In November, 304, Liu Yuan took the name of Fuhan, the throne of Han Dynasty in Zuokuo City, and changed the name of Yuan Xi to Han Dynasty.In October 308,Liu YuanOfficially proclaimed emperor, and changed to Yongfeng.In 309, the capital was moved to Pingyang.310 years old.The eldest son, Liu He, ascended the throne and was the younger brother of the commonersLiu CongUsurpation.313 yearsLiu CongCapture Luoyang, capture and killEmperor Huai of Jin Dynasty。In 316, it perished in Chang'anWestern Jin DynastyResidual forces.
In July 2018,Liu CongDeath from illness, princeLiu CanIn August, Jin Zhun launched the Pingyang coup to kill Liu Can.Zhongshan King guarding Chang'anLiu YaoSend troops to attack Jin Zhun.OctoberLiu YaoAfter leading the army to Chibi (now Chishichuan, Hejin, Shanxi)Ascend the throneHe became emperor, changed the name of the country to Zhao in the next year.At the same time, Shile rebelled and claimed to be the King of Zhao. Han and Zhao lost the Eastern Territory. Emperor ZhaoLiu YaoIn the west alone.In order to distinguish between the two, historians took Liu's Zhao in Guanzhong and the Han built by Liu Yuan（Tuge）Liu The regime was collectively called Qian Zhao, and the subsequent Shi surnamed Zhao was calledHou Zhao。Since then, Liu Yao and Shile often attacked each other.Because Liu Yao adopted a high pressure policy against all ethnic groups in Guanzhong area, and because he had no way of governing the country, he was always fighting, and the country was declining, Shile controlled a large area of Hebei.At the beginning of 329, the former Zhao and the latter Zhao fought in the west of Luoyang. Liu Yao drank too much, was captured and killed by the latter Zhao, and the main force of Han and Zhao was eliminated.
In 329, the later Zhao Jun marched westward with victory, and the former Prince ZhaoLiu XiAbandon Chang'an and run toShanggui(now Tianshui City, Gansu Province).September, Hou ZhaoStone tigerOvercome Shanggui, kill Liu Xi and all civil and military officials, and the Han and Zhao regime perished.
Liu Bao、Liu YuanFather and son are southHunOnly onDescendants of.Emperor Xian of the Han DynastyJuly of the 21st year of Jian'an (216 years), South ChinaHunOnly onHuchu SpringHe came to Chaohe and was detained in Yecheng, the King of WeiCao CaoHe took the opportunity to divide the Southern Huns into five groups and selected Han people as Sima to supervise them,Liu BaoHe is the leader of the Left and lives in Xinxing (today's Shanxixinzhou North).[1-2]
Liu YuanBorn in Jiaping period (249-253 years), he was born in Wei Yuan EmperorXianxiHe lived in Luoyang as a hostage during the period from 264 to 265, and was accepted by the King of JinSima ZhaoBe generous.To the Western Jin DynastyTaishiAfterWang HunMultiple directionEmperor Wu of the Jin DynastyRecommending Yuan, Emperor Wu of the Western Jin Dynasty prepared to let him also participate in the affairs of pacifying WuKong XunGive up after admonishing.In 279, Liu Bao died of illness,Liu YuanActing father for the left handsome.TaikangTen years (289 years), Emperor Wu of the Western Jin DynastyLiu YuanHe was the Northern Commander of the Huns.[3-4]
The Eight Kings fought among themselves and plotted against Jin
The Western Jin Dynasty intentionally weakened the relationship between Liu Yuan and the tribes, and later moved toLishiLiu Yuan used the power of this position to expand his power secretly.In the early days after the accession of Emperor Hui of the Western Jin DynastyYang JunIn order to help Liu Yuan, Yang Jun appointed him General Jianwei, the Five Commanders of Dadu, and the Han Guangqing Marquis as soon as he came to power, giving him the power to command the five military departments of the Huns.[5]Ten years later, a civil war broke out in the Western Jin Dynasty, and Li Te's family also led Yizhou'sRefugee uprisingThe Western Jin Dynasty collapsed.The five Huns in Bingzhou also planned to resist the Western Jin Dynasty.YongxingIn March of the first year (304), the allied forces of the King of Chengdu and the King of Hejian attacked Sima Xuan, the King of Qi, and captured Luoyang.Soon, the King of the East SeaSima YueSeizing Emperor Hui of Jin to attack Ye,The Battle of DangyinSima Ying defeated Sima Yue and left Emperor Hui of Jin in Ye.At that time, Sima Ying, the king of Chengdu, tried to attract Liu Yuan in order to expand his power, expressing that he was "a general of Ningshuo, supervising the military affairs of the five tribes", strengthening Liu Yuan's position among the five tribes of the Huns, and ordered Liu Yuan to live in Yecheng for control.Former Northern Duwei, Youxian KingLiu XuanDiscuss with the nobles of all ministries to jointly promote Liu Yuan as the Great Danyu and send his partyHuyanyouGo to Ye to contact Liu Yuan.[6]On the pretext that Liu Yuan would return to the Ministry for burial, the King of Chengdu refused, so he sent Huyanyou back to tell Liu Xuan and others to summon the Five Ministries and Zahu, and said that they would help Ying to prepare for the rebellion against the Jin Dynasty.[7-9]
To assist Ye under the pretext of his name, Li Shi started to fight
In August of 304Sima Teng、Wang JunrateSegment Xianbei、WuhuanForces sent troops to attack Yecheng.Seeing the opportunity, Liu Yuan, the Zuoxian King who led troops in Ye, once again requested to return to the Zuokuo City, and was willing to assist the King of Chengdu by dispatching five Hun tribesSima YingSima Ying was forced by the urgency of the situation, adopted his suggestion and allowed him to return to the west, and worshipped Yuan as the north Danyu.[10]
Liu Yuan returned to Bingzhou and Lishi on the pretext of summoning the old army to help Sima Ying, the king of Chengdu. The long premeditated Liu Xuan and others pushed Liu Yuan to be a big single Yu, so they started to fight against the Jin Dynasty (against the forces of Donghai King at that time[11]）In 20 days, a crowd of 50000 gathered at Lishi.[12-13]Dong Yinggong, the governor of Bingzhou, Sima Tengxiang XianbeiTuoba YiyiSeeking troops to attack Liu Yuan, Tuoba Yiyi and his younger brotherTuoba YiluThey united to attack Liu Yuan in Xihe, defeated Liu Yuan's army, and returned after the alliance with Sima Teng in Fendong.[14]
Zuo Guocheng became king
In November of the first year of Yongxing (304) (also related to "October"), Liu Yuan moved from Lishi toZuo Guocheng(Now Lishi County, Shanxi Province), many Hu and Jin people came to attach themselves.In order to obtain the rationality of the Hu regime, Liu Yuan built an altar in the southern suburbs, that is, the throne of the Han Dynasty, in the name of "brother died and younger brother Shao" to restore the Han Dynasty. In the territory of amnesty, he changed the first year of Yongxing in Jin to the first year of Yuanxi, and designated the country as Han, officially establishing the regime.At the same timeLiu ChanFor the filial piety of the emperordynastic title of Liu BangThe following three ancestors and five gods of the Han Dynasty offered sacrifices to them.Make his wifeHuyanHer surname is Queen.There were hundreds of officials, and Liu Xuan was the prime minister,Cui Youbyimperial censorLiu Hong is the first lieutenant, and the others are not good at paying homage.[15-17]
Zuoguocheng Site
In December of the same year (actually at the beginning of 305 of the Gregorian calendar), Sima Teng, the governor of Shanxi Province, sent troops to attack the Han Dynasty, and the two sides fought in Daling (today's Shanxi ProvinceWenshui(North), Liu Yuan wins greatly, and sendsLiu YaoThey captured Shangdang, Taiyuan and Xihe counties.At that time in Qingzhou and XuzhouWang Mi, WeijunImbibe mulberry、Shiller, Shangjun Sibu XianbeiContinental extension, Di ChieftainMonodromyLiu Yuan was the co owner of the group.Liu Yuan ordered Wang Mi, Shile and others to capture the counties in Hebei, and once attacked the important town of the Western Jin DynastyXuchang, its soldiers reached Luoyang, the capital of the Western Jin Dynasty.[12]
Liu Yuan proclaimed himself emperor
In the second year of Yongjia (the first year of Yongfeng in the Han Dynasty, 308), in October of 1898, Liu Yuan officially became emperor in Zuoguo City, and changed his name toYongfeng。GeneralLiu HeHe was the Great Sima, the King of Liang, and the MinisterLiu HuanleHe was the great Situ, the king of Chen Liuwang, and the imperial doctorHuyan wingbyDasikong, was granted the title of Duke of Yanzhou County (?), and the clan was based on intimacy. It was known that the Duke of Yanzhou County was granted the title of Duke of Yanzhou County, and the other surname was Xunmu. All of them were granted the title of Duke of Yanzhou County.[18]
In the first month of the next year, the imperial historian Ling Xianyu Xiuzhi said to the Han leader Liu Yuan, "In less than three years, Luoyang will be conquered. Puzi's terrain is rugged and it is difficult to live here for a long time,PingyangThe sky is just thriving. Please move the capital there. "Liu Yuan adopted his suggestion and moved the capital to Pingyang.The amnesty was announced and the new year was changed to He Rui.
In April, Zhu Sheng, the general of Jinzuo's crossbow, defected to the State of Han, stated in detail the current situation of Luoyang's weak defense, and advised Liu Yuan to take the opportunity to attack.So he ordered Zhu Sheng to be the forward governor and Liu Jing, the great general of the Jin Dynasty, to be the governorLiyang(today's northeast of Junxian County, Henan Province), followed by Liu Jing and Jin JiangWang KanHe fought in Yanjin (now north of Yanjin County, Henan Province), defeated it, and then ordered more than 30000 men and women to drown in the Yellow River.Liu Yuan said angrily after getting the news: "Where will Jing see me again? How can the Heaven tolerate it! What will I do to kill? Sima's ear, what will be the crime of the people!" Liu Jing was demoted to be the general of Ping Lu.[19]
Another four sonsLiu CongAttack and surround Luoyang.In the summer of the same year, Liu Yuan used Wang Mi as his valet and governor, Qing Xu Yan Yu Jing Yang, to fight against the East Grand General and Qing Zhou Mu and attack with Liu Cong, the king of ChuHuguanShile served as the forward governor.Liu KunSend the escort Huang SuHan ShuTo rescue Huguan, Liu Cong defeated Han Shu in Xijian, and Shile defeated Huang Su in Fengtian, killing both of them.Sima Yue, the Supreme Fu of the Jin Dynasty, sent Huainan internal historyWang Kuang, GeneralFinancing、Cao ChaoLead troops to resist Liu Cong and others.After Wang Kuang's army crossed the Yellow River, he wanted to drive forward. Shi Rong objected: "The other side took the dangerous path to attack. Although there are tens of thousands of our troops, they are still alone. We should use the river as a barrier to wait for the situation to change, and then plan to attack the other side." Hearing this, Wang Kuang said angrily: "You want to defeat all evils!" Shi Rong withdrew from the tent,He said: "The other side is good at using troops, but Wang Kuang doesn't understand the situation of the battlefield. We are dead today!" Wang Kuang and others climbed overTaihang MountainEncounter Liu Cong and fight fiercelyChangpingWang Kuang's troops were defeated and Shi Rong and Cao Chao were killed.Liu Cong seizes the opportunity to attackGarrison and stay、eldest son, beheaded 19 thousand enemies.ShangdangprefectPang ChunPresent the kettle pass and descend.Liu Kunyi, the governor of Shanxi Province and the prefecture governorZhang YiTake the leadership of the Party Chief and garrisonXiangyuan。[20-21]
Shile Rise
Contribute to the Han Dynasty for meritorious deeds
In the fourth year of Yuanxi era (307 years), Ji Sang, the Marshal of Ma in the State of Jin, called himself a general and fought against Sima Yue, the East China Sea King, for the second time with Shile, claiming to avenge Sima Ying, the Chengdu King, who was killed last year.Ji Sang took Shile as the pioneer and won many times. So he appointed Shile as the general to win the war and loyal to Mingting Marquis.Shile attacked Yecheng with Jisang, served as the forward governor, defeated Feng Song, and drove forward to capture Yecheng in May.Ji Sang killed Sima Teng and more than ten thousand soldiers and civilians in Yecheng, burned the palace of Yecheng and looted the women's treasures in the city before leaving.
Shile and later attacked KisangYouzhouShi Xianshi is a famous governor.ShillerLelingAfter killing Shi Xian, defeat the General of the Begging Army who led 50000 soldiers to rescue Shi XianTian Di, and withComplianceThe stalemate lasted for several months between the Plains and Yangping, during which more than 30 wars took place and each other had a victory or defeat, forcing the Taifu Sima Yue to lead his troops in Guandu to support Gou Xi.Shile and Kisang were defeated by Gou Xi in September, so they gathered up the rest of the people and planned to go to Han and Zhao established by Liu Yuan, but they were defeated by Jizhou Governor in ChiqiaoDing ShaoShile fled to Leping, and later Jisang was killed by Jin soldiers in Leling.
After Shile joined the Han Dynasty and Zhao Dynasty, he successfully ordered the governor of Shangdang in OctoberFeng MotuReturning to Han and Zhao, Liu Yuan took Shile as an assistant to the Han General and the King of Jin.Later, because of the garrison of LepingWuhuanZhang Fulidu refused to join Han and Zhao, so Shile pretended to offend Liu Yuan and went to Zhang Fulidu. He became his brother and robbed the counties with the Hu people. They were invincible, so they were frightened.Shiller grabbed Zhang Fulidu at the banquet after the people's hearts were attached to him, and let the people in the department recommend him as the Lord.Shile then released Zhang Fulidu and led his followers to the Han and Zhao Dynasties.Liu Yuan then added Shile to supervise the army in Shandong, and followed him with these Hu tribes.[22]
Invade Hanoi
Liu Yuan sent Shile to lead the eastward invasion in the fifth year of Yuanxi (308).ShillerIn September, Yecheng was captured, and the general of Shanxi marched northHeyuEscape.In October, Liu Yuan became the emperor and awarded the envoy, Zhijie, and Pingdong Grand General.Soon Shile led another 30000 troops to attack WeijunKejunandFarmington More than 50 barriers gathered by the local people were attached to them, so they won the seal of the fake base leader generals and captains.Later, he killed Wei JunWang CuiAnd Feng Chong, the commander of the western part of Jizhou, defeated and killed the general of the Beggars' Army, Amnesty TingheTian Di。Liu Yuan then awarded Shile Anton General and Kaifu.Shile attacked Julu and Changshan in the next year, and the number of troops increased to more than 100000. More scholars joined in, and they set up a "Scholar's Camp"Zhang BinDiao Ying and Zhang Jing are the leaders.Because of the powerful military force, most of Hu Jie in Bingzhou also followed Shile under the lobbying of Shile's Zhang Si.
Feilong Mountain Xindu District[23]
Liu Yuanhou sent troops to attack Huguan, and Shile was appointed as the forward governor to defeat the army sent by Liu Kun to rescue Huguan and help Han and Zhao capture Huguan.In September, Jin SikongWang JunsendQi HongAndNo dust in depotstayFeilong MountainAttack Shile, defeat Shile, retreatLiyangHowever, it was still able to assign generals to attack the rebels who had not yet rebelled, cut down more than 30 barriers, and put guards to appease them.In November, Shile attacked Xindu and killed Wang Bin, the governor of Jizhou.At that time, Wang Jun ordered Pei ZhengheWang KanLed the troops to fight against Shile, and Shile immediately returned to the army to resist.After Shile arrived in Liyang,Pei XianAbandoning the army and fleeing to Huainan, Wang Kanze retreatedCangyuan。Liu Yuan then appointed Shile as the Zhendong Grand General to be the Ji County Duke, and Shile resigned as the Grand Admiral.
In the second year of He Rui (310), Shile crossed the Yellow River to the south and attacked Xuzhou, Henan and Yanzhou together with Wang Mi after the capture of Baima.Soon moreJuanchengHe Cangyuan and crossed the Yellow River northward to attack the troops in Jizhou, and more than 90000 civilians surrendered to him.Later, he assisted Liu Cong and others in attacking Hanoi, and attacked the champion general Liang Ju. Emperor Huai of Jin sent troops to rescue him.Liang Ju still asked to surrender because of defeat, but Shile refused. Finally, more than 10000 surrender soldiers were killed and Liang Ju was killed, and the reinforcements were returned.The war shocked all the defences in Hebei and sent hostages to Shile one after another.
When Liu Yuan died in the same year, Liu Cong killed his brother Liu He and succeeded him. He appointed Shile as the general of the East Expedition, the governor of Bingzhou, and the Duke of Jijun. Shile resigned from the general of the East Expedition.Then they joined forces with Liu Can, Liu Yao and Wang Mi to attack Luoyang and directly entered Luochuan.Shile attacked the warehouse again, but was guardedWang ZanDefeat.[22]
Attack Jingzhou in the south
Shile Wanders in Yuzhou[23]
Shiller and later attackNanyang, Yongzhou refugees who defected in Jingzhou earlierWang RuHou Tuo, Yan Yi and others were afraid, so they sent 10000 troops to garrison Xiangcheng to resist.But when Shiller arrived, he defeated the defenders and captured all the troops and stationed themWanchengto the north of.At that time, Hou Tuo held Wancheng and Wang RushouRang CountyWang Ru was afraid of Shile's attack, so he bribed Shile with treasure and became his brother;At the same time, because Wang Ru was not at peace with Hou Tuo, he persuaded Shile to attack Hou Tuo.Yan Yi knew that after Shile attacked Wancheng, he led the army to rescue, but Shile captured Wancheng on the 12th, and Yan Yi was too late to surrender to Shile directly.Shile killed Hou Tuo and imprisoned Yan Yi, and swallowed up the two men. The army was very powerful.
Shile then further invaded the south, attacked Xiangyang and captured more than 30 barriers in Jiangxi along the Hanshui River.After leaving Diao Ying to defend Xiangyang, Shile led 30000 elite cavalry to attack Wang Ru, but because he was afraid of Wang Ru's prosperity, he changed to attack Xiangcheng.When Wang Ru learned about it, he ordered his younger brother Wang Li to lead the army and attack Shile, pretending to reward the army, but it was destroyed by Shile.Shile has a strong will to take control of the Yangtze River and the Hanshui River. Although Zhang Bin opposed and advised him to go north, he refused to listen.
In the first year of Jiaping (311), Sima Rui, the Langya king who guarded Jianye, saw that Shile invaded Jingzhou in the south, so he sent Wang Dao to lead the army to crusade.But Shiller lost most of his soldiers because of the epidemic.Shile then accepted Zhang Bin's suggestion, burned the baggage, gathered the food and rolled up the armor, crossed Mianyang and attacked Jiangxia with light troops, then returned north, captured Xincai first and killed the king of XincaiSimaqueAnd later captured Xuchang.[22]
Merger of Wang Mi
In October, ShillerJiwu CountyBanquet Wang Mi.At the banquet, Shiller killed Wang Mi himself, annexed his army and told Liu Cong that Wang Mi was rebellious.Liu Cong was so angry that he sent envoys to blame Shile for "killing important assistant officials of the imperial court without authorization, and there was no monarch in his heart".But we still added Zhendong Grand General, military officers of Binghe and Youzhou, as well as governor of Bingzhou, to comfort Shile.ComplianceWang ZanThey plotted to betray Shile, who killed them and Gouxi's brotherGou Chun。[22]
Liu Cong Kills the King
In 310, Liu Yuan was seriously ill and ordered Liu Cong to assist the crown prince Liu He.Liu Yuan died of illness, and Liu He succeeded to the throne. A few days later, Liu He sent troops to attack his younger brother, the chief minister, Liu Cong, and other three kings, but Liu Cong killed them. Liu Cong established himself as emperor.[24]
After Liu Cong succeeded to the throne, he sent his younger brother Liu Yao, Donglai Gongwang Mi and others to lead 40000 troops to capture the counties around Luoyang to isolate Luoyang.In 311, ShillerKuxian County(Now HenanLuyi County）More than 100000 main troops of the Western Jin Dynasty were wiped out.[25]
In the summer of the same year, Liu Yao and Wang Mi attacked Luoyang, locked Emperor Huai of the Jin Dynasty at the Duanmen, and bullied JinSheep QueenMore than 30000 ministers and civilians were slaughtered.He also captured Emperor Huai to Pingyang.[26]Ding Wei, Liu Cong granted amnesty and changed to Jiaping.[25][27]Then he killed Emperor Huai of Jin.
After learning that Emperor Huai of Jin was killed, King Qin of JinSima YeHe became emperor in Chang'an in 313, that isEmperor Min of Jin DynastyAt this time, only Chang'an and the surrounding small areas remained in the Western Jin Dynasty.
In 316, Liu Cong sent Liu Yao to attack Chang'an. Emperor Min of Jin surrendered and the Western Jin Dynasty died. Some people thought that the killing of Emperor Huai of Jin was the symbol of the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty. Sima Ye was just a separatist force.Han and Zhao basically won Guanzhong and Guandong.[28]
Pingyang Coup
In July of the first year of Hanchang (318), Liu Cong was seriously ill. Liu Yao and Shile were given the imperial edict to assist in administration. They were promoted to Prime Minister Yao, led Yongzhou Pastor, led Grand General, led Youzhou Pastor, and Hebei Prefecture Pastor, and refused to accept it.Guihai, Liu Cong died, Jiazi, the crown prince Liu Can succeeded to the throne, and made the Jin family queen, his sonLiu YuangongAs the crown prince, he was renamed Hanchang.Jin Zhun was favored by Liu Can because of his daughter.[29]
Jin Zhunyin had a different ambition and encouraged Liu Can, Emperor Yindi of the Han Dynasty, to kill Tai Zaijing, Da Sima Ji, Wu Wang Xuan, Tai Shiyi, Qi Wang Mai, Zhu Ji and Fan Long.[30]In August, Liu Can managed the army in Shanglin and plotted against Shile.Take Prime Minister Yao as the prime ministerTo supervise all military affairs at home and abroad, still in Chang'an.Jin Zhun is a senior general, recording the history of calligraphy.Can often travel to feast in the harem, and the military affairs must be determined.Zhun Jiao ordered Cong Diming to be the riding general and Kang to be the defending general.In August, Jin Zhun launched a coup in Pingyang, the capital of the Han Dynasty, and sent troops to the Guangji Hall to make Jiashi hold charm and kill him after counting his crimes. His posthumous title was Emperor Yin.The Liu Clan in Pingyang, no matter how small or long, was cut off in Dongshi, the tombs of Yongguang and Xuanguang were dug up, the dead body of Liu Cong was pulled out and beheaded, and the Liu Clan Temple was burned.He called himself the great general and the king of the Han Dynasty, and sent envoys to inform the governor of Jinsi PrefectureLie momentHe also claimed vassal status in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.[31-33]
Liu Shijing Difficult
When Liu Yao was the prime minister and the capital, he supervised all military affairs at home and abroad and guarded Chang'an.Went Jin's quasi rebellion, and led the army from Chang'an to Pingyang. Commander Shile's elite of 50000 was determined. According toovertop hillsBeiyuan.Challenge by numbers, and hold the wall to defeat.[34]
Chibi became the emperor, continuing Han Zuo
In October 318, Liu Yao traveled to Chibi (today's Shanxi ProvinceHejin Chishichuan in the northwest[35]）, met Tai Bao who ran away from PingyangHuyan YanAnd the Taifu Zhu Ji.They advised Liu Yao to be honored, so Liu Yao became emperor and changed the yuanPrimary photoperiod。Zhu Ji led Situ, Huyan Yan led Sikong, and Fan Long, the first lieutenant, followed the standard.Take Shile as the chief commander and general, add Jiuxi, add ten prefectures, and the first thirteen prefectures (top 3+increase 10=13[36]）He became Duke Zhao.[33][37]
Liu Yao is Liu Yuan's nephew and belongs to the same familyModu Chanyu Later, the Xiongnu Liu family.Liu YaoGao ZuLiu Liang,Great ancestorHis father's name is Liu Guang,grandfatherHis name is Liu Fang. His father, Liu Mou, died early, and history does not record his name.Liu Yao lost his father when he was young and was adopted by Liu Yuan.He is young, intelligent and eager to learn, which is appreciated by Liu Yuan.After many years of following Liu Yuan, he became a versatile scholar who was familiar with Chinese classics and riding and shooting skills.He has little ambition, but also great talent and strategy.After Liu Yuan established the Han State, he held successively important posts, which was trusted and put in high position by his father and son.[38]
Stone trenchers fight against enemies and rob magic weapons
Shile advanced to attack Pingyang, and more than 100000 Ba people, Qiang people and Jiejiang people fell, and Lejie moved to their prefectures and counties（Si ZhouZhuxian County).Han Leader Yao Emissary, General of the Northern ExpeditionLiu Ya, General ZhenbeiLiu CeTunFenyin(Today's ShanxiVang ViengWest), and Shilechengdouble-pronged attack, and jointly asked Jin Zhun.
In November 318, Jin Zhun was an envoy's servantButaiSend Chengyu, Fu Yu and Yu Shile;He imprisoned Tai and sent it to the leader Yao in order to make Yao know that there is no intention of surrender in the city and defeat Yao's army.Yao said to Tai, "In the last years of the former emperor, there was a real chaos. Sikong (referring to Jin Zhun) exercised the power of Yi and Huo, and he made great contributions to me. If he had welcomed me earlier, he should have known that he was entrusted with political affairs, and the situation would have saved him from death! Qing went into the city for me with the intention of announcing this." When Tai returned to Pingyang, Jin Zhun was unwilling to listen because he killed Liu Yao's mother and brother for a long time.
In December, Qiao Tai, Wang Teng, the left and right riding generals, and Jin Kang, the Wei general, met with each other to kill Jin Zhun, pushed the minister to order Jin Ming to take the lead, and sent Bu Tai to surrender to the Han Dynasty with the six national seals.Shiller was so angry that he marched to attack Ming. Ming went to war and was defeated, but the infant city was firmly defended.Shile sent the main force to attack Pingyang. Jin Ming asked Liu Yao for help. Liu Yao sent Liu Chang, the great general of the expedition to the east, to save him, but Shile was defeated.
Liu Yao also sent Liu Ya, Liu Ce and others to meet Jin Ming. Fifteen thousand women in Pingyang followed Jin Ming to Liu Yao, and Yao returned to the village of Suyi (the Western Jin Dynasty)Feng Yijun, todayBaishui CountySeventy five miles northwest).Soon, Shile captured Pingyang, burned the office, made people repair Yuan and Cong Tombs, collected more than 100 corpses below Liu Can, and buried themArmillary sphere, musical instrument relocationXiangguoAfter being placed to guard the slaughter, he returned triumphantly.[37]
Su Yi kills Jin, and Liu Shi is hostile
Liu Yao ordered Jin Ming to be killed, and Jin's family, both men and women, old and young, were killed.Yao also sent Liu Yaying's mother, the Hu family, to be buried in Pingyang and Suyi, named Yangling, with the posthumous title of Empress Dowager Xuanming, starting from Guangshi Hall in front and Ziguang Hall behind.
At this time, Liu Yao and the stone trencher were in a state of tension. But because Liu Yao was unstable in Guanlong and worried about his future, he did not dare to turn against the stone trencher immediately and was ready to give the stone trencherTaizai, Led the general, Jiashuli, and appointed Shile as the King of Zhao from 24 prefectures of Hanoi.
In February of the second year of Guangchu (319), Dasima and Zhao Gongshile sent Zuo ChangshiWang XiuPresenting victory to the Han Dynasty, Emperor Liu Yao sentGuo SiGo to confer on Shile Taizai, lead the Grand General, enter the ranks of King Zhao, add seven prefectures, and the first twenty prefectures (13+7=20[36]）And many special courtesies, such as the precedent of Cao Cao assisting Han.Liu Yao asked Wang Xiu to come with Wang Xiu after returning to Xiangpalace secretaryCao Pingle, however, said to Liu Yao, "Dasima sent Wang Xiu and others, who were pious in appearance and powerful in internal targeting. They planned to wait for the return of Xiu and would attack Chengyu lightly." At that time, Liu Yao's strength was greatly weakened, and Liu Yao was afraid of Wang Xiu's report to Shile.So they chased back Guo Si and Wang Xiu, and killed Wang Xiu in Su Yi. The officials and officials who had originally granted Shi Le were also put on hold.In March, Shile returned to Xiangguo, the deputy of Wang XiuLiu MaoReturning alone, Shile recounted the cause of Wang Xiu's death. Shile said angrily, "My brother serves the Liu family, and he has done more than his duty as a minister. I laid down all their foundations. Today, when he was successful, he wanted to plot against me. King Zhao and Emperor Zhao, I can give them myself, but they don't need to give them!" He ordered the killing of Cao Pingle's three clans.So the imperial physician, the Shang Fang, and the imperial officials ordered Chao Zan, a member of the army, to build the Zhengyang Gate.Since then, he has formed a grudge with Han and Zhao.[39-40]
Relocate the capital and change the number
In April 319, Liu Yao returned to Chang'an from Suyi. The old capital, Pingyang, was in ruins after the war, and there were no mausoleum temples. In reality, it was controlled by Shile, so he made Chang'an the capital and became emperor.[41], changed the country name to Zhao.Animals and trees are still black, and flags are still mysterious.Liu Yao said, "Our ancestors flourished in the north. Liu Yuan set up a Han temple to buy Han people. Now we should change the name of the country and take the Hun Shanyu as our ancestor." So Liu Yao set up a Hun temple, a society, and the northern and southern suburbs to worship and worship the Hun's foolishness, "matching heaven with foolishness".[42-43]
Shile Anti Liu
In November 319, Shile was called the Grand General, Da Danyu, the leader of Jizhou Mu and Zhao WangXiangguoThat is, the throne of Zhao, called the first year of King Zhao.It started to build the state, set up the ancestral temple, and set up the east and west palace of the camp.Since the name of the regime built by Shile was also called Zhao, historians called Shile's regime Hou Zhao.[44]
After the change of Zhao, Liu Yao carried out a long-term war of conquest against the remnants of the Jin Dynasty in Guanlong and Bingzhou, as well as Jie, Di, Qiang, Ba, etc., and moved hundreds of thousands of people from the conquered ethnic minority tribes to Chang'an, the capital of Zhao.During his reign, he carried out the policy of Han Hu division, but at the same time actively adoptedEthnic integrationAnd cultural assimilation policy.He claimed the title of emperor himself, indicating that he was the orthodox ruler of the Han and Hu nationalities in the north, and let his sonLiu YinDo big single to rule the Hu people.Liu Yao actively promoted Confucianism in Zhao State, set up a Taixue and a primary school in Chang'an, and hired famous scholars to teach Confucian culture. At that time, there were more than 1500 students.He also established the system of rent and tax and implemented the feudal system.In this way, the State of Zhao of Liu Yao showed a greater tendency of sinicization than the State of Han.Therefore, scholars believe that the former Zhao regime established by the Xiongnu Liu clan should be one of the Chinese feudal regimes combining Han and Hu, and should not be based onHan chauvinismAnd despise it.
Liu Yao's army marched into the Hexi River, where there were two hundred and five thousand soldiers. They came to the camp near the river. The sound of bells and drums, the sound of boiling river and moving ground, "since ancient times, there has been no Sibi in the military." Liangzhou was horrified by this. Zhang Maosui contributed Liu Yao as a vassal to it with cattle, sheep, gold, silver, prostitutes, treasures, pearls and Liangzhou specialties. Liu Yaofu and Zhang Mao served as guardians of the Western Regions, Liang Wang and other posts, and soon became a class teacher.[38]
The two Zhao fought
In the fifth year of Guangchu (322 years), Zhang Bin died of illness.After that, whenever Shiller disagreed with his adviser, he always thought of Zhang Bin's original advantages and sighed: "Isn't it a bit cruel for the right marquis to leave me and let me plan big things with these people?" Although he lost his most capable assistant in his life, Shiller spent several years to wipe out Youzhou'sDuan PindiQingzhouCaoyi, and by the governor of Yuzhou in the Eastern Jin DynastyZu TiThe chance of death has captured YuzhouYanzhou, Xuzhou, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty.In this way, Shile finally got the chance to turn around and deal with his real opponent Liu Yao.[44]
In the first month of the seventh year of Guangchu (324), the later governor of Zhaosi PrefectureShishengZhao Henan Imperial Guard before the attackYin PingIn Xin'an (now Xin'an, Henan), Yin Ping was defeated and cut off. Shi Sheng looted more than 5000 Zhao households and returned them.Since then, Zhao and Zhao have fought and attacked each other,Hedong County、Hongnong CountyBetween, the people are living in poverty.Xiyi Zhonglang of later Zhao will occupy Bingzhou, and Zhao before surrender.
In May of the eighth year of Zhao Guangchu (325), Shi Sheng, the later Zhao general, stationed troops in Luoyang, invaded and plundered the area south of the Yellow River. The army of Li Ju, the governor of Si Zhou, and Guo Mo, the governor of Yingchuan, was defeated many times and lacked military supplies, so he sent envoys to ask for attachment to the former Zhao.Former Zhao Leader Liu Yao Sect Zhongshan KingLiu YueHe led 15000 soldiers to Mengjin, and sent Hu Yanmo, the Zhendong general, to lead the Jingzhou and Sizhou people from Xiaoshan and Mianshui to the east, hoping to join Li Ju and Guo Mo in attacking Shi Sheng.Liu Yue conquered Mengjin Garrison and Shiliang Garrison, captured more than 5000 heads, and marched to besiege Shisheng in Jinyong.After Zhao, Zhongshan Duke Shi Hu led 40000 infantry and cavalry fromChenggao PassHe entered and fought Liu Yue to the west of Luoshui. Liu Yue was defeated and shot by a flowing arrow, so he retreated to be conservativeStone beam。Stone tigers set trenches and fences around the stone beams to isolate the inside and outside.Liu Yue's taxi crew was extremely hungry, so they killed the war horses for food.Shi Hu attacked againHuyanmoAnd killed him.[45]
Liu Yao led the army to rescue Liu Yue, and Shi Hu led 30000 cavalry to attack.Liu Hei, the former general of the former Zhao army, attacked Shi Cong, the general of Shi Hu's army stationed in Batebaka, and defeated Shi Cong's army.Liu Yao stationed his troops in Jingu. At night, the army was suddenly shocked without reason, and the soldiers fled and scattered, so he retired and stationed in Mianchi.At night, the army broke up again, and Liu Yao returned to Chang'an.In June, Shi Hu captured Shiliang, captured Liu Yue and his entourage of more than 80 people and more than 3000 people of the Di and Qiang nationalities, took them to Xiang, and killed 9000 soldiers of Liu Yue.Shi Hu then attacked Wang Teng stationed in Bingzhou, captured and killed him, and killed more than 7000 of his soldiers.Liu Yao returned to Chang'an, put on his plain clothes and stopped in the countryside to cry and hang. He went to the city seven days later and became ill because of his anger.Guo Mo is defeated by Shi Cong again, leaving his wife and children to flee south to Jiankang.Li Ju's soldiers secretly plotted to betray Zhao after he surrendered. Li Ju was unable to suppress them, and he also led the people back to the south.His followers fled one after another on the way. Only Guo Xuan and more than 100 others followed him, and he died in Luyang.Li Ju's long Shi Cui Xuan led more than 2000 soldiers to surrender to Zhao.In this way, Sizhou, Yuzhou, Xuzhou and Yanzhou were all included in Houzhao, which was bounded by Huaishui in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
Liu Yao appointed Liu Yin, the Yong'an King, as the Great Sima and Great Danyu, and renamed them the Nanyang King. Shan Yutai was set up in Weicheng. Under the left and right Xianwang, the heroes of Xiongnu, Jie, Xianbei, Di and Qiang were all appointed.
In May of the 10th year of Guangchu (327), Liu Lang, the military general of the former Zhao Dynasty, led 30000 cavalry troops to attack theYang is hard to fightUnable to win, they plundered more than 3000 families and returned.[45]
Frontier offence
PrecoolingZhang Jun heard that Hou Zhao defeated Qian Zhao, so he abandoned the official rank granted by former Zhao and called them the Grand General of Jin and the Marshal of Liangzhou, and sent Wu Wei as the Grand GuardDou Tao、JinchengTai Shou Zhang Lang, Wu Xing Tai ShouXinyan, General Yang Lie, Song Ji, and other generalsHan PuThe army attacked and captured the counties of Zhao Qinzhou.Emperor Zhaowen Yao sent his son, King Yin of Nanyang, to lead the army to resist the enemy and settle downDidaocheng。RareThe escort Xin Yan is in a hurry. In autumn, Zhang Jun sends Han Pu and Xin Yan to rescue him.The progress of Pu is Wogan Ridge.Yan wants to have a quick fight with Zhao Jun. Pu said, "Since the end of summer, the number of the sun has changed, so we should not move lightly. And Yao and Shile will attack each other, so Yin will not be able to stay with me for long."Taoshui[t á o] After more than 70 days of stalemate, the military supplies were exhausted.In October, Pu sent Xin Yan to Jincheng to supervise the transportation of grain and grass. Yin said excitedly, "Han Pu is ten times as numerous as I am. I don't have enough grain to last long. Today, when the prisoners divide their troops to transport grain, God has given me the right to do so. If Xin Yan is defeated, Pu and others will collapse." Immediately, the whole team commanded 3000 cavalry and attacked Xin Yan's headquarters in Wogan Ridge to defeat them;Then he marched forward to Han Pu's camp, and Puzhong collapsed.Yin seizes the victory to chase and kill the defeated soldiers, cross the Yellow River and attackOrder residenceCounty (Zhang Shi was set in Guangwu County, and his residence belonged to that county), beheaded at 20000 levels, and entered the territoryZhenwu。Pu and others were bound to blame. Zhang Jun said, "What a shame for you, general!".The popularity of Hexi area is appalling.Tens of thousands of troops of Zhang Lang and Xin Yan Marshal went out to surrender to Zhao, and Zhang Jun also lost the land of Henan (especially the Henan area of Hexi).[45-47]
Captured in person
Hedong area[23]
In the 11th year of Guangchu (328), after Zhao Zhongshan, Duke Shi Hu led a crowd of 40000 people fromClose(Now HenanJiyuanNorthwest China) moved westward and attacked Hedong of Zhao before. More than 50 counties should follow. Shi Hu attackedOsaka(Today's ShanxiYongji County）。Liu Yao, the former leader of Zhao, sent Liu Shu, the king of Hejian, to garrison the Di and Qiang people in Qinzhou to guard against Zhang Jun and Yang's difficulties. He led the elite water and land armies at home and abroad to rescue Pubin and cross the Yellow River from Weiguan to the north.Shihu was afraid and led his army to retreat. Liu Yao pursued him.In August, in Gaohou (today's Shanxi ProvinceWen XiCounty) caught up with Shi Hu, fought with him, and he was defeated,ShizhanAfter being killed, the dead body was buried for more than 200 miles, and Liu Yao captured hundreds of millions of military funds.Shi Hu's Song of Running Away (Today's Henan ProvinceQi County）。Liu Yao from Dayang (today's ShanxiPingluSouthwest China), march into garrison by victoryKim YongShi Sheng (now east of Luoyang, Henan Province), Kai JueThousands of yuanThey were flooded by the impoundment ofYin JuZhang Jin, the governor of the Yewang, and others all surrendered to Liu Yao.Xiangguo, the capital of later Zhao, was shocked.
Zhang Jun prepares the army to sneak attack Chang'an.Li Cao Langzhong asked for advice and said: "Although Liu Yao marched eastward, his son Liu Yin could not be despised for defending Chang'an. Even if he had achieved little, if Liu Yao gave up his plan to the East and returned to fight with us, it would be difficult to predict when disaster was coming." Zhang Jun then gave up.
In November of the same year, Shile was ready to lead the army to relieve the siege of Luoyang, Liao ZuoCheng YaoWe strongly urged him to say, "Liu Yao has gone into our territory for thousands of miles alone, and it will not last forever. The king should not go out in person, and once he goes out, it will not be safe." Shi Le was very angry, and pressed his sabre to chide Cheng Yao and others to go out.Xu Guang had been imprisoned before. At this time, he pardoned his sins and summoned him for discussion. Shiller said, "Liu Yao, relying on his victory in a battle, besieged and occupied Luoyang. Those mediocre men thought that the former Zhao army was unstoppable.Liu Yao led 100000 soldiers to attack a city, but they could not conquer it for a hundred days. The soldiers were tired and lazy. We could capture them in the first battle if we attacked him with our high morale and elite army.If Luoyang is really lost because of no rescue, Liu Yao will surely fight his death to take Jizhou, which will be swept from the north bank of the Yellow River. I'm afraid my great career will be over.Cheng Ya and others won't let me go. What do you think, Aiqing? "Xu Guang replied, "Liu Yao, taking advantage of the good opportunity to defeat Shi Hu, failed to advance to Xiang State, but stayed with Jin Yong. From this, we can see that he will do nothing. With your majesty and power, the other party will surely lose. It is the moment to make a decision to pacify the world." Shi Le listened and said with a smile, "Xu Guang is right."So he ordered internal and external martial law, and those who dared to persuade him again were killed.He ordered Shi Kan, Shi Cong and Yu Zhou Governor Tao Bao to lead the existing scholars to gather in Xingyang, and ordered Zhong Shan Gong Shi Hu to march and occupy Shimen. Shile led 40000 people on foot to Jinyong and crossed the Yellow River from Daheng.[48]Shiller said to Xu Guang, "If Liu Yao were to garrison troops at Chenggao Pass, this would be the best policy. Next, he should set up a block in Luoshui. To guard Luoyang is to surrender to capture."[49]
On the first day of December, the armies of Hou Zhao will gather in Gao, with 60000 infantry and 27000 cavalry.When Shile saw Zhao Wubing guarding, he was very happy. He pointed to the sky and then patted his forehead and said, "It's God's will!" Then he ordered the soldiers to take off their heavy armor, and the horses were silent. They walked through the secret path day and night, and walked between Gongxian County and Zicheng City.[49]
Liu Yao only drinks and plays with his favorite courtiers, and doesn't care about soldiers.Some people around him tried to admonish him, but Liu Yao was angry and thought it was evil advice, so he beheaded the admonisher.It was not until I heard that Shile had crossed the river that I discussed how to strengthen the Xingyang garrison and close Huangma Pass.Soon the soldiers patrolling in Luoshui fought with the vanguard of Hou Zhao and captured the Jie prisoners and sent them to him. Liu Yao asked him, "Has Shile come by himself? How many scholars are there?" He replied, "The king came in person, and the army is very powerful." Liu Yao turned pale, and let the army release the siege of Jin Yong, and set up an array in the west of Luoshui. There were more than 100000 scholars, stretching more than ten miles from north to south.Seeing from afar, Shiller was even more happy, and said to the people around the attendants, "You can congratulate me." Shiller led 40000 foot and cavalry soldiers into Luoyang City.[50]
Near Luoyang[23]
Liu Yao was busy with Chen Bing's 100000 troops in the west of Luoyang. Shile ordered Shi Hu to lead troops from the north of Luoyang to attack Liu Yao's army in the west, and ordered Shi Kan to lead troops from the west of Luoyang to attack Liu Yao's vanguard in the north. Shile went out of Luoyang to close the gate and attacked Liu Yao. The former Zhao army collapsed.When Liu Yao retreated, his horse fell into the stone canal and fell on the ice, injuring more than ten placesShikanA prisoner alive.[51]Shiller then defeated the former Zhao army and beheaded more than 50000 soldiers.The order said: "I want to capture only one person, who has been captured. The special edict orders the soldiers to stop attacking, leaving them the way to surrender."[50]
When Liu Yao saw Shile, he said, "Stone King, do you still remember the covenant of Chongmen?" Shile asked Xu Guang to say to Liu Yao, "What's going on today? It's really God's destiny. What can you say?" On December 11, Shile's master returned to Beijing.Ask Shi Hu's son, General Zheng Dong, to lead troops to escort Liu Yao.Liu Yao was seriously injured. He sat in a carriage and asked the doctor Li Yong to ride with him.On the 25th, he returned to Xiangguo and ordered Liu Yao to live inYongfengThe small town, which provided him with prostitutes and concubines, was surrounded by strict soldiers.He also sent men and women of Liu Yue, Liu Zhen and other ethnic groups to dress up and see Liu Yao.Liu Yao sighed: "I used to talk about Aiqing people. I always thought they had turned into dust. King Shi is kind and has saved you till now! I often feel guilty about killing Shi Tuo. Today's disaster is my fate." They were asked to leave one day after staying for dinner.[52]
Later, Shile asked Liu Yao to write a letter to his crown prince Liu Xi to surrender.Liu Yao's letter to Liu Xi said, "You should restore the state with the ministers. Don't change your mind because of me." So Shi Le killed Liu Yao.[52]
Abandon the capital and subjugate the country
Liu Yaosheng had nine sons, all of whom were granted kings: Liu Yin granted Nanyang King, Liu Xi granted Crown Prince, Liu Xi granted Changle King, and Liu Chan granted Taiyuan King;Liu Chong granted the title of King Huainan, Liu Chang granted the title of King Qi, Liu Gao granted the title of King Lu, Liu Hui granted the title of King Chu, and Liu Jian granted the title of King Linhai.
In the first month of the second year of Taihe (329), Liu Xi was terrified when he learned that his father Liu Yao had been captured. He negotiated with Liu Yin, the king of Nanyang, to defend Qinzhou westward.Hu Xun, the minister, said: "Although the monarch has been lost, the country is still intact, and the soldiers have not deserted, so we should concentrate our strength to resist the enemy for the time being. It is not too late to escape when we have no strength." Liu Yin was angry, thinking that it was disturbing the morale of the army, so he beheaded him, and then led all civil and military officials to flee to Shanggui (Tianshui, Gansu today).The local military officers also gave up the city they had been guarding and followed them, causing chaos in the central pass.Generals Jiang Ying and Xin Shu had 100000 soldiers guarding Chang'an. They sent envoys to ask for surrender to Zhao. Later Zhao sent Shi Sheng to lead soldiers stationed in Luoyang to Chang'an.[53]
Later, Zhao Jun sent troops from Luoyang to enter the pass and captured Chang'an.In August, Nanyang King and Dashanyu Liu Yinshuai sent tens of thousands of troops from Shanggui to Chang'an.Liu Yinjun stationed at Zhongqiao;Later, Zhao Shisheng was on his own, and Shi Hu commanded 20000 horses to rescue him.In September, the post Zhao army broke the pre Zhao YuYiquLiu Yin fled back to Shanggui.Shi Hu's army defeated Shanggui guards at one fell swoop, captured more than 3000 civil and military officials, including Liu Xi and Liu Yin, and killed them all.He also killed more than five thousand counties in Luoyang.After this disaster, the Liu clan of the Huns suffered heavy losses and almost wiped out the clan.[54-55]
Descendants Yu Xu
With the demise of Han and Zhao dynasties, the Liu family of the Huns suffered two catastrophes, and some of their clansmen were slaughtered. The survivors of the catastrophes moved to various places to escape from disasters.Some moved eastward to Liaodong, some moved southward to Henan and all parts of the Central Plains, and merged with the Han people. Some moved westward to Guanlong, some fled to the desert, and some moved farther to Central Asia and Europe. But most of them still lived in North China, that is, today's Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, and Hebei, and were still leaders and chiefs of local minorities.toSui and Tang DynastiesThe Xiongnu Liu family also developed into Dongjun, HenanCarve yinThe Wang family from other places had a prime minister.[56]
territory
Announce
edit
executive summary
II. Map of Zhao Territory
① According toGu ZuyuOf《Fang Yu's summary of history reading·The situation of states and territories in past dynasties, the areas under the actual control of the Han Dynasty "do not exceed Taihang in the east, and do not exceed Taihang in the south"Song、Lo, not more than westLongdiThe north does not leave Fen and Jin ", and the territory covers ShaanxiWeishui RiverThe river basin and the east of the Yellow River in Shanxi, Henan and Gansu.[57]
② During the Liu Yuan and Liu Cong periods, their scope was controlled in the areas of Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Shanxi and Shaanxi, but the actual control scope was not large. During the Liu Cong period, they were limited to a corner of Shanxi (the rest was in the hands of Liu Kun) and a part of Guanzhong, where Liu Yao was the leader.Hebei area is owned by Shile, Wang Mi's ministerCaoyiControlledQingzhou、Yanzhou、XuzhouIn the area, Xianbei's forces are pushing southward, covering Yan and Dai areas.
The Book of Jin·Liu KunBiography: When Liu Yuanhai was in Lishi, he (Jinyang) went 300 miles away.Kun Mi sent a group of miscellaneous prisoners to separate his troops, and more than ten thousand of them fell.Yuan Hai was very afraid, so he lived in the city of Puzi.[65]
1. Yongguang Mausoleum and Xuanguang Mausoleum are the mausoleums of Emperor Guangwen and Emperor Zhaowu respectively. The tomb is located in Pingyang[66]；2、Yangling Tomb、Yongyuan MausoleumThey are the tombs of Liu Yao's father, Liu □, and his mother, Hu;Xianping Mausoleum isSheep QueenAll the tombs are in Su Yi.[67]
The political system of Han and Zhao dynasties basically inherited the system since Han and Wei dynasties and mixed with old customs.After Liu Yuan claimed that the Han King established power in 304, Zhao of the Han Dynasty adopted the official system of the Han Dynasty, setting up prime ministers, imperial officialsTaiweiAnd such central officials as Liu Qing.Military officialsDasimaSenior generals such as.Local officials followed the practice ofState system, the policy of dividing Hu and Han was adopted to rule.Dashanyu has great power, second only to the emperor.By the fourth year of Liu Congjiaping (314), it had reached a relatively complete stage.
In Liu Yuan's time, Shan Yutai was set up, and the highest official was Da Danyu, who commanded the Liuyi tribe. Shan Yutai was set up along the old system of the Huns.When Liu Cong was in power, he set up the left and right clergy in the ruling area, each leading more than 200000 households, and set up an internal historian for every 10000 households, with a total of 43 internal historians.Under the Great Danyu, there are Shan Yuzuo and Shan Yuzuo, who are respectively responsible for six hundred thousand barbarians and ten thousand old people.
After Liu Yao became emperor, he inherited the original system of Han and Zhao dynasties and made minor reforms.Liu Yao followed the division of Hu and Han previously used.On the one hand, Liu Yin, his son, was taken as the great Sima and the great Danyu, who set up Shanyu in Weicheng (today's Xianyang, Shaanxi). From the left to the right, Xianwang and the following were all the minority princes.On the other hand, it generally followed the Wei and Jin dynastiesNine-rank system, set up schools, affirmed the privileges of the gentry, and colluded with the powerful families of the Han nationality to maintain their rule.In addition, following the method of Liu Yuan and Liu Cong moving people to the capital area, they moved a large number of conquered people of all ethnic groups to Chang'an for direct control.In the heyday of Han and Zhao Dynasties, there were more than 280000 soldiers, one in Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, and Gansu. At that time, all the people of Guanlong, Di, and Qiang surrendered.Zhang Mao, the former Liang, also sent envoys to contribute.[68]
people
1、 Associate
Han Dynasty
General subordinate
Tu 40:Huyan wing(Yanmen County Duke)Huyan Hao、Huyanlang、Huyanyou（Zong Zheng）、Huyan Yan、Huyanshi、Huyan Yu、Hoyan youth(Hu Yanqing)Huyanmo(Huri Chases the King, Hongnong Taishou), Huyan Naji (Champion General), BuyuXu(General Pingbei), Bu Zao, Bu Chong, Bu GanButai, Bu Xiu, Qiao XiQiao Zhiming(Sili Xiaowei)Qiao Yu(An Changzi, Shizhong), Qiao Shi, Qiao Tai, Qiao Shu, Qiao Du, Qiao Song, Qiao CongJin Zhun(Grand General, Lu Shang Shushi), Jin Chong (General of Zhenbei), Jin Ling (Wangdu Gong, who will be a master), Jin Ming, Jin Kang, Qi Wudou, Qi Wuda, Qi Wugui, Chen Yuanda, Li Jingnian, Hao Shu, Wang Shiwu (the governor of Qinzhou, the king of Jiuquan), Lanyang (the general of Dangjin), Heiyin Yuju (the loyal general, the king of Zuoxian);
the han people:Wang Yu(Dasikong, Taibao), Wang Zhang (Piaoqi General, Dingxiang County Duke), Wang Teng (Right Riding General), Wang Yiguang, Wang Jian, Wang Shen, Wang Pi, Wang Yan, Wang Yan (Jin Ziguanglu Doctor), Wang Ping (Liu Can Dang), Wang Xuan, Wang Zhong (Jinyang Prefecture Chief, Anping Marquis), Wang Kuang (Guangguo Zhonglang General)Wang Guang(Governor of Xihe Yangzhou), Cui YizhiCui Yue(Da Situ, presented to Liao Donggong), Fu Chun, Fu Zi (in the middle of the event), Fu Hu (in the process of asking for the captains, presented to the governor of Youzhou), Fu Xun (Huang Menlang), Zhu Sheng (Da Sitong), Liu WudouLiu Dun(Pang Chun, Sima of the Guards), Liu Yue (Han, general), Liu Sui (Pingchang Duke), Liu Jun (Sikong), Liu Zhong (Feng Rui, doctor), Liu Gong, Liu Gan (general of the Right Army), Liu Hei, Liu Ru, Liu Minyuan (long history of the first lieutenant), Zhang Shi (chief guard of Julu), Zhang Shi (doctor), Zhang Lang, Zhang Ping (general), Liang Fen, Liang Xu (Taichang), Liang Xun, Cao Yi (long history of Wang Mi)、Cao Xun(In the order of the Secretary General, it is presented to Dasikong and Nanjun Duke), Cao Guang, Cao Pingle, Tian Mi (Shangshu), Tian XinTian Song(Governor of Yizhou), Yin An (Hongnong Tai Shou), Yin Che, Yin Ping (Hanoi Tai Shou), Lu [ping] (Huyanshi long history), Lu Hui, Lu You (governor of Jizhou), Xin Bin, Xin Yan, Xin Shu, Hu Yuan (to be a master)Hu Song、Hu Xun、Wei Zhong(Pingqiang Xiaowei), Wei Yan [yu], Ren (Dasi Tu), Ren Yi (Imperial Secretary's Order), Kang Xiang (Han Kang Ju people), Kang PingFan Long, Fan nicheZhu Ji(Dasikong, Taifu)Taiwan production(Prince Shaofu, Guan Zhonghou)shoulder(Han Yuezhi, Dushui Messenger)Horse View(Dasikong), Xuan Yuxiu (a member of Ding Ling in Han Dynasty, appointed by the imperial court)Gong Shiyu(Zuo Guoshi), Ping Xian, Pei Zheng, Chen Xiu (Shaofu), Hao Yan (Zhu Yan, the Imperial Historian Zhongcheng)Peripheral setting(Pingyang Dayin), Lv Yi, Yin Kai (Duan Kai, general, imperial governor Zhongcheng), Xun Yu (Donggong Sheriff), Xuan Huai, Guo Yi, Yu Rong, Ling XiuQiu Zhongbo, cycadsZhao Ran(General Annan), Zhao Shen, Xing Yan, Li Hong (Dahonglu), Zhou Zhen (Zhao Gu Changshi), Ma ZhongGuo Si(also as Situ), Bian Guangping ([bian] the imperial court order), Xie Hu, Youziyuan (the great Situ), Dong Jingdao, Yang Tao, Han Guang, Xu Miao (the servant), Huang Xiu (general, later Zhao had the same name), Jiang YingDu Guang(governor of Yinzhou), Liu Chun, Bocheng (Han nationality)briefing；
Surrender on the battlefield and surrender the prisoners
Liu Yin (Xinxing Taishou, Taibao, Dachang Wenwen Gong), Hao Yu (Jinbinzhou Biejia), Zhao Ran (Sima Mouya General)Yu Min、Cui Wei10 people (led by the right guard of the prince of Jin, and the great uncle of Han), Lu Zhi (the great teacher of the great brother of Han), Xu Ya (the great guardian of Han), Gao Qiao (the great guardian of Taiyuan, Jin, and the general of Han Wuwei), and Ling Huni (the general of Han Wuwei)
Come back from a slump
Han 4:Wang Mi (Qingzhou Mu, Donglai Gong, Qi Gong)Wang Sang(General Pingbei), Liu Ling (Governor of Jizhou);Other family 3:Shile (Shaanxi Dongbo, Ji Jungong, Zhao Gong), Zhang㔨Du (pro Han king)Yang is hard to fight(King Wudu)
Zhao Gu(General An Bei), Bei Gong Chun, Lu Chen (Can joined the army), and Chen An (Grand General)
Zhao period
General subordinate
Hanren 7:Yang Xianrong, He Bao (Shizhong, Pingyuzi)Song Shu, Song ShiLiu Lang(General Wu Wei, there was a person with the same name in the Han and Zhao imperial families)
Vassal
Zhang Mao (Shizhong, Grand Shifu, Dasima, Liangzhou Mu, Liangwang) 1 person
explain:Those who first served in the State of Han and then in the State of Zhao, and were included in the period of the State of Han, were represented by yellow shading;The characters that appeared after the establishment of the State of Zhao belong to the period of the State of Zhao.Total Han Zhao Liao Subordinates193 people。
Queen Shan became the empress dowager.Born Liu Yi.Empress Dowager Shan had an affair with Han leader Liu Cong, quarreled with her son, and died of shame and indignation.
Empress Zhang
Zhang's
Zhang SaiSister.Born Emperor Zhaowu of the Han Dynasty, Liu Cong.firstZhang Guifei, Liu Cong ascended the throne as empress dowager, and later was crowned Empress Guangxian.He died in the first month of 313.
Butcher,Zhang ShiDaughter, niece of Empress Dowager Zhang.Noble person;Empress Dowager Zhang died two days after her death, reportedly due to excessive grief and fear.The posthumous title was Empress Wu Xiao.
Liu YinShe is the daughter of Liu E.In the first month of 312, he paid homage to Zuo Guibin, and in June, he was made queen.He died suddenly and was later crowned the Queen of Wude.
the han people,Liu YinDaughter of.In the first month of 312, Liu Yin was granted the title of right noble concubine (Liu Yin's granddaughters were all noble people, ranking first).In February 313, Empress Zhang Huiguang died and was made Queen.On the 19th day of the first month in 314, Liu E gave birth to a strange baby and died of shock.The posthumous title was Empress Wuxuan.From then on, the harem fell into chaos.
Empress Hongdao Fan
Fan
Our empress Zhang Huiguang's maid.In July of the second year of Jianyuan, she was established as the Queen;In July of the first year of Hanchang, Liu Can, Emperor Yindi of the Han Dynasty, ascended the throne and honored her as the Queen of Hongdao.Liu Can died without knowing what to do.
Wang ShenAdopted daughter.In April of the third year, Linjia was appointed Queen Zuo.In July, Liu Can ascended the throne and honored her as the Empress Hongxiao.
Jin Zhun's daughter.Worship your concubines for the first time;In March of 315, she was established as the Queen;Zuo Sili was later arrested for adulteryChen YuandaIt was revealed that Liu Cong had to depose her and commit suicide.
Jin Huai's daughter and Jin Yueguang's sister.Worship your concubines for the first time;In March of 315, she was appointed Right Queen;In July 318, Liu Can ascended the throne and was honored as empress dowager.The history of Jin Yuehua's whereabouts is not recorded, and it is speculated that Jin Yuehua died of genocide.
Empress Hongde Xuan, Empress Central
Xuanshi
Xuan HuaiAdopted daughter.In April of the third year of Linjia, she was appointed as the Queen of China;In July, Liu Can, Emperor Yindi of the Han Dynasty, ascended the throne and honored her as the empress of Hongde.Liu Can disappeared after his death.
Liu Yin's granddaughter and Liu E's niece.In March 315, she was appointed as the Left Queen.Later, the story is unknown. In 318, Wang was appointed Queen Zuo, and the great Liu should have died.
Little Liu Guiren
Liu's
Liu Yin's granddaughter.He became a noble person at first, and later awarded Sima Chi as his wife and wife of Kuaiji County.Liu Cong poisons Sima Chi, and little Liu Guiren returns to the Imperial Palace.
Former Empress Huidi of Jin, bornPrincess Qinghe。In the fifth year of Yongjia, Emperor Huai of the Jin Dynasty, Luoyang fell. Liu Yao of the Han Dynasty was exiled as his wife and gave birth to princes Liu Xi, Liu Cheng and Liu Chan.The tomb of Xianping is buried.
Daughter of Liu Ai, cousin of Empress Xianlie.Liu Yao disappeared after his death.When Zhao died 329 years ago, Liu Fang's life and death were uncertain.
The State of Han and Zhao controlled a large number of labor forces by various means, and the rulers may distribute a large amount of wasteland and landless land to the refugees engaged in agriculture, and levy taxes and corvees regularly.After assuming the throne, Liu Yao also took some measures to promote the development of agricultural production, such as reducing or exempting half of the people's taxes.The Han and Zhao states also set up agricultural officials, such as the Grand Secretary of Agriculture and Dushui Messenger;The former mainly "controls all kinds of money, grain, gold and silk", while the latter "mainly irrigates ponds and conserves rivers and canals".[69]
In Han and Zhao societies, slaves were also engaged in agriculture, handicrafts, animal husbandry and production.The main source of slaves was prisoners of war, followed by criminal officials.There are also a large number of "Liuyi" tribes engaged in nomadic and animal husbandry in China.With the increasing number of "six barbarians" who surrendered and conquered, Shan Yutai was set up to manage them.[70]
In a word, Han and Zhao basically inherited the feudal system in the mainland since the Han and Wei dynasties in terms of economic system;Its domestic social economy is mainly agriculture, followed by animal husbandry;Its mode of production follows that of the Han and Wei dynasties.[70]
military
Announce
edit
troops
In the heyday of Liu Yao in the State of Zhao, there were 285000 troops. When he sent out his troops, the history said that "in the array along the river, the sound of bells and drums boiled over the river and moved the ground. Since ancient times, there has been no Sibi in the military prosperity".[38]
Sociology
Announce
edit
registered residence
In the fourth year of Liu Congjia's reign in the Han Dynasty and Zhao Dynasty, Pingyang, Hedong and other places had 630000 households and a population of more than 34 million.[69]
Description of country number
Announce
edit
（1） Liu Yuan regarded himself as the descendant of the Liu clan of the Han Dynasty, called himself the King of the Han Dynasty, and intended to unify the world like the Han Dynasty, so he took "Han" as his national title.[71]With his surname Liu, he was called Liu Han in history;The ruling area is located in the north of the Central Plains, so it is called the Northern Han Dynasty (Yi and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms PeriodNorthern Han DynastyConfusion, but seldom used);The ruler is also the Huns, another nameHun Han State。[72]
（2） Liu Yao, the leader of the Han Dynasty, took the place where he made his fortune as the former place of the State of Zhao in the Warring States Period and changed the country name to Zhao.It is called the former Zhao or Han Zhao because it is different from the latter Zhao in Shile.[73]
In 319, the State of Zhao split intoEr Zhao: Liu's "Emperor Zhao" in Guanzhong and Shi's in Guandong“Zhao Wang”Two independent regimes.historianIn order to distinguish between them, the State of Zhao of the Liu clan in Guanzhong together withLiu YuanBuiltThe State of Han, a little earlier（Tuge）The regime with the surname Liu was collectively called Qian Zhao, and the subsequent State of Zhao with the surname Shi was calledHou Zhao。[74-75]
Emperor lineage
Announce
edit
1、 Successive monarchs
Temple name
Posthumous title
full name
In office time
Year and service time
Ling Hao
In 304, Liu Yuan became the King of the Han Dynasty, in 308, Liu Yuan became the Emperor, and Jianguo was called the Han Dynasty
Note:A person's name in black indicates a monarch.
Ancestral relationship: Liu Chang (Liu Cong's younger brother)Liu Xuan(YuanAncestor）；
No records of kinship:Liu Hong(Left to King Lu)Liu Qin、Liu Jing、Liu Huanle、Liu Yang, Liu Jun, Liu Li, Liu Xian, Liu Anguo, Liu Sheng, Liu Xuan, Liu Rui, Liu ChengLiu Feng(General Zhenbei)Liu Ya(Taizai, Zhongshan King), Liu Can, Liu Ce, Liu Dan (Dasima), Liu Xun, LiuYi(Chang Guogong), Liu JieLiu Yue(Zhong Shan Wang, the General of the East Expedition), Liu Xian, Liu Chang, Liu Shu, Liu Zun, Liu Zhen, Liu Hou, Liu Shu, Wang Shu (Zuo Dushui messenger, Xiangling people)
unscramble
Announce
edit
Cause of extinction
Although both the former and the latter Zhao regimes followed the trend of historical development and carried out some reforms accordingly, the reform of the latter Zhao regime was relatively comprehensive and thorough, which was the fundamental reason for the demise of the former Zhao regime.[82]
