Pharynx: fingeroral cavityBehind the nasal cavity and above the esophagus.It is the common channel for eating and breathing.The passage from the mouth to the esophagus and throat.By muscles andmucous membraneComposition.Food enters the esophagus from the mouth, and air also enters the throat and trachea from the nasal cavity through the pharynx.The eustachian tube of the middle ear (ear) also passes through the pharynx.Inflammation of the pharynx (pharyngitis) usually causes a sore throat.A tube at the back of the mouth consisting mainly of muscles and mucous membranes.It is the common pathway of respiratory tract and digestive tract, also called pharynx.oral cavityBehind the nasal cavity and above the esophagus
Chinese name
pharynx
Foreign name
pharynx
Chinese Pinyin
yān yàn yè
Font meaning
The passage connecting the mouth with the lung and stomach
1. Pharyngeal tonsil: located at the back of the pharyngeal dome, it often extends to the upper edge of the posterior pharyngeal wall.Its structure is similar to the palatine tonsil, but the shallow layer is like a fold, and there are also lacunae, but there are few branches.The surface of pharyngeal tonsil is covered with a layer of epithelium, which varies with age.In the embryonic stage, the epithelium of the pharyngeal tonsil is pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium.This kind of epithelium is still seen in youth, but there are many goblet cells mixed.After adulthood, the epithelium here is mixed with some scattered stratified flat epithelium.Pharyngeal tonsils occur at the fourth month of the embryo, and begin to atrophy at the age of 6-7 years, and completely degenerate after about 10 years of age.Sometimes abnormal enlargement may occur in infants, called proliferative glands.
Pharyngeal cavity (incision of posterior pharyngeal wall)[2]
2. Pharyngeal cavity: It is the main passage between the nasal cavity and the laryngeal cavity in the respiratory tract, and also the only way for the digestive tube from the mouth to the esophagus. Therefore, the pharyngeal cavity is the intersection part of the respiratory tract and the digestive tube.The top wall of the pharynx cavity, slightly arched, is called the pharynx dome, which connects the base of the occipital bone, the sphenoid body and the petrous part of the temporal bone.In front of the pharyngeal cavity, it enters the nasal cavity, oral cavity and throat cavity from top to bottom.Therefore, the pharynx can be divided into three sections, the top is the nose, also called the nasopharynx cavity;The middle part is the mouth, also called oropharyngeal cavity;The lower part is the throat, also called the laryngopharyngeal cavity.The total length of the pharynx is about 12 cm.The nose is the widest;At the base of the skull, the width of the pharynx is about 3.5 cm, while the throat is the narrowest at the esophagus, only 1.5 cm wide;In addition, the junction of the three parts is also slightly narrowed.The posterior wall of the pharynx is wide and the two sides are narrow. Because the anterior wall passes into the nose, mouth and throat, there is almost no real anterior wall. Only at the lower part of the pharynx cavity, below the throat mouth, there is an irregular anterior wall, namely the pharyngeal process of the throat.
anatomic structure
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The pharynx is the common channel for digestion and respiration.It is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom, slightly flat at the front and back, located in the back of the nasal cavity, mouth and throat, and in front of the cervical spine, about 12~14cm long;Its upper end is attached to the back of the sphenoid body and the base of the occipital bone, in the shape of an arch, called the pharynx vault, and its lower end is connected with the esophagus at the sixth cervical vertebra plane.The posterior wall of the pharynx is intact, with loose connective tissue separated from the prevertebral fascia;The front wall is incomplete and opens to the nasal cavity, oral cavity and laryngeal cavity, thereby dividing the pharynx into three parts: nose, mouth and throat.
The pharynx and nose are located behind the nasal cavity, at the upper back of the soft palate, and are connected with the nasal cavity through the posterior nostril;Lower your mouth and swallow.On both sides of the pharynx and nose, there is a pharyngeal orifice of the eustachian tube, which is about 1.5 cm in front of the posterior pharyngeal wall at the lower back end of the inferior turbinate, and passes through the eustachian tube to the tympanic chamber.This mouth is surrounded by eustachian tube round pillow, which is a bulge formed by the deep eustachian tube cartilage.The longitudinal deep fossa behind the round pillow is the pharyngeal recess, which is about 1cm away from the rupture hole. Nasopharyngeal cancer cells are easy to spread or transfer to the intracranial through this hole.The posterior wall of the pharynx is divided into piles of lymphoid tissue, called pharyngeal tonsils. It is relatively developed in childhood, and begins to degenerate at the age of 6-7. If it proliferates too much, it often blocks the ventilation of the posterior nostril, and even affects hearing.There are eustachian tube tonsils in the mucosa near the pharyngeal orifice of the eustachian tube.The eustachian tube tonsils, pharyngeal tonsils, palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils form a lymphoid tissue ring, which has a defensive role.
The pharynx mouth lies between the soft palate and the upper edge of epiglottis.It is connected with the oral cavity through the isthmus;The posterior wall is directly facing the second to third cervical vertebrae;There are palatine tonsils on the lateral wall.The upper part of the isthmus is the posterior edge of the soft palate and the palate sag, the lower part is the back of the tongue, and the two sides are the palatoglossal arch.Below the plane of the isthmus, the front wall of the pharynx mouth is the root of the tongue, which is connected to the epiglottis behind by the median and lateral folds of the lingual epiglottis. Two shallow depressions are formed between these three folds, called the epiglottic valley. Sometimes foreign bodies can fall into the valley.
The palatine tonsil is oval, such as a lymphoid organ the size of the end of the little finger. It is located in the lateral wall of the pharynx, in the tonsil fossa between the palatoglossal arch and the palatopharyngeal arch, but it is not full of this fossa. The space above it is called the supratonsil fossa, and foreign bodies are easy to stay here.The palatine tonsil can be divided into inner side (free side), outer side (deep side), upper pole and lower pole.The mouth with the inner side facing the pharynx is covered with stratified flat epithelium. The epithelium sinks into the tonsillar substance to form tonsillar recess of different depths, where bacteria are easy to breed and form infection focus.The opening of the tonsil recess is called the tonsil fossa. There are many lymphoid follicles and diffuse lymphoid tissue arranged in a single line around the fossa.The fiber sac formed by wrapping connective tissue around the outside, called tonsil sac, is a derivative of pharyngeal fascia, which sends many trabeculae into the tonsil. The periphery of the capsule is connected to the pharyngeal superior constrictor muscle with loose connective tissue, so the palatine tonsil is easy to be stripped from the tonsil sac.The palatoglossal arch extends backward and downward into a triangular fold, covering the front and lower part of the tonsil, which is connected with the tonsil sac.
The blood supply of palatine tonsil mainly comes from the tonsil branch of facial artery.There are three arteries to the inferior pole of palatine tonsil, namely, the anterior dorsal lingual artery tonsil branch, the posterior ascending palatine artery tonsil branch and the posterior ascending pharyngeal artery tonsil branch.The vein of palatine tonsil is concomitant with the artery of the same name;In addition, there is a large paratonsillar vein (also called external palatine vein) between the pharyngeal wall and the deep surface of the tonsil. It crosses the external side of the palatine tonsillar sac from the soft palate, passes through the pharynx and nose, and flows into the common facial vein through the pharyngeal vein plexus.Injuring this vein is the most common cause of postoperative bleeding.Lymphatic vessels flow into the lateral deep cervical lymph nodes, and some flow into the jugular digastric muscle lymph nodes. Therefore, in acute tonsillitis or its malignant lesions, this lymph node is often significantly enlarged.The nerve distribution of palatine tonsil comes from the tonsil branch of glossopharyngeal nerve and the descending branch of lesser palatine nerve from sphenopalatine ganglion.
The pharynx and larynx is located between the upper edge of epiglottis and the lower edge of cricoid cartilage, and extends downward to the esophagus.The front wall is the entrance of the throat and the back of the throat;The posterior wall is directly facing the fourth to sixth cervical vertebrae.There are pharyngeal epiglottic folds on the lateral side of the epiglottis, forming the anterolateral boundary between the mouth of the pharynx and the throat.Below this fold, the throat extends forward;The deep fossa between the two sides of the larynx and the inner surface of the thyroid cartilage is called the pyriform recess, and foreign bodies swallowed are easy to stay in the fossa.If the instrument breaks through the mucosa during the foreign body removal operation, it will injure the deep internal laryngeal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and make the mucosa in its distribution area lose sensation.It is convenient and safe to insert the esophagoscope into the esophagus along the pyriform recess for examination.
Three areas of the human pharynx[1]
Example[1]
Structure of pharynx
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From inside to outside, there are mucosa, submucous tissue, muscular membrane and adventitia.The mucous membrane of the pharynx is continuous with the mucous membrane of the eustachian tube, nasal cavity, oral cavity and throat cavity, and contains more mucous glands, especially in the nose of the pharynx.The submucosal tissue is a fibrous membrane. The thickness of the fibrous membrane in the upper part of the pharynx is called the pharyngeal skull base fascia, which is firmly connected to the occipital base, and attaches to the inner side plate of the pterygoid process and the pterygoid mandibular suture forward. At the midline of the posterior pharyngeal wall, from the pharyngeal node down, the fibrous membrane is particularly tough, forming the pharyngeal suture, which is the attachment place of the pharyngeal constrictor muscle.The pharyngeal sarcoplasmic membrane is divided into two groups: one is oblique pharyngeal constrictor muscle, including three pairs of upper, middle and lower muscles, which are arranged in an imbricated manner from top to bottom.A small amount of muscle fibers of the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle bundle from the pterygoid groove, pterygoid process mandibular suture and the posterior part of the mandibular hyoid line, and a few fibers can reach both sides of the tongue root. The muscle bundle runs horizontally and reaches the posterior wall through the pharyngeal lateral wall;The middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle starts from the large and small angles of the hyoid bone and the lower end of the styloid hyoid ligament, and reaches the posterior pharyngeal wall in a fan shape;The hypopharyngeal constrictor muscle is the thickest, starting from the thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage, and radiating to the posterior pharyngeal wall in a fan shape.The muscle bundles of the contraction muscles meet in the middle of the posterior pharyngeal wall and stop at the pharyngeal suture.They contract together to shrink the pharyngeal cavity. When swallowing food, the muscle bundles of each contractile muscle contract from top to bottom in order to squeeze the food ball into the esophagus.The other group is the longitudinal levator pharyngeal muscle, including palatopharyngeal muscle, pharyngeal muscle of eustachian tube and styloid process pharyngeal muscle, which starts from the palatal bone, pharyngeal end of eustachian tube and styloid process respectively, mostly on the inside of pharyngeal constrictor muscle, descending close to the pharyngeal fiber membrane, and ending at the pharyngeal wall dispersedly.When the levator pharyngis muscle contracts, the levator pharyngis, larynx and tongue root press upward and backward to make the epiglottis close the throat, and the food ball can cross the epiglottis to enter the esophagus, so as to coordinate the swallowing action.The pharyngeal adventitia is the connective tissue around the pharyngeal muscle layer, which is part of the deep cervical fascia.There are honeycombs at the back and both sides of the pharyngeal wall, which can be divided into retropharyngeal and lateral pharyngeal spaces according to their positions;The retropharyngeal space is located between the retropharyngeal wall and the anterior vertebral fascia, which starts from the skull base, passes through the posterior mediastinum, and is separated from the pharyngeal space by a slightly thin connective tissue membrane on both sides.Inflammation of tonsil, eustachian tube and the back of oronasal cavity can cause retropharyngeal abscess through lymphatic pathway.Since the retropharyngeal space often has a septum to divide it into left and right parts, the abscess often leans to one side, or it can extend down to the posterior mediastinum.The pharyngeal space is located between the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle, the internal pterygoid muscle and the parotid gland. It starts from the skull base and ends at the greater angle of the hyoid bone. The styloid process and the muscles starting from it divide this space into front and back parts.The anterior part contains a few lymph nodes and palatal ascending vessels, which is the way for tonsillitis to spread to the pharyngeal space;The posterior part contains the large blood vessels and nerves of the neck and the deep lymph nodes on the lateral side of the neck (upper group).
The vascular, lymphatic and neuropharyngeal arteries are mainly from the ascending pharyngeal artery and the ascending palatine artery of the external carotid artery.There is a venous plexus in the deep mucosa of the anterior and posterior wall of the lower pharynx.The venous plexus of the anterior wall is located behind the cricoid cartilage plate and cricoarytenoid muscle;The venous plexus of the posterior wall is located above the esophageal orifice and on the inner side of the hypopharyngeal constrictor muscle.When the blood vessel is congested, the mucosa will swell, and the intubation operation may encounter resistance here.The pharyngeal venous plexus flows back into the internal jugular vein and upwards into the pterygoid plexus.Lymph: see "Lymphatic vessels of pharynx".The nerve mainly comes from the pharyngeal plexus, which is composed of branches of glossopharyngeal, vagal and sympathetic nerves and contains motor and sensory fibers.
