoninae) 19 genera, 195 species andPelargonidae(Pseudominae) roughly estimated that there are 3 genera and 12 species (Nelson, 1994).Indian porgygenusNocturnal animal, inhabiting caves near the feeding area in the daytime orCoral reefThey go out to hunt at night, except for those with strong canine teethPelargonius（Cheilodipterus）fingerlingMay be largerinvertebrateOr smallfishIn addition to feeding, most of the porgy are small benthic invertebrates orZooplanktonIt is the main food.undergraduatefishOral hatching behavior is also the focus of scholars' research, except for the western AtlanticSparus plicatus(Phaeoptyx affinis), both male and femaleOral incubationExcept for the record (Smith et al., 1971), the rest were hatched by male fish.If its jaw protrudes or can be seen when the fish opens its mouthRoeIt can be known that the fish is hatching.Widely distributed inworld3. The warm and hot waters of the ocean, some of which live in estuaries and occasionally enter fresh water.
Pelargonidae isCoral reefZone largestNight Cat, like the big eye bream, they also have a pair of big eyes suitable for night activities, so they are commonly known as the "big eye sidefish".The Indian porgy has a secret track, a compact body, a body length of less than 10 cm, but a large mouth. On the slightly flat long oval fish body, there are two separate and upright dorsal fins.Indian porgy is widely distributed in the global tropical and subtropical waters, mostly concentrated in the shallow waters of coral reefs, a few in the deep sea, sand mud or estuaries, New Guinea orAustraliaThere are also some pure fresh water or species that can enter the lower reaches of rivers.They feed on zooplankton, small benthos or small fish.Most species have "oral incubation behavior", which is a rare example of marine fish.In addition, many porgy have the structure of illuminators.
The distribution of porgy in Taiwan is different from north to south, mainly because the water temperature in the northern sea area is 5~6 ℃ lower than that in the southern sea area in winter.for examplePelargonius oryzaeThere are many in the north, but few in the south.
Habitat environment
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Coral reef residents
stayCoral reefFor regional diving, we often see various diurnal sparrow breams in the daytime, and change to nocturnal porgy in the evening.Every evening and early morning, we can see their orderly shift changing behavior, that is, the cichlids hiding in the reef cave, under the reef eaves or beside the reef in the daytime alone or in groups, begin to go out to look for food after sunset, and the empty habitat is just for the daily fish to rest;After daybreak, the diurnal fish that had slept all night were getting ready, and the cichlids that had been active all night returned to their original habitats to rest.This behavior of "tenants" changing shifts in the morning and at night, day and night, isCoral reef fishIn order to make full use of the limited space resources, they have developed a unique way of life. In addition, they have different preferences for food and habitat, so they can avoid competition and coexist peacefully with each other, thus creating a variety of highly diverse coral reef creatures.
Marine fish
Most of the porgy, like some freshwater Wuguo fish, has the behavior of "hatching by mouth". The difference is that the hatching of Wuguo fish is done by male or female fish, while almost all of the porgy is done by male fish.The so-called "oral hatching" means that the male porgy carries the egg mass laid by the female into the mouth for hatching. At this time, it can be seen that the jaw of the oral hatching fish will slightly bulge like a bucket, and because the mouth is full of eggs, it is unable to feed, so it starts a "hunger strike".In this way, it will take several days to a week for the eggs to be released after hatching into larvae in the mouth of the parent fish, which can greatly reduce the predation of eggs, improve the success of reproduction and increase the chances of survival of the next generation.After a period of drifting life, the larvae metamorphose into juveniles, and then return to the coastal reef area to find suitable habitat, settling down to become true benthic fish.
Luminescence method
There are usually two ways for marine organisms to emit light, one is to emit light by the fluorescent element and the fluorescent element unitary biochemical reaction in each line, the other is to emit light by symbiosis in the illuminatorPhotobacteriumTo shine.Pelargonidae fishes have both, the former is likePelargonius macrocephalusThe genus, the genus Apogon ellioti, and several species of the genus, such as Apogon ellioti, perform biochemical reaction and emit light. Under its chest and stomach, there is a front belly illuminator buried in the chest muscle, and on both sides of its rectum, there is a pair of pear shaped rear belly illuminators;The latter is like the genus Pelargonius (also called Pelargonius), which uses bacteria to emit light. The light emitters are black strips located below the base of the pectoral fin and along the ventral side of the body from the isthmus to the caudal handle.
Subspecies
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The family Pelargonidae includes 40 genera and more than 350 species have been described. However, it is well known that there are many undescribed and undiscovered Pelargonidae species in the vast waters, especially those living in deep water. We also know very little about those species that have been described, and some species even have only a few samples.
The family can be divided into four subfamilies, including Apogoninae and Pseudomiinae. In addition, there are two monotypic subfamilies proposed in 2014: Amioidinae and Paxtonianae.[12]
Bianfish（Beanea）Bi'an fish in（Beanea trivittata）It is not classified as Pelargonidae.Kurtamia is unconfirmed in the lower classification of Pelargonidae[13-14]。Black bellied porgy（Xeniamia atrithoraxFraser&Prokofiev, 2016) belongs to Xeniamia, which is only one species and extinct.[15-16]
Pelargonidae
Apogoninae G ü nther (1859) is the largest subfamily, widely distributed in the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean, and divided into 14 families:
Anaz's porgy（Siphamia arnazaeAllen & Erdmann, 2019），It is also called cat's eye porgy, and is added to commemorate Arnaz Mehta, wife of the celebrity Erdmann, who discovered this unique species when diving in December 2016.[11]
Siphamia argyrogaster
Siphamia cephalotes
Siphamia corallicola
Siphamia cuneiceps
Siphamia fistulosa
Siphamia fuscolinata: also known as Siphamia fuscolinata.
Siphamia guttulatus
Siphamia jebbi
Siphamia majimai: also known as Siphamia majimai.
Siphamia mossambica
Siphamia permutata
Siphamia roseigaster
Siphamia tubulata
Siphamia versicolor: also known as Siphamia versicolor.
Cyprinus（Sphaeramia）
Silkworm porgy(Sphaeramia nematoptera): also known as cichlid porgy.
Sphaeramia orbicularis: also known as ring-shaped orbicularis.
Pelargonium（Taeniamia）
Pelargonium（Vincentia）
Pelargonius（Verulux）
Vincentia badia
Vincentia chrysura
Vincentia concorsa
Vincentia macrocauda
Vincentia novaehollandiae
Vincentia punctata
Pelargonius asiaticus（Yarica）
Pelargonium（Zapogon）
Pelargonius（Zoramia）
Pelargonidae
Pseudomeinae Smith (1954), found in the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Indian Ocean and the Western Pacific, is mostly found in shallow waters with water depth less than 64 meters.
Pelargonium（Pseudamia）, the model species is the multilateral pseudoporgy（Cheilodipterus polystigma, originally described as the genus Pelargonius, now it is classified asPelargonius latus[10]）。The generic name "Pseudo -" means false in Greek, and "amia" is a common suffix of the generic name of Sparidae.[8]
The subfamily Amioidinae Fraser&Mabuchi (2014) contains two single genera, of which the model species of Amioides are“Amia grossidensSmith & Radcliffe 1912”，The generic name is followed by“Amia”Change to“Amioides”Among them, "Amia" refers to "Apogon", which is a common suffix of many generic names of the family Pelargonidae. "- oides" means "like...", which means "fish like Pelargonidae" or "fish like Pelargonidae";"Grossus" is translated as "big", and "dens" is translated as "teeth", because its teeth are much larger than the known species of Indian porgy at that time.Both genera of this subfamily are considered to be the basic group of the living Pelargonidae.
Indian porgy
Pelargonius（Amioides, formerlyCoranthus）The genus Pelargyron spinosa lives in deep water, and only a few samples have identified this genus, which is widely distributed in the Indian Ocean Pacific waters.[5]
Indian porgy（Amioides polyacanthusVaillant, 1877），The species addition word "poly" is translated into "many", and "acanthus" is translated into "thorn", because it was originally described as the genus Pelargonius（Cheilodipterus）The first dorsal fin of other species in the genus has only 6 spines, and there is one more spiny porgy.[4]
Indian snapper
Pelargonius（Holapogon）, formerly known as the subfamily Pelargonidae, the generic noun is derived from the Greek word "holos", which means "complete, all", referring to the primitive ancestors of this genus that can best represent the diversity of Pelargonidae.[7]
Indian snapper（Holapogon maximusBoulenger, 1888）[6]
Pelargonidae
Paxtoninae Fraser&Mabuchi (2014), only one genus and one species, was originally collected from trawls in northwest Australia, and John R. Paxton of the Australian Museum thought that they were an undescribed new genus of Serranidae that could secrete black perch element, and later confirmed that they were Pelargonidae, so this genus was named“Paxton”, to remind us not to judge species simply by a single appearance
Pelargonius（Paxton）[2]
Pelargonius parvii（Paxton conciliansBaldwin & Johnson, 1999），The species addition "concolians" refers to its single complete dorsal fin.This species is similar to the genus Pseudoporgy in many characteristics（Pseudamia）The species of.[3]
