Collapse (t n su ō) refers to the matter of stars shrinking and squeezing together.At some stage of the star's life, its internal temperature will decrease.Under the action of gravity,Stellar interiorCorporealatomic structureIt will be damaged and squeezed.
It is gravity that gathers matter in interstellar clouds to form stars.It is gravity that is connected withnuclear fusionExternal radiation pressure formed by reactionphase equilibrium, maintaining the stability of the star.It is also gravity that causes the star to collapse.
At a certain stage of the star's lifetime, its internal temperature will decrease, so gravity will become a dominant factor. As a result, the star will begin to collapse. In this process,Stellar interiorThe atomic structure of matter will be destroyed.In this way, the atom will no longer exist and will be replaced by electrons, protons and neutrons.
process
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Collapse
A star will collapse to such an extent that the repulsive force of electrons will prevent the star from collapsing further.
The star then became a“White dwarf”。Once a star like the sun collapses into a white dwarf, all its material will be squeezed into a sphere with a diameter of only about 16000 kilometers, and its surface gravity will become 210000 times that of the earth (because its mass has not changed, but the distance from the surface to the center will be greatly shortened).
Under certain conditions, gravity will become so great that it can even overcome the repulsion between electrons.As a result, the star will collapse again, forcing all its electrons and protons to combine with each other as neutrons, so that the star will shrink until all the neutrons contact each other.At this point, the neutron structure will resist further collapse, and the star will become aneutron star。Such a neutron star would compress the entire mass of the sun into a sphere only 16 kilometers in diameter.As a result, its surface gravity will beGravity of the earth210000000000 times.
Under certain conditions, gravity can even further overcome the resistance of neutron structure.At this time, nothing can resist its further collapse.
As a result, the star will collapse to an infinite volume close to zero, and its surface gravity will increase infinitely.
The light emitted by an ordinary star like the sun has very limited energy lost.fromWhite dwarfThe emitted light will lose more energy;The light emitted by the neutron star will lose more energy than this.When the neutron star collapses further, there will be such a situation: the light emitted from its surface will lose all its energy, so it is impossible to escape.
One rationeutron starThe gravitational field of a more collapsed celestial body will be so strong that anything close to it will be captured by it and will never escape from it.It's like a captured object falling into aBottomless tunnelThe situation is the same.Moreover, as mentioned above, even light cannot escape, so the collapsed celestial body will be black.Just because it is like a bottomless hole and also black, astronomers call it "black hole".The criticality of an object becoming a black holeradiusgo by the name ofSchwarzschild radius , mass and Schwarzschild radiusIs proportional.
But some large stars, though massive, are also very large and difficult to collapse.At this time, the star will explode when it comes to the end of its life, that isSupernova explosion。Explosion will lose a lot of material and energyenergy loss To a certain extent, the stellarInternal energyIt cannot compete with its own gravity, so it collapses and produces the process described above.
After collapse
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After collapsing, a star will slowly become a black hole. Because a black hole is bottomless and black, people call it "black hole". Black holes canAbsorb lightAll substances inside (in other words, even light cannot escape from its magic hand).Even atoms will be crushed here[1]
Collapse disadvantage
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brief introduction
In 1973, HawkingCartel(B. Carter) and others strictly proved that“Black hole hairless theorem”: "No matter what kind of black hole, its final properties are only a fewphysical quantity(Qualityangular momentum, charge).That is, after the black hole is formed, only these three cannot become electromagnetic radiationConserved quantityAll other information ("hair") has been lost. The black hole has almost no complex properties of the matter that formed itPredecessor substanceThere is no memory of its shape or composition.In fact, this is a naming principle of reducing complexity to simplicity!So J.A. Wheeler, the inventor of the term "black hole", jokingly called this characteristic "black hole hairless".
Details
For physicists, a black hole or a piece ofSugar cubeThey are extremely complex objects, because their complete description includes their atoms andNuclear structureThere should be hundreds of millions of parameters for the description inside.In contrast, a physicist who studies the outside of black holes has no such problem.A black hole is an extremely simple object. If you know its mass, angular momentum and charge, you will know everything about it.Black holes hardly retain any of the complex properties of the matter that formed them.It has no memory of the shape or composition of its predecessor, but only maintainsMass, angular momentum, charge。Simplification is perhaps the most basic feature of black holes.The inventor of most terms about black holes, York Wheeler, called this feature "black hole hairless" 60 years ago.
Impact and significance
Black hole hairlessIt means that a lot of information about stars is due toCollapseGone!We cannot know the information and deeds of many stars in their lifetime.However, this has greatly increased the difficulty of predicting the future - how can we predict the future without knowing the past?Fortunately, we can analyze a lot of information about stars before their death through information about other things.
