The lactation period refers to the period when the postpartum mother feeds her baby with her own milk, which is the period from the beginning of lactation to the end of lactation, generally about 10 months to 1 year.
In order to protect the health of mothers and infants, reduce the number of infantsmortalityIn the world, the protection, promotion and support of maternal and infant feeding have become an important part of maternal and child health work.Nursing care is to guide breastfeeding and nursing health, including the amount of breast milk secreted, factors affecting the amount of milk secreted, feeding methods and breast care, diet, rest, sleepWeaningEtc.
Lactation ismammalGrowth and developmentThe important stage that should be experienced.For example, a lion's lactation period is three months;The lactation period of dogs is 30-45 days;The lactation period of female rabbits is generally 30-40 days.The composition of mammalian milk is very complex.Species, food, season, ageparity 、Lactation periodAnd individual characteristics can affect the composition of milk.The milk of all kinds of mammals contains waterprotein, fat, sugarinorganic saltAnd vitamins.The proteins in milk are mainlycasein, followed byWhey proteinandLactoglobulin。
Because the malt in malt will inhibit the mammary gland from secreting milk, which will reduce the amount of milkBaby healthAdverse.
2. Spicy and irritant food
asLeek、a garlic bolt、Pepper, pepper, fennel, wine and other food. Breastfeeding mothers should try to eat less stimulating food. Irritating food is not only easy to damage fluid, consume gas and blood, increase the weakness of qi and blood, and cause constipation. It is also easy to enter the baby's body through milk, affecting the baby's health. However, a small amount of spices, such as pepper, sour vinegar, etc., are still OK.
3. Fried food, high fat food
This kind of food is not easy to digest. The mother's digestion is weak during the lactation period. In addition, the nutrition of fried food has lost a lot during the frying processpostpartum recovery Poor health.
This kind of food will inhibit the secretion of milk, resulting in insufficient supply of breast milk.
5. Pickled meat and fish
Adults every daySalt contentIt is 4.5-9g. According to the usual habits, don't avoid salt and don't eat too salty.Too much salt will increase the burden on the kidney, which is not good for the kidney, and will also increase blood pressure.And these things are not fresh, and eating more is not good for your baby's health.
6. Tobacco, wine, coffee, etc
Tobacco, wine and coffee should be kept away from during the feeding period.We all know how much the harm of smoking affects babies. Although a small amount of alcohol can promote the secretion of milk, excess will inhibit the secretion of milk.Coffee containscaffeineBreastfeeding mothers also had better drink less or not.
Eight Mistakes
1. Feeding when angry: When the mother is angry or just gives birth to gas, she will let the baby inhale toxicMilk juicePoisoning can cause sores in the mild cases and illness in the severe cases.
2. Feeding after exercise: the body will producelactic acidLactic acid is trapped in the blood and makes the milk taste bad.Therefore, nursing mothers should only engage in some mild exercise, and after the exercise, take a rest before feeding.
3. Sleeping and lactation: It is easy to be dangerous to feed the baby in a hazy way from a busy day to the night, especially when the baby needs to nurse in the second half of the night.No matter how tired a nursing mother is, she should sit up and feed as in the daytime. The feeding time line should not be too dark, and the baby'sSkin color。After feeding, hold the baby upright and gently pat the back. After the baby burps, put it down.Observe for a while, and turn off the light if you fall asleep safely.
4. Laugh when feeding: if the baby laughs because of teasing when feeding, it can makeglottisOpen it, the milk inhaled may enter the trachea by mistake, which may cause choking in the light and inducing in the heavyAspiration pneumonia。
5. Weight loss during feeding: weight loss during feeding can lead to the decline of milk quality, which is harmful to the baby's health.
6. Regular feeding: now advocated“Breastfeeding on demand”That is, whenever the baby cries or the mother thinks it is necessary to feed, she will pick up the baby and feed it.Generally, after a period of time, it will gradually form a certain pattern of the baby itself.
7. Only wean during work: storing breast milk not only allows the baby to continue to enjoy breast milk, but also keeps the mother's milk secretion to prevent pain.Milking availableMilkerOr hand squeeze.The extruded milk should be placed in sterilized glass orPlastic bottleInside.Ideally, breast milk storage bags should be used,domestic marketThey are also sold.The stored milk can be stored for 12 hours at room temperature.
8. Feeding only one side at a time: feeding only one side at a time will reduce the stimulation to the breast,lactationNaturally, there will be less.For this reason, try to feed both sides every time you breastfeed.Even if the baby ate one breastMilkWhen she is full, her mother should empty the other breast.
Recuperate
Health is the foundation of beauty. Only with health can we keep beauty!During pregnancy, expectant mothers need to use their own nutrition to supply the fetus, and a lot of blood is lost during childbirth. Although they are constantly replenishing during pregnancy and postpartum, it is not enough to rely solely on diet for the lost nutrition and blood.At the same time, long-term lactation is required after delivery, which further aggravates the yin injury.
Although lactation of postpartum women is a normal physiological phenomenon, traditional Chinese medicine believes that milk is transformed by blood, which is the yin blood of the human body. The continuous loss of milk during lactation will make women's bodyBlood scoreThe state of relative deficiency is just like "women's birth is more than qi, less than blood, and bleeding by its number", which will lead to women's physique entering the "physiological maintenance period" of "constant yin deficiency".
At the same time, we should pay attention to the tense life rhythm and heavyworking pressure, environmental impact, etc“Injure yin”The existence of the factor ofimmunityDownthe menopauseThe physiological stage is advanced, accompanied by fatigue, amnesia, insomniaanemia. The skin loses its luster, and even wrinkles, white hair, tooth loss, staggering and other symptoms occur.If postpartum women want to pursue a beautiful face, moist skin, and slim figure, they must pay attention to nourishing yin and health care after lactation.
Lactation food
Shrimp creeper has a strong lactating effect, and is rich in phosphorus and calcium. It has a tonic effect on children and pregnant women, and is good for baby's skin texture and development.But the premise is that you are not allergic to shrimp crawlers and don't eat too much.Pregnant women who are allergic should not eat, and ordinary pregnant women should not eat too much.At the same time, pay attention to selecting fresh shrimp crawlers.
The function of the spleen and stomach of the parturient has not yet recovered after delivery, and the breast begins to secrete milk,Mammary ductIt is not smooth enough, and it is not suitable to eat a lot of greasy foodProlactin(Whole milk) food.In cooking, use less frying and more easily digested stewed food with soup. It is better to be light, follow the tradition of "clearing before delivery and warming after delivery", and eat lessCold foodAvoid eating food that affects the secretion of milkmalt, malt milk extractBeerEtc.
Lactating womenOptionalcontraceptionThere are many methods. The general principle is not to affect the secretion of milk and the growth and development of the baby. Each person can choose according to his own actual situation to pass the lactation period smoothly.withMale condom, femalecontraceptive diaphragmPlus contraceptionointmentIt is better.NoOral contraceptives, because it will affect the secretion of milk and the growth and development of infants.
·If your mother has to take medicine orally when she is ill, please choose to take medicine just after feeding.At this time, taking the medicine can give the medicine sufficient time to circulate and metabolize.
·In general,Acetaminophen（Paracetamol）And non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are safe for pregnant women, which is usually the first choice for doctors.
·How to deal with cold during lactation?Do not takeaspirin, which may cause the baby to become irritable andrashThe situation.
·When breastfeeding, do not take it for a long timeAntihistamine。
·During the period of taking medicine, the mother should pay close attention to any side effects of medicine that may occur to the baby.Pay special attentiondyspnea, rash and other symptoms.
How to deal with cold during lactation?
Suffering from commoncoldOur mother should drink more water and have more rest. Our diet should be light, nutritious and easy to digest.Ifhave a fever, you need to go to the hospital for treatment, and ask the doctor to give drugs that do not affect breastfeeding.have a high feverWhen necessary, breast-feeding can be suspended, but milk should still be squeezed out during the suspension to ensure continuous secretion of milk.
A small recipe of traditional Chinese medicine
If it isColdBoil some with ginger, scallion white and brown sugarGinger sugar tea, drink while it is hot, cover your sweat and dispel the cold.
severecoldFor mothers who need medication, they can feed milk before medication and stop feeding within 6 hours after medication.If it isViral coldIt is better not to feed milk, because bacteria and germs may take the opportunity of feedingrespiratory tractTransmit to babies.If the cold is accompanied byfeverSymptoms: As long as the temperature does not exceed 37.5 ℃, the baby can continue to be fed.If the body temperature is higher than 37.5 ℃, breast feeding should be stopped temporarily, because the concentration of milk when the mother has a fever may cause the babyindigestion, diarrhea and other symptoms.
Principles of medication
Announce
edit
Use drugs with caution
Because most of the drugs taken by nursing mothers can be excreted from milk, some drugs such aserythromycinThe depth of thiouracil, thiouracil, etc. in milk is also higher than the concentration of maternal blood, and the baby also ate the medicine while feeding.Because the absorption and metabolism process of drugs in infants is not yet mature, the metabolism and excretion of drugs in the body are slow and easy to accumulate in the body.Therefore, nursing mothers must be cautious when taking medicine.
Almost all drugs can be transferred to the milk through the plasma milk barrier, and breast fed infants can suck 800-1000ml of milk every day.Therefore, attention should also be paid to medication during lactation.The factors affecting the drug transport to milk are as follows:
1、Route of administration: The peak time of drugs in maternal blood is different.Such as antibiotic veinAdministrationAfter that, the peak value appeared in the maternal blood immediately.Oral administration varies from drug to drug.It usually takes 60-120 minutes for the peak value to appear.The peak value in milk is generally 30-120 minutes later than that in plasma, and its peak value generally does not exceed that in plasma.The drug dissipation in milk decreases with time, and the rate of reduction is slower than that in plasma.
2. PH of drug: pH of maternal blood is 7.35-7.45, and pH of milk is 6.35-7.30.Practical proofWeak basic drugs such as erythromycinLincomycin, isoniazid, etc. are easy to pass through the plasma milk barrier, and the drug concentration in milk can be the same as that in plasma, or even higher than that in plasma.On the contrary, weak acid drugs such aspenicillin、SulfonamidesIf it is difficult to pass through the barrier, the drug concentration in milk is often lower than that in plasma.
3、LiposolubilityHigh and low: drugs with strong fat solubility are often non-ionic, easy to penetratelipidCells, soluble inbreast milkOf fat;The drugs with low fat solubility are difficult to transport into milk even if they are non-ionic.
lactation
4、Plasma protein binding rate: Drugs andPlasma proteinAfter combination, it is difficult to passBiomembrane。Therefore, the concentration of free drugs affects the transport of drugs to milk, such as sulfonamides with high protein binding rate,Oxacillin sodiumIt is difficult to transfer to milk.
5. Molecular weight: drugs with molecular weight less than 200, such as alcoholmorphine、tetracyclineThrough simplicityDiffusionIt can be transferred from plasma to milk, andheparin、insulinetc.Polymer compoundIt is difficult to transfer to milk.
6. Maternal factor: the fat content in milk is high, which is beneficial toLiposoluble drugTransfer to milk.However, the maternal liverRenal insufficiencyIt can reduce the detoxification and excretion function of drugs, and drugs can accumulate in the blood.asAminoglycosidesThe concentration of antibiotics in maternal blood can be significantly increased due to maternal liver and kidney dysfunction, so the amount of drug transported in milk is also relatively increased.
As for the effect of drugs on lactating infants, it mainly depends on the nature of drugs themselves.
Some drugs are safe for babies, but some drugs can cause adverse or even very serious reactions, such aspathologic jaundice 、Cyanosis、deaf, liver and kidney function damage or vomiting, therefore, nursing mothers must be careful to use drugs.It is wise to explain to the doctor that you are feeding milk when you need medicine. Try to use medicine that cannot pass through milk, and do not take medicine at will.
Continuous lactation
Except for a few drugs that are forbidden during lactation, the excretion amount of other drugs in milk rarely exceeds 1%~2% of the amount of drugs used by mommy. This dose will not damage the baby's body. Breastfeeding should not be interrupted for the use of safe drugs.
Adjustment time
When using medicine, in order to reduce the amount of medicine absorbed by the baby, mommy can take the medicine immediately after breast-feeding and postpone the next time as far as possibleLactation time, at least every 4 hours, so that more drugs can be discharged from the body of the mother, and the drug concentration in the milk can be minimized.
Contraceptives
acyeterionWithTestosterone、progesteroneAnd estrogen derivatives, which will inhibitProlactinIt can reduce the amount of milk secreted, and the breast milk secreted is not enough for the baby to eat.and,ContraceptivesInActive ingredientWith the milk entering the baby's body, the boy's breast will become larger and the girl's vaginal epithelium will proliferate.Therefore, nursing mothers should not adoptDrug contraceptionMethod.
Gongxuening CapsulesIt can be used for bleeding due to uterine contraction after childbirth or abortion, but women in lactation should be able to stop feeding and stop breastfeeding for a week, during which time they can take Gongxuening capsule.Of course, if you want to continue breastfeeding, you should stop the treatment before feeding, so as not to affect the baby with drugs.
④ Children can be induced after taking tetracyclineAnaphylactic reactionandDrug resistant strainsAt the same time, it coincides with the newly formed bone of children and the calcium deposited in the teeth, causing tooth pigmentation and enamelHypoplasia, which is easy to happendental caries。
⑥ OnAnimal experimentIt is found that quinolones can causepuppyBearing capacity ofJoint injury, so children and nursing mothers cannot take itnorfloxacin、ciprofloxacin、Enoxacin、Ofloxacin、LevofloxacinEtc.In addition, mothers should never use it during lactationAntipsychotics、Anticancer drug, cannotAlcoholismOr taking drugs.There are three principles for nursing mothers to use medicine: first, try to reduceDrug pairInfluence of offspring;Second, since human milk is continuously secreted and does not remain in the body, if the mother needs to take medicine, she should take it 6 hours after taking it (one of the drugsPlasma half-life）Re feeding;Third, if the medicine has too much effect on the child, stop breastfeeding and temporarily replace it with artificial feeding.What are the medicines that affect children's health?
Aminoglycosides can cause hearing loss in childrenNerve injury；JanoKetonesDrugs can affect children's bone development;TetracyclinesCan affect) the tooth development of seven children;Aminophenol xanthamine（Ganmaotong）Can cause childrenhematuria；NorepinephrineAnd doxorubicin can cause renal damage in children.Therefore, children should not only be careful when choosing drugs, but also pay attention to the dosage.
Principle of diet
Announce
edit
Food taboos
During breast-feeding, for the health of herself and her baby, the mother should avoid taking some food that will affect the secretion of milk or some personal special hobbies, so as not to damage the good feeding effect.
1. Food that can inhibit the secretion of milk: such as leek, malt, ginseng and other foods.
2. Irritating things:Postpartum dietIt should be light, and do not eat those irritants, including spicyflavoring, pepper, wine, coffee and cigarettes.
① Alcohol: Generally speaking, a small amount of alcohol can promote the secretion of milk, and has no effect on infants;In case of excess, it will inhibit the secretion of milk and also affect the uterine contraction, so you should drink less or not.
Female lactation
② Coffee: It can make the human bodyCentral nervous systemexcitement.1 cup of 150ml coffee, which contains 100mlcaffeineNormal people should not drink more than 3 cups a day.Although there is no evidence that it is harmful to babies, mothers who are breast-feeding should drink or stop drinking moderately.
③ Spices that are too irritating: such as chili, lactating mothers should control them.
3. Fried food and food with high fat: such food is not easy to digest, and has high calories, so it should be taken appropriately.
4. Cigarettes and tobacco: If a nursing mother still smokes during feeding,nicotineWill soon appear inmilkIt is absorbed by the baby.Research shows that nicotine has adverse effects on the baby's respiratory tract, so it is best for nursing mothers to quit smoking and avoid inhalationSecond-hand smoke。
5. Drugs: For nursing mothers, although most of the drugs will not affect the baby at ordinary doses, it is still recommended that nursing mothers should actively tell the doctor about their breastfeeding before taking the drugs themselves, so that the doctor can prescribe drugs suitable for taking, and select drugs with short duration to minimize the amount of drugs through milk.
In addition, if the mother takes medicine after feeding the baby's breast milk, she should feed the baby when the concentration of medicine in the milk reaches the minimum, so that the baby will be safer.
6. Allergies: Sometimes the newborn will have some allergies. Postpartum mothers may wish to observe whether the baby's skin appearsErythemaAnd evaluate their own diet as a reference for early detection and treatment.Therefore, it is recommended that postpartumMom HelloBreast milk, and avoid any food that may cause baby allergy.
Diet attention
1. The nurse must not be partial or picky in her diet,Coarse grainFine grains, meat, vegetables, melons and fruits should be eaten willingly, so as to improve the quality of milk and be beneficial to the growth of infants.
2. Breast feeding mothers should also try to eat less stimulating food, because when they eat stimulating food, it will enter the baby's body from the milk and affect the baby's health.However, it is OK to eat a small amount of condiments, such as pepper, sour vinegar, etc.
3. Nurses should not eat more chocolate because of theTheobromineIt will penetrate into breast milk and accumulate in the baby's body.Theobromine can damagenervous systemAnd the heart, and makeMuscle relaxation, increased urinationInfant indigestionSleeping instability and crying incessantly.If a woman eats more chocolate, her appetite will be affected and her body will get fat.
4. Lactating mothers can't drink more malt milk becausemaltWill inhibitbreastSecreting milk, reducing milk, is bad for baby health.
5、ConfinementDuring this period, the puerpera can eat someHawthornAnd hawthorn food, because hawthorn can help pregnant women's uterine contraction andLochiaIt is good for the recovery of health.
Supplemental nutrition
Mothers during lactation should contain the following nutrients: one kilogram of milk per day.Can beMilk, low-fat milk, fat free milkCondensed milkOr milk powder, six times.To ensure adequate intakevitamin C, of which fruits and vegetables must be eaten raw for 2 times and should be eaten for 2 timesOrange、Grapefruit, tomato, rawCabbageorBerry。To ensure adequatevitamin AYou should eat a dark green leafy vegetable or a light yellow leafy vegetable.MeatpoultryFish should be eaten at least once a day, and in large quantities, it is better to eat two meals.The nutritional value of animal liver is very high, so you should take some occasionally.One egg a day.CerealsandbreadThree times a day, should take all kinds ofvitamin BOf pure cereals.There's something more to addvitamin DTo ensure the absorption of calcium in the diet.
matters needing attention
Announce
edit
New moms are paying more and more attention to breastfeeding, and the role of breast milk has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. However, if the following seven situations occur, stop breastfeeding immediately, or it will be harmful and not beneficial to the baby. Let's take a look at the seven situations below?
Breastfeeding refers to the way of feeding babies with mother's milk.Studies have shown that breast fedInfant developmentMore healthy.However, if you insist on breastfeeding, your mother must be healthy. If the following situations occur, your mother should stop breastfeeding temporarily or completely.
1. When suffering from infectious diseases
When the mother suffers from serious infectious disease, she cannot feed milk to prevent it from being transmitted to the baby.If mother suffers fromhepatitis、lung diseaseYou must stop breastfeeding.
2. During medication
When the mother has to take medicine when she is ill (such as cold, fever, etc.), she should stop breastfeeding and wait until she recovers and stops taking medicine before feeding.However, it should be noted that the milk should be squeezed out according to the feeding time every day to ensure that the milk is secreted at least three times a day.Don't squeeze out the breast milkHelloThe baby should eat it to avoid the adverse effects of the drug ingredients on the baby.
If sufferingheart disease、nephropathy、diabetesAccording to the doctor's diagnosis, the mother can decide whether to breast feed.Generally, mothers who suffer from the above diseases but can give birth can breastfeed, but they should pay attention to nutrition and rest, and shorten the time of breastfeeding according to their physical conditions.
If your mother suffers from serious cracked nipples, mastitis and other diseases, you should stop breastfeeding and treat her in time to avoid aggravating her condition.But you can squeeze out breast milk to feed your baby.
Since iodine can enter the milk and damage the thyroid function of the baby, lactation should be stopped temporarily. After the treatment, check the amount of iodine in the milkRadioactive materialAfter reaching the normal level, continue feeding.
6. Exposure to toxic chemicalsmaterialOr pesticide
Hazardous substancesInfants can be poisoned by milk, so avoid contacting harmful substances and keep away from harmful environment during lactation.If alreadyContacts, lactation must be stopped.
7. After exercise
The human body will producelactic acidLactic acid remaining in the blood will make the milk taste bad, and the baby does not like it.According to the test, this phenomenon can be caused by exercise of medium intensity or above.Therefore, mothers shouldering the heavy responsibility of breast-feeding should only engage in some "gentle" sports. After the sports, take a rest for a while before feeding.
Insufficient breast milkOr if the milk is not enough, add rice flour as a supplement to feed the baby.However, some parents only use rice flour to feed their babies, which is inappropriate.
Rice flour, as its name implies, is a food made from rice.Including: 79%carbohydrate5.6% protein, 5.1% fat andB vitaminsEtc.In the growth stage, infants need protein most. The protein contained in rice flour is not only poor in quality, but also low in content, which cannot meet the needs of infant growth and development.
If only rice flour food is used instead of milkProtein deficiency。The specific manifestations are: growth retardation, affecting the infant nervous systemBlood systemAnd muscle growth, andResistanceLow,immunoglobulinInsufficient, easy to get sick.The babies fed with rice flour for a long time grow slowly in height, but their weight does not necessarily decrease. Instead, they are white and fat, and their skin is full of fat converted from excessive sugar intake, which is called mud paste in medicine.But these children often suffer from anemiarickets, susceptible to infectionbronchitis、pneumoniaAnd other diseases.
Some parentsNeonatal periodIt is even more inappropriate to add rice noodles.Pancreatic amylaseIt is about 4 months before the baby reaches the adult level, so the baby within 3 months should not add rice flour food.After 3 months, properly feed some rice flour food, but not only rice flour, even with milkMixed feedingIt should also be mainly milk, supplemented by rice noodles.
