Hawaiian (ʻ lelo Hawai ʻ i) is a kind of South Island language family, belonging toAustronesian language familyOfMalay Polynesian, andMaori、Fijian、Samoan、TahitianApproach.Write in Latin.It gets its name because it is mainly used in the Hawaiian Islands. In addition, it is also used by a few people in the Hawaiian Islands and the mainland of the United States.English is the official language of Hawaii.
From the 1830s to the 1950s, the number of native speakers of Hawaiian decreased year by year due to local legislation that made English the official language of schools and other factors.Since then, Hawaiian has been replaced by English in Hawaii's main habitable islands（Nihao IslandExcept).By 2001, Hawaiian native speakers had accounted for less than 0.1% of the state's population.Linguists are now very worried about this language and otherendangered language The fate of.
However, since about 1949, the attention and development of Hawaiian have greatly improved.In 1984, a complete Hawaiian language teaching preschool school, called Prunana Leo, was established.Other similar schools have also been set up.The first batch of graduates from the school have graduated from university, and many of them are fluent Hawaiian speakers.From the federal government of Hawaii to somenational parkAs can be seen from the change of name, it also recognizes the development of Hawaiian language.
It is worth mentioning that, like Pichian orCreoleIn this way, although the language commonly used in Hawaii only belongs to Hawaiian Pichin, it should not be mistaken for Hawaiian or a dialect of English.
written words
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Except for carved symbols on rocks, Hawaiians had no words before they came into contact with the western culture.The modern Hawaiian alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet.All Hawaiian words end with a vowel, and all consonants are followed by a vowel.All vowels in the Hawaiian alphabet precede consonants.
From 1820 to 1826, the Hawaiian language system was first taught by American ProtestantsmissionaryDevelop.The system initially also includes B, D, R, T, V, and the letters F, G, S, Y, Z are used in spelling foreign languages.Of course, the initial printing also included five vowels A, E, I, O, U, and seven diphthongs AE, AI, AO, AU, EI, EU, OU.However, in 1826, some redundant homonyms in the Hawaiian writing system began to be deleted for better dissemination and use.
However, in some foreign words, it is not uncommon for some non Hawaiian letters to be retained.For example, the word Brazil should be Palakila when fully Hawaiized, but it is Barazila when actually used.
pronunciation
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There are 13 Hawaiian letters, 5 of which are vowels and 8 are consonants.One of them is glottal stop.
In the 1820s, there were words.With the exchange of national cultures, Hawaiian has borrowed bc、d、f、g、j、q、r、s、t、v、x、y、z，It is used to write foreign words, names of foreigners, place names, etc.HawaiianloanFrom English, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese andIlogano（Luzon, PhilippinesNorth).
letter
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① The letters of long vowels are identified by kahak ō (ō, which is a long sound symbol), while kahak ō itself is not a letter.
② Kahak ō can be replaced by circumflex.
③ ʻ okina (ʻ) isIndependent letter, represents the pronunciation ofglottalic（glottal stop）。[1]
Hawaiian alphabet
letter
name
Phoneme
letter
name
Phoneme
A a
'ā
/a/
L l
lā
/l/
E e
'ē
/e/
M m
mō
/m/
I i
'ī
/i/
N n
nō
/n/
O o
'ō
/o/
P p
pē
/p/
U u
'ū
/u/
W w
wē/vē
/ʋ/
H h
hē
/h/
'
ʻokina
/ʔ/
K k
kē
/k/
-
-
-
Phonetic Features
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5vowelLength of each score,long vowelPut a dash above the letter.For example, the singular of "priest" and "priest" is kakuna, and the plural is k kuna.DiphthongWith iueu、ou、au、ei、oi、ai、ae、ao。exceptloanBesides, words areOpen syllableIn Hawaiian, a consonant must be followed by a vowel.
One of the most familiar words in Hawaiian isAloha！It means "hello", "love", "goodbye", etc.Most nouns are used directly as verbs without change.For example, kai "sea" is a noun and used as a verb is "at sea" and "out to sea".Hula is a native Hawaiiana waggle danceThe form of the dance (verb) and the person (noun) are the same.Wai is "water", "liquid", and "flow" (verb) is also this form.
The pronunciation standard of Hawaiian has the following characteristics: First, each word isvowelending.Second, penultimatesyllablestress.Third, pronounce every letter.When you pronounce W, there is a difference between W and V.When W follows a heavy vowel, the pronunciation is often close to the English v, such as Hawaii, which should be pronounced Ha vai i.If w is at the beginning of a word, or the preceding vowel is not stressed, the pronunciation of W is similar to that of English, such as Waikiki.In addition, the letter w is read as [w] or [v] after a, [v] after e or i, and [w] after o or u.
Compare:
Chinese Hawaiian
Sun La
Flower Pua
Sunday Lapule
Wind Makani
Star Hoku
Sunrise Pukana la
Sunrise Puakana ia, puka'ana o ka la
Sunset Pukana la, puka'ana
Sunshine Pukana la
Both parents and their peers are makau.Kupuna is "grandparent", "ancestor", "beginning, starting point".The elder sister calls her sister kaikaina, and the younger sister calls her sister kaikua'ana, while the male only calls his sister kaikuahine.Similarly, the elder brother uses kaikaina or kaina to address the younger brother, the younger brother uses kaikua'ana to address the elder brother, and women only use kaikuanane or kunane to address their brothers.This is related to the way of life in primitive society.
Hawaiian Grammar andAustronesian language familyLike most languages, there is no inflection, but the use ofauxiliary wordandaffixIndicates the syntax function.All auxiliary words are placed in nounsPersonal pronounfront.Personal pronouns havesingular, even andcomplexThere is a distinction between inclusive (us) and exclusive (us).Verbs mainly pass throughadverbAnd prefixes reflect grammatical functions (such as tense, tense, reason, manner, etc.), and there are also a few suffixes (representing transitivity, mood, nominalization, etc.).word orderIs a "verb+subject+object”。possessive caseIt is represented by prefixes - k and - n.DeterminerKe and ka are also put in front of nouns.General modifiers are post positioned, such as' ipu kulu (gold cup), 'ipu is "cup", and kulu is "gold".[1]
