Carpathians, mountains in central Europe.staythe danubeNorth of the middle reaches.From the westAustriaAndSlovakiaThe boundary Danube Valley extends in an arc to the east, passing throughpoland、UkraineBorder toRomaniaDanube Valley in the southwestiron-gate valley 。The total length is 1450 kilometers.It is customary for people to divide the arc shaped mountains into three parts: west, south and east.Most of the mountains are generally below 2000 meters above sea level, and the highest point is in the West CarpathiansGollah Peak, 2655m above sea level,Glacial GeomorphologyOnly a few high peaks.
The Carpathian Mountains are not continuous, but are divided into several mountain groups.Only a few of its peaks are higher than 2500 meters, and there are no mountains with perennial snow.the danubeyesThe AlpsandCarpathian MountainsThe boundary between the CarpathiansStara Planina The boundary of the zone.Ode River andMorava RiverThe valley is the same asSilesiaAnd Moravia.So are the CarpathiansBlack SeaAnd the northern seas.
natural resources
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Most of the Carpathians areFault block mountainous area, the surface is affected byWater erosionThe obvious characteristics of.It is composed of several parallel stretches of mountains.The terrain is not high.It can be divided into three geological sectionsTectonic zone。The outer zone is composed of shaleSandstoneIt is composed of round peaks and gentle slopesZhongshan landform；The middle band is composed ofCrystalline rockandMetamorphic rockComposition, high terrain, mostly massive mountains;The inner band islavaA mountain range.The river mainly belongs to the black water system, mainly the Danube River and its tributaries.The backbone of the mountain range is the Black Sea andthe BalticOfwatershedThe mountain climate also hasWestern EuropeAndEastern EuropeThe transitional characteristics between.Annual precipitation800-1000mm, with more precipitation in summer.Oil, natural gasrock salt。Minerals include iron, copper, gold, silver, lead, zincsylvite、ligniteEtc.The forest is dense in the mountains, and the vegetation distribution varies with the height.Divide grasslandpinyon、Spruce、Beech、OakandElm5 distribution zones.Animals include bears, wolvesLynxEtc.The climate is pleasant and the scenery is beautiful. Some mineral spring producing areas are famous health resorts.
Carpathian Mountains
Geology and geomorphology
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Carpathians - the backbone of Romania
Geologically speaking, the Carpathians are young mountains in EuropeThe AlpsContinue to the east.It started in SlovakiaBratislavaDanube Valley near Blatislava, ending atRomaniaOshawa(Olsova, located in the Tiemen section of the Danube River valley), a large and wide arc with a length of about 1450km has been formed.
The Carpathian Mountains are quite different from the Alps. They are loosely structured and divided into many parts by the basinMountain block。The highest peak of Carpathian MountainsGollah Peak(Gel'lachovsky Stit [Gel'lach]) is 2655 meters high, and the highest peak of the Alps is 4789 meters. The altitude of the two is very different;
The average height of the Carpathians is also much lower than that of the Alps.Structural factors are also different.Sandstone-The shale flysch is very narrow at the northern edge of the Alps, while the flysch of the Carpathians is very broad, forming the main part of its periphery;howeverlimestoneIt forms a wide interlayer in the Alps, but is not very important in the Carpathians.On the other hand, the crystalline and metamorphic rocks in the middle of the Alps can show that they are fully mature mountains;The crystalline rock and metamorphic rock in the Carpathian Mountains are surrounded by low-lying ground, presenting isolated large rocks with small volume.In addition to these characteristics, the Carpathian Mountains also contain a long string oflava。The current topography of the Alps is mainly determined by theGlaciationGlacialErosionAs a result, these actions actually affect all valleys and make them have special topography.The Carpathians, because of the pastGlaciationIt only affects some of the highest peaks. Its topographic relief is due toHydrodynamic actionCaused by.
The Carpathian Mountains are composed of many mountains with parallel geological structures.The first row of rocks in the Trans Carpathian Mountains is composed of flyschViennaNearby, through Moravia, along the Polish Slovak border, and then throughUkraineIn the west, extending to RomaniaBucharestTo the north, it suddenly bends into the Carpathian arc and ends.The second row of the Carpathians consists of many single fault blocks.The fault mountain block is mainly composed of ancient crystalline rock and metamorphic rock, and is overthrusted upward with youngersedimentary rock——Mostlymesozoic(245 million to 66.4 million years ago)Dolostone——And formed.The third column is the innermost mountain range, which is composed of young Tertiary volcanic rocks less than 50 million years agoCrustal structureIt is formed by the straight line (parallel to this mountain range) of dislocation or shock zone.
The topographic relief of the Carpathian Mountains was mainly formed in the young Tertiary period.Inner CarpathianFolding movementIt ended in the late Cretaceous period (97.5 million to 66.4 million years ago), and the traces of the local early Tertiary landform are still clearly visible.LaterOrogenyThe folded mountain range is continuously pushed upward, leaving the undulating terrain with different elevations and debris like flat top and the unfathomable canyon that often cuts off the mountain range.For example, there are some tributaries of the Danube River in the Danube Valley:Vah River(Vah), Henad andOrte River(Olt).
The last glacial period only affected some of the highest peaks of the Carpathian Mountains, while the glaciers were very short, never more than 16 kilometers long, even ifTatra Mountains(Tatlas, herePermanent snowline1676 meters above sea level).
climate
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The Carpathian Mountains are located on the dividing line between East and West Europe, which is also reflected in their climatic characteristics.Its climate is influenced by the polar continental nature from the east and northeast in winterAir massThe other seasons are dominated by the oceanic air mass from the west.In some low-lying areas, it is obvious thatTransylvania Plateau, annual totalprecipitationThe precipitation is less than 600mm, but it is about 1143mm in the mountain area with an altitude of 800m, and 1651-1778mm in the highest mountain area.Year and monthAverage temperatureAccording to the localAltitudeDifferent but different, and there is no certain rate of change.
rivers
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The runoff of Carpathian Mountains is mostly (about 90%) injectedBlack Sea。The mountain has only the north slope andthe Balticconnect.The larger rivers originating from the mountain range arevistula river andNest Riveras well asthe danubeA tributary of, such asVah River、tisza （Tisza），Orte River、Silet River（Siret）、Prut River(Prut), etc.The rivers in the Carpathian Mountains are characterized by rain snow water potential;The high water period is from March to April in spring andSummer 6-In July, the water is usually more violent in the later period.Due to the poor ability of soil to store rainwater, floods often form disasters.A reservoir has long been in urgent need of flood storage here.There are few and small natural mountain lakes, most of which areGlacial erosionAnd formed.
ecology
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The vegetation sections of the Carpathian Mountains can also be distinguished according to the altitude of their growing areas.Alpine area (1725-2544m above sea level) is characterized by alpine grassland, subalpine area is characterized by dwarf pine, and upper forest area is characterized bySpruce, while the lower forest section is characterized byBeech(2007the United NationsUNESCO lists 10 original beech forest areas in the Carpathian Mountains asWorld Heritage SiteProtected areas).The frontier area (550-850 meters above sea level) is famous for oak and elm.natural vegetation Section is related to economyland use The stages of.Wheat and potato are planted in the frontier and planted in the lower forest areaoatsAnd potatoes (up to 1000 meters), used for grazing in the upper forest and subalpine areas.
The Carpathian Mountains, especially in the southeast where the impact of the cool Quaternary climate is not obvious, have many unique plant varieties.The forests in the eastern Carpathian Mountains have been best protected so far;There are bears, wolvesSMDeer and wild boarTatra MountainalsoRock antelopeandMarmot。
The ethnic composition in the Carpathian Mountains is complex.There are Czech peoplePolack, Slovak, Hungarian, Ukrainian, Romanian, Serbian, etc.
The residents of the West Carpathian Mountains include the Czech people on the west slope, the Polish people on the north slope, the Slovak people in the whole central part and the Hungarian people in the south.The northern part of the Southeast Carpathian Mountains (in both outer and inner sections) is occupied by Ukrainians;But most of them are Romanian residents south of latitude 47 °.But in the southeast Carpathian Mountains, there are also parts of the Transylvanian Plateau, Hungarians who live in a solid group, and some remnants of the medieval colonialgermanic people。Across the Danube Valley and on the southwestern edge of the Carpathians are occupied by Serbs.
Economics
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Agriculture
The Carpathians are an agricultural andForestry area, industry is still in its early daysDevelopment stage。In Transylvania PlateauIntermountain basinAnd the lower areas on the mountain (up to the highest elevation of about 914 meters), where agriculture is very developed.More wheat is planted on the north slopeRye, oats and potatoes;More corn is planted on the south slopebeet、GrapeAnd tobacco.Above 914 meters above sea levelforestandforage grass。
Industry
Largerindustrial center Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia, is increasingly developedMachinery industryandPetrochemical industry；KosiceKosice, the main town in eastern Slovakia, has a modern steel plant.The famous towns in Romania areKluge Napoka(Kluj Napoka), which is the main town of Transylvania PlateauMachinery manufacturingAnd chemical and food production;Brasov(Blasov) The town is located in a basin at the junction of the West Carpathian Mountains and the South Carpathian Mountains, and is mainly engaged in production machinery;Sibiu is located between the Transylvanian Plateau and the South Carpathian Mountains.
tourism
The Carpathian Mountains are popular tourist and recreational destinations, especially for PolandCzech RepublicThis is especially true of the people of Slovakia, Hungary and Romania.Although many places are attracting foreign tourists, the business of traveling here from other countries is not very developed.Carpathian Mountains are famous for many mineral springs, the most famous hot springsSanatoriumThere are: Poland's Klynica, Slovakia'sPieshjani(Piest'any) and RomanianBorsekBolsek, Baile Herculane and Tusnad.
Transportation
In the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century, when most of the Carpathians were still in theAustro Hungarian EmpireUnder the rule, there wererailway network。Railway at that timeTransport hubIs located in the center of the Carpathian Mountains arcBudapest。variousRailroad LinesPaved from Budapest throughpass, radiate outward.After the collapse of the Austro Hungarian Empire, the railway system lost most of its economic and strategic significance.the Second World WarLater, when the northern part of the East Carpathians and Ukraine across the Carpathians became part of Ulan, this pattern changed.The railway line passing through the Carpathian Mountains became the one connecting Ukraine, Slovakia and HungaryGreat arteries。Although the railway line between Poland and Slovakia has lost most of its importance in passenger and freight transport, the truck roads that pass through Dukla (500 meters), Jablonkov and other mountain passes between Poland and countries south of the CarpathiansFreight transportationIt is very important.The railway line between Budapest and Vienna has been electrified as early as before the Second World War, and other most important Carpathian railway lines have also been electrified.
Regional division
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Regional Division of Carpathian Mountains
Generally speaking, the Carpathians have been divided intoWest Carpathian MountainsAnd the southeast Carpathian Mountains.There are many obvious differences between the two parts.The West Carpathiansgeological structure There is a clear regional difference from topographic relief. Most of the highest peaks are located in the middle of this mountain range, that is, in the Tatra and Lower Tatra mountains.Of the west and southeast CarpathiansDividing lineLocated in the narrowest section of the mountain rangeSang RiverThe San River valley is bounded by Lupkow Pass (640m) and Laborec Valley in the south.The Carpathian Mountains are only 121-129 kilometers wide here, 274 kilometers wide in the west and 354-402 kilometers wide in the east.
southeast
southeastCarpathian MountainsVeins form a block around the basintriangleOn the ground.The origin and structure of these three mountains are different.The first East Carpathians is northwest southeast with flysch (it is the continuation of the Outer West Carpathians), andCrystalline rockandlavaThe inner interlayer of.In contrast, the second side of the South Carpathian Mountains turns from east northeast to west southwest, mainly fromMetamorphic rockComposition.The third side is the Bihor Massif, also composed of metamorphic rocks, but covered with younger sediments.
west
The Outer West Carpathian Mountains are generally low in elevation, and the highest peak is located on the boundary between Poland and SlovakiaBested Hill(Beskid Range)Mount Babia(Mount Babia, 1725m high).A large part of this mountain range has no real mountain landscape, but rather resembles a hilly plateau with an altitude of 396-488 meters.
Chinese and Western
The central and western Carpathians are isolated by a series of structural depressionsSmall mountain rangeConsists of.The highest one isTatra Mountains(Graham Peak), showing typical lakes and waterfalls with ice shaved (circular depressions)Alpine glacierTerrain.This highest Carpathian mountain is composed of crystalline rock (granite) and metamorphic rock, but the northern part includes - stretching upward from the south - several sections withKarstOr water cut concave convex limestone.National parks have been built on both sides of Poland and Slovakia.stayTatra MountainTo the south, across the Liptov Basin and the Spris Basin, the lower Tatra Mountain meanders in parallel. It is similar to the Tatra Mountain in geological structure, but it is low (the Dumbier Peak is 2043m high), and the glacier erosion and concave convex surface are also less obvious.There is a narrowFeilai Peak(limestone) rock zone;These rocks have developed into a small and picturesque Pieniny with many mountains to the north of Tatra Mountain.Right here,vistula river A tributary ofDunaetz River(Dunajec River) has cut it into a narrow, steep and winding canyon.
Nesi
The Inner West Carpathians are lower and more fragmented.The main branches areMines in Slovakia(Slovak Ore Mountains), the highest peak Stolica Peak is 1477m above sea level;The mountain is composed of metamorphic rocks andthe paleozoic erasedimentary rockConstituted by.There are about 150 million years leftmesozoicOflimestoneIn the platform area, there are huge caves like Domika Aggtelek (21 km long) on the Slovak Hungarian border.There are many volcanic mountain clusters in this area, the largest of which is Pol'ana Mountain, 1458 meters high.
Waidong
The Outer East Carpathian Mountains are a continuation of the Outer West Carpathian MountainsSandwich structureIt is also relatively solid.The highest mountain cluster is Chernoqra Mountain on the Ukrainian side, and the highest peak is Govel'la Peak, 2061 meters above sea level.In the Inner East Carpathians, the RomanianMount Rodna(Rodna Massif) has the highest altitude;This mountain range is composed of crystalline rocks, and Pietlosu Peak is 2303m long.In the south, the Kalimen Mountains and Halghita MountainsExtinct volcano, to some extent, the original cone is preserved;The highest peaks of these two small mountains are 2100 meters and 1800 meters respectively.Along the realEast Carpathian MountainsSurrounded by the narrow strip of the Carpathian Mountains, it is composed of young third-generation rocks with folds superimposed on the depression of the Carpathian structure.
south
Southern Carpathians withFagaras Mountains (Fagalas Mountains) is the highest (highest peakMoldovianu Peak[Moldoveanu] 2544m above sea level), the mountain isThe AlpsType undulating terrain.The western part of the South Carpathian Mountains - namely, the Banat Mountains and the mountains in eastern Serbia (which are split by the Danube Valley at the Iron Gate) - is no more than 1524 meters high.
natural environment
Bihall Mountain is located in Carpathian Arc, isolated;The terrain is characterized by wide and flat peaks surrounded by narrow and steep valleys.The highest peak, Kurcubata, is 1849 meters above sea level.
Finally, the Transylvania Plateau needs to be mentioned.It is composed ofResistanceWeak young third-generation rocks,Geomorphic featuresIt is a forest free hill with an altitude of 457-701 meters, and the valley is cut into 99-198 meters deep.
Research and exploration
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Many ethnic groups are associated with another ethnic group in the Carpathian MountainsDiversityIt has influenced the development of local scientific research.From the end of the 18th century tothe First World WarBefore, most of the Carpathians wereAustro Hungarian EmpireDuring this period, all scientists in this multi-ethnic empire could easily access the Carpathian Mountains;Among them, PolandGermanyAnd Hungarian scientists.At the end of the 19th century,AustriaGeneral StaffPublished the firstoverallOfTopographic map。One century later, every country whose territory covers part of the Carpathian Mountains - the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Romania, Hungary and Ukraine - has been paintedscale1: Topographic maps ranging from 50000 to 1:200000 toGeodesyCoordinate system based and compiled in interrelated graph mode.
as forgeological mapThe first paper on the overall geology of the Carpathians was published in 1815.Today, every country in the Karbaqian Mountains has its own geological map,Regional geologyThe literature is also quite rich.1922International Geological CongressCreated the CarpathiansgeologistThe Society meets every three years.Regional physical geographyThe research of the Carpathian Mountains andbalkanTopographic Commission.
In comparisonclimatologyandBiogeographyAlthough some research papers have appeared in the second half of the 20th century.stayhuman geographyIn terms of category, what attracts people's attention is the herdsman's life and the movement of related population.A comprehensive survey of the economic geography of the entire Carpathian Mountains region has not yet been published becauseeconomic problemIt has always been studied by each mountain country.In fact, the first comprehensive Chronicle of the Carpathians was published in 1895 by PolandgeographerAntoni Rehman.
fromthe Second World WarAt the beginning, the Carpathians became some mountainous countriesScience CenterThe research objects of the Institute of Geography of the National Academy of Sciences in several countries and the geography and natural history of many universities（Natural History）Research InstituteLeadership role。National GeologyhydrologyandmeteorologyResearch institutions have also accumulated considerable information.
