Commercial port, a Chinese word, pronounced sh ā ng b ù, means a city that conducts business with foreign countries, andbusinessA developed city.From Sun Yirang's The Rites of the Zhou Dynasty and Political Leaders · Chaoyi.
1. Cities and towns that used to trade with foreign countries.
2. It refers to commercial developed cities, such as Guangzhou and Shanghai in China.
Citation explanation
A city that used to trade with foreign countries.
clearSun Yirang《Zhou RitesPoliticians · Chaoyi: "All commercial portsconcessionIn the litigation between China and foreign countries, the Chinese kneel down while the foreigners stand up, which has lost their body. "Li Dazhao"The Salary of the People": "The government here also advocates concessions and allows to open a number of commercial ports there."[1]
Related History
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Shanghai before liberation
The government sets up tax authorities in commercial ports to levy tariffs on legitimate trade.The Qing Dynasty was opened from the 23rd year of Kangxi (1684)Sea banLater, four customs offices were set up to conduct foreign trade, namely Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang and Jiangsu.implementClosed door policyLater, in the 24th year of Qianlong's reign (1759), Guangzhou was designated as a foreign trade port, and strict management measures were taken against foreign businessmen who came to China to trade by sea.After the Opium War, five trading ports were opened in the southeast coastal areas.According to the contract signed on August 29, 1842《Treaty of Nanjing》The Qing government has successively openedGuangzhou﹐Xiamen, Shanghai, Ningbo and FuzhourescindMerchant systemThe "agreement customs" shall be formulated to levy import and export tax of five percent of the total value, and it shall be stipulated that any change in the tax rate in the future must be approved by the trading countries.From this commercial portcapitalismDumping market of national cheap mechanism commodities and opium poisons, as well as the collecting place for Chinese silk, tea, agricultural and sideline materials and handicraft products to be trafficked abroad.
However, foreign businessmen are not satisfied with the five port trade. They carry out opium and commoditiessmuggle, human trafficking and other activities were also extended to WenzhouZhoushan, Dinghai, Zhenhai, Shantou, Danshui, etc.In 1853, after the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom established its capital in Nanjing and the Shanghai Knife Club Uprising, foreign businessmen seized the opportunityShanghai Customsadministrative managementRight, claiming "escrow".The British and French invaders launchedThe Second Opium WarAfterQing governmentAccording to the《Tianjin Treaty》And October 1860《Beijing Treaty》The regulations ofChaozhouTianjinNiuzhuang, Zhifu, Danshui, Taiwan, Qiongzhou and ZhenjiangHankou, Jiujiang and Nanjing.At the time of signing the treaty, the four commercial ports along the Yangtze River were still under the rule of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom or under the control of its army. After the defeat of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, they were really "opened".The successive establishment of the above-mentioned 16 commercial ports not only expanded the navigation range of Chinese coastal waters from south to north, but also allowed foreign merchant ships to sail into the Yangtze RiverInland navigation right。Foreign businessmen not only dump foreign goods and grab excess profits, but also start to trade directly from the mainlandChinese native products, enjoy as long as the additional 2.5%Sub taxWill no longer be paid to the MainlandLijinPreferential privileges for regular taxes.At the same time, the system of foreigners controlling the customs in Shanghai has been widely applied to all ports of trade in China, making Chinese businessmen not only lack the protection of the customs, but also face discrimination and attack.Sailing boats along the coast of China and the Yangtze RivertransportationIt has also been seriously threatened and competed by foreign air transport enterprises in China, and has declined ever since.
During the negotiation of Sino British treaty revision between 1868 and 1869, it was completely exposedcapitalismThe country has put forward new greedy requirements for China's opening of trade ports, even newly revised《Sino British Beijing Treaty》The articles of association after rapprochement were strongly opposed because they failed to fully meet the aspirations of British businessmen in China.They accused the New Testament of opening too few commercial ports and not going deep into Hunan and Sichuan.The British government announced in July 1870 that it would not ratify the treaty.By March 1875, the British ambassadorWitomaexcuseMacquarie caseAfter threatening and blackmailing the Qing government, the third end of the Sino British Yantai Conference Terms stipulates that:Yichang﹑Wuhu, Wenzhouthe north seaThere are trading ports everywherechase ﹑Anqing﹑Hukou﹑Martial acupoint, LandXikouSix places in Shashi are berthing docks (that is, ships are allowed to berth, and passengers and merchants can get on and off the goods); Chongqing "can be stationed by the British to check the affairs of British businessmen in Sichuan Province. Before the ships arrive in Chongqing, British businessmen and civilians are not allowed to set up shops there, and they can discuss the matter after the ships can get on and sail".Yichang, Wuhu, Wenzhou and Beihai were all opened in early April 1877, while Chongqing was not officially opened until March 1891.
Since the 1870s, great changes have taken place in China's and foreign tradeSuez CanalThe international sea bed has shortened the voyage from Europe to East Asia, reduced the transport costs and accelerated the turnover of fundstelegraphThe smooth flow of, more quickly transmit the market situation around the world, reduce the risk of foreign losses, expand the export of cheap goods dumping.As a result, in the 1970s, China's foreign trade exceeded its quota for only three years (1872, 1873, and 1876). In the rest of the years, China's foreign trade exceeded its quota, and the adverse balance continued to increase.Total imports and exports in 1877value With over 143.51 million yuan of silver in the customs, the import surplus reached more than 8.633 million yuan, accounting for 6% of the total value of goods. By 1894, the total value of goods had increased to more than 293.75 million yuan, and the import surplus was more than 375.5 million yuan, accounting for 13.78% of the total value of goods.
The trade between the Qing Dynasty and neighboring countries on the land was originally inherited from the pasttribute systemSell and buy in Beijing and choose a place on the borderMutual market。For example, the exchange place with Russia was initially set up in Kulun, the second year of Yongzheng (1725)《Qiaketu Treaty 》After the conclusionChaktuEstablish a trading city for mutual exchange and returnMinistry of Minority AffairsJurisdiction.In the middle of the 19th century, YiliTalbahataiAfter the signing of the articles of commerce (July 5, 1851), China opened Ili andTuscaloosa In the construction trade or trading circle, Russian businessmen are allowed to enjoy tax exemption, but not participate in sea and road trade.stayThe Second Opium WarIn the name of mediation, the Tsarist Russia deceivedQing governmentChina and Russia concludedTianjin Treaty》(June 13, 1858), obtainedMost favored nation treatmentAnd the Sino Russian Treaty of Beijing Extension (November 14, 1860) allowed Russian businessmen to stay in Kashgar (today's XinjiangShule County）Trade, sporadic goods are also allowed in KulunZhangjiakouMarketing.According to the contract signed in 1862《Articles of Association of Sino Russian Land Road Trade》Russian businessmen who trade within 100 miles of China's border will not pay taxes. The whole import tax payable on Russian goods transported by land to Tianjin will be "one third of the tax rate of each country". Russian businessmen who trafficked local goods from Zhangjiakou will only paySub tax(2.5%), free of export taxes.Tsarist Russia's ambition to invade China was even more apparent in the so-called "collection" of Ili.In June and July 1871, Tsarist Russia brazenly invaded and occupied the Ili region of China on the pretext of "stabilizing border order".afterChonghouandZeng JizeTwo diplomatic missions to Russia, signed on February 24, 1881《Sino Russian Ili Treaty》And the Articles of Association on Land Road CommerceJiayuguanWith the addition of consuls to Turpan, Russian businessmen can trade in the northern and southern cities of Tianshan Mountains and "temporarily do not pay taxes"; Russian goods transported by land to Jiayuguan Pass will be reduced by one third as usual.These provisions gave Russian businessmen various commercial privileges and created a bad example of opening land trade to reduce taxes. Later, all countries followed suit, causing serious losses in China's tax revenue.
After the Tsarist Russia, Britain and France also tried their best to open the door to southwest China in order to share the privilege of land trade and tax reduction.Sino French WarAfter that, the Sino French Treaty of Renewal (June 24, 1887) stipulated the opening of GuangxiLongzhou(June 1, 1889), Mengzi, Yunnan (August 24, 1889), and Manwei became commercial ports on the Sino Vietnamese border. Later, Manwei was changed to Hekou, which was officially opened in 1897.Britain annexed in 1886Upper MyanmarLater, it tried to open up land trade ports between Yunnan and Myanmar.In March 1893, the Yunnan Myanmar border affairs and commercial terms were signed, and the British consul stationed in Manyun (later Tengyue) and began to share the market of dumped goods in Yunnan with France.At the same time, it also looked into Tibet from India, which was stipulated in the Sino British Tibetan Indian Renewal Agreement (December 5, 1893)Fast AsiaAs a border commercial port between China and India, it will not pay taxes for five years.
Sino-JapaneseSino Japanese WarLater《Treaty of Shimonoseki》It was also stipulated to open four commercial ports in Suzhou (August 26, 1876), Hangzhou, Shashi (October 1, 1896) and Chongqing, and later Changsha (July 1, 1904) was added.Foreign in ChinaInland navigation rightIt has expanded into the Yangtze RiverXiangjiang RiverFrom Wusong River to Jiangsu Zhejiang Canal.Britain realized its opening in accordance with the Sino Burma Treaty (February 4, 1897)Xijiang RiverSetWuzhou(June 3, 1897), Sanshui (June 4) and Jiangmen (April 22, 1904).
At this time, the so-called "self opening commercial port" of China appeared, which was formally opened by the Qing government, but there was no formal treaty provision.Between March and April 1898Prime Minister's Yamen for International AffairsstayDepartment of Customs and TaxationHurdUnder the proposal of, we made sure to add four trading ports, namely Wusong (April 20, 1898), Yuezhou (November 1, 1899)Sanduao, Fujian(May 8, 1899)Hebei provinceFrom Beidaihe to Haibin Qinhuangdao (December 1901), the purpose was to increase tariff revenue and "raise foreign funds".At the request of foreign envoys or consuls, the provinces opened Gulangyu in Xiamen (May 1, 1902), Nanning in Guangxi (January 1, 1907), Kunming in Yunnan (May 28, 1908) and other ports successively under the pretext of "revitalizing commerce" and "benefiting the source of wages".During this period, the number of open commercial ports along the railways built by the great powers also increased, such as those built by Germany in Shandong ProvinceJiaozhouwan Jinan RailwayOnline JinanZhoucun﹑Weixian CountyAt the request of the German consulhigh Qing official﹑Zhou FuIt was opened on January 10, 1906Middle East RailwayOnlinemanzhouliandSuifenhe RiverOn September 18, 1896, China and Russia jointly established the East Province Railway Company as a trading port.Fengtian (today's Shenyang), Andong (today's Dandong) andDadonggouIt was opened successively from 1907 to 1908.In 1905, after the Russo Japanese War, JapanThree northeastern provincesThe Tsarist Russia has been acceptedNanman RailwayMain and branch lines and important cities and towns that have built railway lines without authorization, such as Xinmintun, Tieling, Tongjiangzi, FakumenPhoenix﹑Liaoyang, Changchun, Jilin, HuichunThree surnames, Ningguta, HarbinQiqiharHailarAihuiAnd signed on December 22, 1905《Treaty on the Three Eastern Provinces of the China Japan Meeting》The first paragraph stipulates that the above-mentioned cities and towns "will open ports for trade by China after the withdrawal of Japanese and Russian troops".November 2, 1909, according to China and JapanTumen RiverThe second paragraph of the Manchu ROK Boundary Affairs Clause stipulates that the Chinese government officially opensLongjing (TodayYanji）, Juzi Street, Toudaogou, Baicao Valley, and "quasi international residential trade".
Before the outbreak of the Revolution of 1911, the Qing government opened 82 commercial ports all over the country except Henan, Shaanxi, Shanxi and Guizhou.Among them, there are about 69 ports and 13 self opened ports.In 1911, the total value of import and export goods in China's foreign trade had increased to over 859.91 million silver, an increase of 2.9 times over that before the Sino Japanese War; however, the excess of imports had reached over 105.23 million silver, an increase of 2.8 times.In the 45 years from 1867 to 1911, only Guangzhou, FuzhouHankou﹑Niuzhuang, HarbinThree surnames﹑Aihui﹑Dadonggou, Nanning, Jiujiang and other ten places, among which Shanghai is the highest, with a total of more than 1.7887 billion silver in the customs.The total net worth of China's super income has reached more than 2.2744 billion taels.The markets in urban and rural areas across the country are full of cheap goods dumped by foreign countries. The prices of Chinese native goods have been constantly reduced, and the export has been rejected.To maintainBalance of international paymentsA large amount of gold and silver in China continued to flow abroad, causing domestic prices to soar, sales to stagnate, and commercial crises andMonetary creditCrisis.
