The International Labour Organization was founded in 1919《Treaty of Versailles》AsLeague of NationsAn organization established by a subsidiary body of.On December 14, 1946the United NationsA specialized agency of.Its purpose is to promote full employment and improveliving standard；Promote cooperation between labor and management;Expand social security measures;Protection of workersLife and health。The main activities are: international labor legislation, convention making andrecommendation；Provide assistance andtechnical cooperation。The highest authority of the organization isinternational labor conferences, meeting once a year.[1]
The International Labour Organization has 187 members。The principal responsible person is the Director General (orInternational Labour OfficeDirector)Gilbert Humber（Togo）, took office in October 2022 and will serve until the end of September 2027.[7]
The organization of the International Labour Organization includes:
（1）international labor conferences: HighestAuthority, hold a meeting once a year;The Intersessional Council guided theOrganizationThe International Labour Office is its permanent secretariat.The main activities are engaged in international labor legislation, the formulation of conventions and recommendations, and technical assistance andtechnical cooperation。
(2) Council: the Executive Committee of the International Labour Organization, elected by the General Assembly every three years, guides the work of the organization during the recess of the General Assembly, and meets once a year in March, June and November.
(3) ILO: Permanent Secretariat, located at the headquarters of the International Labour Office in Geneva, Switzerland.The International Labour Organization (ILO) is an international organization in which countries participateorganization structureThe unique "tripartite" principle is implemented in the WTO, that is, the delegations of member states participating in various meetings and activities aregovernment、Employers' organizationsAnd workers' organizations, and representatives of the three parties have equal and independent speeches andright to vote。
purpose
Promote full employment and improveliving standard；Promoting industrial cooperation;Improving working conditions;Expand social security;Guaranteed laborer'soccupational safetyAnd health;Achieving lasting world peace, establishing and maintaining itsocial justice。
principle
ILO promotional materials
The Declaration on the Aims and Purposes of the International Labour Organization ("Philadelphia Declaration"), adopted by the 26th International Labour Conference in Philadelphia, United States, in 1944, reaffirmed thebasic principle, mainly including:
Labor is not a commodity;
Freedom of expression and freedom of association are progressingnecessary condition；
Poverty anywhere threatens prosperity everywhere;
The fight against poverty requires the unremitting efforts of all countries at homeinternational societyMake consistent efforts.
The Philadelphia Declaration clearly states that all human beings, regardless of race, creed or genderEconomic securityIt should be the central goal of national and international policies to seek material welfare and spiritual development under the conditions of equal opportunities.
The ILO is obliged to examine and consider all international economic andfiscal policyAnd measures.After its adoption, the Philadelphia Declaration, as an annex to the Constitution, together with the Constitution, has become the basis and guiding document for the activities of the International Labour Organization.
duty
The International Labour Organization isthe United NationsA specialized agency ofSocial justiceAnd internationally recognized human rights andLabor rights。It formulates international labour standards in the form of conventions and recommendations, and determines the minimum standards for basic labour rights and interests, which cover freedom of association, the right to organize, collective bargaining, the abolition of forced labour, equality of opportunity and treatment, and other standards regulating working conditions in the whole field of work.
Advocate for the development of independent workers' and employers' organizations and provide them with training and advisory services.The organization implements“Tripartite mechanism”In principle, the delegation of each member state consists of two members from the government;The representatives of workers and employers are composed of one person each. All three parties participate in various meetings and institutions and vote independently.
Historical evolution
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In 1919, the International Labour Organizationthe First World WarThe peace conference was established at the end of the conference, which was first held in Paris and then in Versailles.In April 1919, the Peace Conference adopted the Constitution of the International Labour Organization.
The International Labour Organization was first created for humanitarian purposes.Worker'sWorking conditionsIncreasingly unacceptable, a large number of workers are exploited without considering their body, family life and theirPersonal development。
The preamble of the Constitution of the International Labour Organization clearly reflects people's concern about this situation, pointing out that "the existingworking conditionsA large number of workers suffer injustice, suffering and poverty ".The second is for political purposes.If the working conditions of workers are not improved, then, with the development of industrialization, the number of workers will continue to increase, which may lead to social instability and even revolution.
The preamble points out that injustice "has caused such great instability that world peace and harmony have been jeopardized".The third is for economic purposes.Due to the improvement of working conditionsproduction costsImpact, anySocial improvementAn industry or country may find itself at a disadvantage to its competitors.The preamble points out that "if any country does not adopt humane working conditions, it will become an obstacle for other countries to be willing to improve their own conditions."
the Second World WarIn the medium term, representatives of governments, employers and workers from 41 countries attended thePhiladelphiaConveninginternational labor conferences。The delegates adopted the Philadelphia Declaration, which, as an annex to the Constitution of the International Labour Organization, is still about the purposes and objectives of the International Labour OrganizationCharter。The International Labour Organization was awarded theThe Nobel Peace Prize。
Professional lawyers and diplomats, 4 March 1999Juan Somavia InaugurationInternational Labour OfficeHe was the ninth director and was re elected twice in 2003 and 2008.Mr. Somavia has been engaged in civil and international affairs for a long time and has a distinguished reputation.At the beginning of 2012, it was announced that due to family reasons, he would leave on September 30 of that year.
In June 2012, he was the deputy of the International Labour OrganizationDirector General(or referred to as the Executive Director of the International Labour Office)Guy RyderElected the new Director General.RyderInternational Federation of Trade UnionsThe General Secretary is the first Director General in the history of the International Labour Organization who was not nominated by the member governments (nominated by the Workers' Group) and was elected.In October 2012, Ryder became Director General.
May 8, 2019, in SwitzerlandGeneva，Secretary General of the United NationsGuterres, Director General of the International Labour OrganizationGuy Rider And participated in the commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the International Labour Organization[2]。
On March 23, 2022, the International Labour Organization announced the suspension ofRussiaCooperation.[4]
Main activities
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Hold meetings
The organization held 102 sessions of the International Labour Conference from its inception to 2013.By March 2014, the organization had held 320 council meetings.From the beginning of the 21st century to 2015, the Council's regular topics mainly include: review and adoptionFreedom of associationPlanning, Finance and Administration, Law and International Labour Standards, Employment andsocial policiesAnd other work reports of special committees, discussing budget, personnel and meeting plans.
1. International labor legislation: formulationInternational Labour ConventionsAnd proposals for approval and implementation by Member States.Since its establishment, the previous Labor Conference has formulated 188 conventions and 203 recommendations.
2. Technical assistance and technical cooperation: provide financial, technical and advisory assistance and cooperation in the field of labor to member countries.
3. Research and publication: carry out research on theory and practice in the field of labor science, publish and distribute various relevant journals, monographs and publicity materials.
international labor standards
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standard
An important activity of the International Labour Organization is to engage in international labour legislation, that is, to formulate international labour legislationLabor standards。International labor standards take two forms:International Labour ConventionsAnd international laborrecommendation。The Convention isinternational treaty, adopted by more than two-thirds of the delegates attending the International Labour Conference,
throughmember stateAt its own discretion, it can go through the approval procedures at any time, that is to say, it can produce laws for the countrybinding forceIt is not binding on countries that do not ratify it;The proposal is formulated in the same way, but does not need approval. Its role is for Member States to formulate in relevant fieldsnational policyAnd laws and regulations.In practice, we usually adopt the method of formulating a supplementary proposal with the same name but more detailed and specific content while formulating a convention.
classification
International labor standards can be divided into the following categories according to their contents:
1. Basic labor rights refer toFreedom of associationandCollective bargainingRight mainly refers to the freedom and abolition of the establishment of trade unionsForced labourImplement collective bargaining, equality of labor opportunities and treatment, and abolish child labor,
3. Targeting specific groups and occupations, including women, child labor andunderage worker, elderly workers, disabled people, migrant workersseamanFishermen, dockworkers, etc.
For a long time, the ILO has attached importance to the formulation of international labor standards, promoted the ratification and implementation of international labor conventions by member countries, and played a positive role in safeguarding the basic rights and interests of workers and other workers in various countries.In the 1990s, the ILO took a series of measures to promote the ratification process of the Convention.
However, due to historical reasons, the whole international labor forceStandard systemMainly withdeveloped countrySociety ofEconomic development levelAnd needs.Therefore, although the International Labour Organization calls it the international minimum labor standarduniversalityAnd flexibilitydeveloping countryThere are still many difficulties in the formulation, ratification and implementation of the Convention, and there are many contradictions with developed countries.
Especially in recent years, a fewthe WestAnd the government,TheThe implementation of labour conventions in various countries is linked to their international trade and market access, which has aroused opposition in the ILO.
ILO Publication
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International Labour Review;Official Bulletin (bimonthly), three issues a year;Bulletin of Labor Statistics (quarterly);Year Book of Labor Statistics;《Labor world》World of Work.The above publications are published in English, French and Western languages, and the Chinese version of Labor World is published.
1. International Labour Review
Academic journal, published in the current international and nationalLabour issuesArticles related to economy and society.Bimonthly.
Publish important international labor conventions and national laws and regulations on labor and social security.Three issues are published every year.
Publish labor statisticsSpecial articlesQuarterly figures of employment, unemployment, wages, working hours and consumer prices in English, French and SpanishStatistical table(Each issue is accompanied by an updateSupplementary materials）. A special issue will be published every year by the International Labour OfficeOccupational classificationThe results of the October Survey on wages, working hours and retail food prices.Each year, four issues of the bulletin, four issues of supplementary materials, and one issue of the special issue of the October Survey are published.
English, French and Spanish.Published the annual comprehensive labor report of the worldstatistical information, including the total population andeconomic activityPopulation, employment, unemployment, working hours, wages, labor costs, work-related injuries, strikes and factory closures (most of the tables are classified by major sectors of economic activity), and consumer prices.Explain the statistical sources and methods, and provide guidance for the use of yearbooks and bulletins.
5. Official Bulletin
Bulletin A (Series A): published the work news of the International Labour Organization, documents adopted by the International Labour Conference and other official documents;Bulletin B (Series B): published the report of the Committee on Freedom of Association of the Governing Council of the International Labour Office.Three issues are issued each year.
6. Social and Labour Bulletin
Social and Labour News Quarterly.Publishing the activities of governments and employers' and workers' organizations in social and labor affairs legislation and policy formulationLatest news。Four and one periods per yearSupplement。
8. Documents of the International Labour Conference
Including the annual topics of the International Labour Conferenceworking paperAnd the General Assemblyminutes of the meeting, usually 14 to 18 items.
9. Labor Education
Quarterly.It is used by trade union organizations and other workers' education institutions to carry out workers' education.Present status of world labor issues, activities of the International Labour Organization, workersEducational methodsandLabour movementHistorical news and book reviews.
10. Judgements of the Administrative Tribunal of the ILO
Two to three issues are published annually.
11. Conditions of Work Digest
Publication and working conditionsQuality of work and lifeInformation on legislation, policy formulation and plan implementation related to important issues and trends in the field.Twice a year.
12. Documents of the Regional Conferences
Including the International Labour OrganizationAfrica、America、AsiaandEuropeWorking papers on topics of regional conferences.Published after each meeting.
Including the working documents and minutes of various professional industry conferences held by the International Labour Office.Published after each meeting.
14. Labour Management Relations Series
aboutlabour lawMonographs on industrial relations are published irregularly.
Published by the World Employment Programme Office of the International Labour Office (whose function is to help countries in the world eliminate poverty and unemployment)Promotional materials, research reports and monographs.Occasionally published.
Relations with China
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China is one of the founding members of the International Labour Organization.In 1944, China was listed as one of the 10 major industrial countries and became a permanent government member of the Council.In 1971, the International Labour Organization restored the lawful seat of the People's Republic of China.In 1983, China officially resumed its activities in the organization.China attaches importance to and actively participates in various activities of the ILO, maintains a good cooperative relationship with it, and has attended all previous sessions of the Board of Directors of the ILO and the International Labour Conference.So far, China has ratified 28 international labour conventions, including 7 core conventions, namely, the Convention on Equal Pay for Equal Work, the Convention on the Minimum Age for Employment, the Convention on the Prohibition of Child Labour, the Convention on Discrimination in Employment and Occupation, the Convention on Forced Labour, the Convention on the Abolition of Forced Labour, and the Convention on Occupational Safety and Health.The former Director General of the International Labour Organization (ILO), Reid, has been invited to China for many times to attend the first and second "Belt and Road" Summit Forums, and to participate in the "1+6" round table dialogue between central leaders and heads of major international economic organizations.In December 2022, Director General Hong Bo was invited to participate in the "1+6" round table dialogue between central leaders and heads of major international economic organizations.
From June 5 to 16, 2023, the 111th International Labour Conference will be held in Geneva. Wang Xiaoping, head of the Chinese delegation and minister of the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, will attend the conference and speak on behalf of China.[8]
In January 1985, the International Labour Organization set up an agency in China——ILO Beijing BureauAnd be responsible for contacting relevant Chinese government agencies, trade union organizations, enterprise groups, academic units, etc., as well as implementing technical assistance and cooperation projects in China.
Payroll Report
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At the beginning of April 2012, the International Labour Organization released 72countries and regions The results show that the per capita monthly income of these countries and regions is 1480 dollars, aboutRMB9327 yuan.amongLuxembourgOfWage levelMaximum, monthaverage wageWhen it reaches 4089 dollars, the average monthly salary of employees in mainland China is 656 dollars, about 4134 yuan (thisSalary standardTo be discussed), ranking 57th.In addition,Hong Kong, ChinaandMacaoThey are ranked 30th and 52nd respectively.[3]
This analysis report is entitled "China's Latest Revolution: Basic Medical Services for All".The report believes that China's achievements in promoting basic medical services since 2012 are not only a "reform", but also a "revolution".
The report said that before 2003, Chinamedical insuranceThe target audience is mainlyUrban employeesSince then, China has vigorously promoted the development of rural population andUrban residentsMedical insurance.Since April 2009, the Chinese government has invested 850 billion yuan in a new round of medical reform. By 2015, China'sUniversal Medical CareIt has basically achieved full coverage. By the end of 2011, employees, urban residents and new rural cooperative medical insuranceNumber of insured personsIt has reached 1.3 billion people,Coverage95%.China has the largest medical insurance system in the world.In the three years from 2009 to 2011, the Chinese government has invested 63 billion yuan to support 2200County hospitalsAnd the construction of 33000 primary medical and health institutions.In the past three years, China has also introducedGeneral practitionerThe training system has trained more than 10000 general practitioners, and a network covering basic medical and health care in urban and rural areas has been initially established.
The report points out that China has invested inpublic healthThe budget of.From 2008 to 2011, China was training medical personnel and improvingmedical serviceThey have poured a lot of financial resources.China also released《National Essential Drug Catalogue》To prevent medical institutions from increasing the price of drugs,essential drugs The price is 30% lower than before the implementation of the system.In addition, the new medical insurance system specifically aims tocity dwellerinInability to work. Those who have no source of income and cannot provide for their families“Three None”Personnel to provide them with medical services.
The report also points out that onlyNursing staff1.32 persons, hindering some insured persons from actually obtaining medical services.In addition,Chinese populationThe rapidity ofAgingIt will pose a challenge to China's medical security industry. Among the Chinese population, the number of people aged 65 and over will exceed 8%.By 2025, this proportion will reach 14%, which is bound to increase the burden of China's medical insurance system.
