Sputnik-1, also known as Sputnik-1, is the first satellite developed and launched by the Soviet UnionArtificial earth satellite，[1]The structure is not complicated.In short, it is a metal ball with a diameter of 0.58m and a weight of 83.6kg[1], containing tworadarTransmitter and 4antenna, there are many morepressureandair temperatureRegulator.Its purpose is to send signals to the earth to remind the pressure and temperature changes in space.[2]
Sputnik 1, or Sputnik 1, is the first earth satellite developed and launched by the Soviet Union and the first man-made earth satellite developed and launched by mankind, opening the space age of mankind.The satellite was launched bySatellite launch vehiclestayBaikonur Launching Site Emission, mainly used to obtain the upper atmospheric densityradiothe ionosphereTransmission of measurement data.[1]
The satellite had been in orbit for 22 days, and it entered the atmosphere again on January 4, 1958 and burned up.Sputnik 1 also detected space during its in orbit operationMicrometeoroid。[1]
historical background
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Soviet stamps - depicting Sputnik 1
Twilight Struggle During this period, the development of space science and technology in the Soviet Union originated from the breakthrough of long-range missile technology.After the beginning of the Cold War, in order to defend the nuclear superiority of the United States and safeguard the national security of the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union developed long-range ballistic missiles with all its efforts.And thenStalinIn the era, space technology was considered to hinder the national military progress and was strictly prohibited;The openness of the Soviet Union's outer space program wasKhrushchevTimes.At the end of 1953, Gihon Lavov（Mikhail Krafkiyevich Gihonlavov）AndKorolevIn order to obtain the support of the Soviet leaders, they stated the military and political significance of the satellite several times.In 1954's "Sputnik Report", Jihong Lavov believed that "the Soviet Union can launch a satellite with simple designArtificial satellite, transmitting images of the Earth and transmitting radio waves at a height of 170-110km above the ground.Although this satellite is not of scientific significance, it will bring great benefits to the Soviet Union's national defense. "
Although some people in the Soviet military have always said that they are not interested in the lack of military value satellites, Korolev and Jihong Lavov's suggestions have been supported by the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union.In the autumn of 1954, the Astronomy Department of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union established the "Inter departmental Interstellar Communication Research and Coordination Committee", which began to collect satellite related data, and held space science exchange forums from time to time.
At the moment when Soviet space science and technology came to the fore,U.S.AA government statement completely changed the development track of space science and technology in the Soviet Union.July 29, 1955, United StatesWhite HouseJames Haggardy, the press secretary of the United States, issued a statement at the White House saying, "AsGeophysical yearThe participants of the meeting will launch a small man-made earth satellite at the time of the meeting. "Then Korolev and others sent a new report toKhrushchevHe submitted a proposal with Bulganin, saying that under the condition of increasingly mature Soviet missile technology, it is necessary to complete the launch of artificial satellites in the shortest time, and complete the plan before the launch of artificial satellites by the United States.
On January 30, 1956, the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union issued the 149-88 top secret document.The document approved the satellite development plan of the Soviet Academy of Sciences and decided toGeophysical yearAt that time, a man-made earth satellite was launched, and the satellite was named "Object D", namely Skotnick 1 satellite.[3]
Sputnik 1 operates in an elliptical orbit with an altitude of 215km/947km and an orbit inclination of 65.1 °, and adopts spin stability control mode.The satellite is spherical with a diameter of 0.58m and a mass of 83.6kg. It is mainly composed of shell, satellite equipment and antenna.The satellite shell is made of two aluminum alloy hemispherical shells, which are butt sealed and filled with nitrogen.Storage battery, radio transmitter and other instruments and equipment are installed in the housing.Four whip antennas are installed outside the satellite, two 2.4m long and two 2.9m long.The on-board radio transmitter transmits radio signals at 20.005MHz and 40.002MHz.[1]
