Liu Heita (? - 623) was the leader of the peasant uprising army in the late Sui Dynasty.Zhangnan, Beizhou (todayHebei ProvinceGucheng CountyNortheast) people.[35]
Less andDou JiandeTo be friends and participate in the late Sui DynastyHao XiaodeRebellion, rear castWagang Army。Tang DynastyWudeIn the first year (618), the Wagang Army failedWang ShichongCaptured.Later, he fled to Hebei and was appointed general from Dou Jiande. He was granted the title of Duke of Dongjun in the Han Dynasty.It is famous for its bravery and resourcefulness.[35]
After four years of martial arts, Dou Jiande fled after his failureZhangnan。His generals pushed him as the leader again, picked up the remaining troops and rose again, captured Hebei counties, and recovered Jiande's old place in the middle of half a year.Also sent envoy Bei JieTurkic。The next year, it was called the "King of the East Han Dynasty", with the title of "Tianzao" and the capital of Mingzhou (now Hebei ProvinceYongnian DistrictSoutheast), was soonLi ShiminAfter the defeat of the army, the Turks marched on, captured Hebei, Shandong and other places by several Turkish soldiers, and regained Hebei, still the capital of Mingzhou.[35]
The sixth year of Wude, Prince TangLi Jiancheng, King of QiLi YuanjiHe led the army to fight against him and challenged Dou Jiande by releasing his subordinates and refusing to investigate the past. His troops collapsed and he fled to Raoyang (today's Hebei ProvinceRaoyang County）, delivering Tang Jun to his subordinates and being killed.[35]
Full Name
Liu Heita
Year
Tianzao
Times
Late Sui Dynasty and Early Tang Dynasty
one's native heath
Zhangnan County, Beizhou(Northeast of Gucheng County, Hengshui City, Hebei Province today)
Date of death
623 years
Key achievements
Defeat Li Shentong and Luo Yi Defeat Xu Shiji and capture Xue Wanjun alive Kill Li Daoxuan, capture and kill Luo Shixin
When Liu Heita was young, he was cunning and overbearing. He was addicted to alcohol and gambling. He did not manage his industry. His family was poor and lacked food and clothing. He was a fellow villagerDou JiandeGive financial aid from time to time.[1]Later, the peasant uprising army began to rise, and Liu Heita defectedHao Xiaode, Xiao lived in the mountain forest, and later submittedLi Mi, become a partisan general.[2]
Liu Heita's Movie Image
WudeThe first year (618),Wagang ArmyWhen Li Mi surrendered to the Tang Dynasty, Liu Heita was defeatedWang ShichongCaptive.Wang Shichong has always heard that he is brave and tough, so he made him a cavalry general to guard Xinxiang (now Henan).Liu Heita looked down on Wang Shichong, and soon led his troops back to Hebei to join his friendsDou Jiande。Dou Jiande was overjoyed and appointed Liu Heita as the general, and granted the title of Han DongCounty DukeAnd ordered him to lead an attack.If Dou Jiande has any plan, he must be ordered to take charge of the reconnaissance alone. He often sneaks into the enemy to peek at the truth. Sometimes, he surprises the other party and takes the opportunity to attack with great success. The army is called "a brave general".[3]
In May of the fourth year of Wude (621), Jiande was defeated by the Tang army, and the Xia regime perished. He hid in his hometown in Zhangnan County, growing vegetables for himself and staying indoors.[4-5]
Recover old soil
In July of the fourth year of Wude (621), Emperor Gaozu of the Tang Dynasty ordered Dou Jiande to be beheaded, and forced Dou Jiande's old generals Fan Yuan, Dong Kangmai, Cao ZhanGao Yaxian, Wang Xiaohu and others went to Chang'an.Fan Yuan and others both resented Dou Jiande's murder and sawWang ShichongAfter surrender, the Ministry will not be able to preserve.So he decided to fight against the Tang Dynasty, and learned through divination that the main Feng surnamed Liu could succeed, so he went to find the old general Dou Jiande, Liu Ya.Liu Ya thought that the world was flat and would not start an accident.Fan Yuan and others angrily rebuked Liu Ya for being unjust, killed the other party and ran away.Find Liu Heita again, and Chen explains why.Liu Heita was overjoyed, killed the cattle assembly, recruited hundreds of people, and attacked Zhangnan County.Defeat Dai Yuanxiang, the governor of Beizhou, and the authority of Weizhou governor, and collect all weapons from the other side and more than 2000 people.[6]On July 19 (August 11), Liu Heita was in BeizhouZhangnanAn altar was set up to pay homage to Dou Jiande, who called himself a general and formally launched a large-scale military campaign.[7]
On August 22 (September 13), Liu Heita captured Liting, and Wang Xingmin, the general of garrison guards, died in battle.[8]Dou Jiande therefore killed old officials one after another in response to the uprising.August 26 (September 17),ShenzhouCui Yuanxun, the man who killed his assassin Peixi, betrayed Liu Heita.Tang Yanzhou ManagerXu YuanlangThey also responded.[9]
In September, Liu Heita was defeatedKing Huai'anLi Shentong、YouzhoumainLuo Yicoalition forces.On the sixth day of October (October 26), Liu Heita fellyeongju , captured the assassin Lu Shirui and captured Guanzhou.[10]
On November 19 (January 6, 622), Liu Heita fellDingzhou, kill the supervisorLi Xuantong。On November 27 (January 14), Zhou Wenju, a native of Qizhou, killed Wang Xiaoju, an assassin, and surrendered to Liu Heita.[11]
On the third day of December (January 19), Liu Heita fellJizhou, kill the chief administrator [q Ru] Ling.On December 12 (January 28), Liu Heita defeated in SongzhouGeneral Zuo Wu HouLi Shiji, captured aliveXue WanjunBrother, the army is powerful.TurkicJieli KhanMalaysia was also sent to help.The Tang court was shocked. On December 15 (February 1), the King of Qin was sentLi Shimin, King of QiLi YuanjiExpropriate Liu Heita.Liu Heita's troops remained strong, and from December 17 to 19 (February 3-5), they fell again within three daysXingzhou、Weizhou、ShenzhouKill Pan Daoyi, the head of Weizhou.[12]In half a year, Dou Jiande's original territory was completely restored.
Mingshui Battle
In the first month of the fifth year of Wude (622), Liu Heita called himself the King of the East Han in Xiangzhou. His Jiannian was named Tianzao and Fan Yuan was appointedLeft Minion Shooting, Dong Kang boughtMinister of War, elegant and virtuousRight GeneralHe restored all civil and military officials of Dou Jiande's Xia regime to their original posts and made Mingzhou the capital (now the southeast of Yongnian, Hebei).Establish laws and regulations to preside over government affairs and follow the system of the Xia regime.[13]
Liu Heita
In February, King QinLi ShiminHe led the army to crusade against Liu Heita. The army was stationed in Weizhou. Liu Heita sent troops to challenge him many times, but was defeated by the Tang army.Liu Heita was afraid, so he gave up Xiangzhou and retreated to the Lieren Camp to set up guards.Mingshui County (now Hebei ProvinceQuzhouPeople from the west asked to be Liu Heita's internal assistant, and Li Shimin sent the managerRosenWhen Liu Heita entered the city and occupied Mingshui County, Luo Shixin was killed, so Liu Heita occupied Mingzhou.[14]
In March, Li Shimin, relying on Mingshui's strategic position, set up a military camp to intimidate Liu Heita, and sent surprise troops to cut off his food transportation channels.Liu Heita challenged again and again, and Li Shimin stuck to the barrier to defeat him.The rations in Liu Heita's city were exhausted. Li Shimin was sure that he would come to the decisive battle. He ordered people to block the upstream of Mingshui River in advance. He told the officials guarding the dike that when the battle started, when Liu Heita's army crossed the river and reached the middle of the river, the dike would be dug.Liu Heita led 20000 infantry and cavalry to fight against the Tang army at Mingshui. Liu Heita's army was in a rout and the river was surging. Liu Heita's men and horses could not cross the river. More than 10000 people were killed and thousands drowned.Liu Heita and Fan Yuan fled with more than 1000 peopleTurkic。[15]
Defeated and killed
In June of the fifth year of Wude (622), Liu Heita borrowedTurkicThe army rose again and invaded Shandong.[16]
In July, Liu Heita arrivedDingzhou(Now HebeiDingxian County）His former generals Cao Zhan and Dong Kangmai fled toXianyuThis time, people were recruited to respond to Liu Heita.On the 15th (August 26), Emperor Gaozu of the Tang Dynasty appointed the Prince of HuaiyangLi DaoxuanbyHebei RoadMarching Manager, with the former Duke of StateShi WanbaoCrusade against Liu Heita.[17]
Liu Heita was captured alive
In September, Liu Heita captured Yingzhou and killed Ma Kuangwu, the governor of Yingzhou.Dongyan PrefectureMa Junde betrayed the Tang Dynasty and attached Liu Heita to Yanzhou in the east.[18]
On the first day of October (November 9), Emperor Gaozu of the Tang Dynasty sent King QiLi YuanjiThe commander crusaded Liu Heita.On the fifth day of the first lunar month (November 13), Liu Heita's army attacked鄃 [Shilu] County，BaizhouThe governor Xu Shanhu died in battle.On the sixth day of the first lunar month (November 14), Liu Junhui, the governor of Guanzhou, rebelled against the Tang Dynasty and turned to Liu Heita.On the 17th (November 25), Liu Heita's army and Tang's army Li Daoxuan fought in Xiabo (now southeast of Shenxian County, Hebei Province). Tang's army was defeated and Li Daoxuan was killed[19], Shi Wanbao rode back lightly.MingzhouSteward Lu Jiang WangLi YuanAbandon the city and go west,XiangzhouThe prefectures and counties to the north of (today's Anyang, Henan) were successively annexed, and all the original towns were recovered in ten days, and the capital was established in Mingzhou.[20]
On the third day of November (December 10), Liu Heita's army captured Cangzhou.[21]On the seventh day of the first lunar month (December 14), the Tang court changed the leadership three times, and the crown princeLi JianchengReplace Li Yuanji.
On December 11 (January 17, 623), Liu Jun captured Hengzhou and killed the assassin Wang Gongzheng.[22]On the 18th (January 24), Liu Heita's army attackedWeizhou(Now HebeiDaming County(North), standing against Jiancheng and Yuanji armiesChangle(Now HenanNanle）。[23]Prince Li Jiancheng supervised the soldiers to fight and won every victory.[24-25]On the 25th (January 31st), Liu Heita was again inMuseum potteryHe was defeated by the Tang army.[26-27]Liu Heita and the leader Wu fled northwardMaozhou(Zhiguan pottery, now belonging to Hebei).Liu Heita reorganizes the army and backs upYongji CanalMore than 1000 cavalry troops formed by the formation, Jiancheng and Yuanji gathered in the Yongji Canal. After a fierce sprint, thousands of Liu Heita's troops fell into the water and died. Liu Heita was defeated again,[28-29]Li Jiancheng Appoints RidersLiu Hongjipursuit.[30]
Liu Heita was pursued by Liu Hongji, who could not rest, and his soldiers were tired on the long journey.On the fifth day of the first month of the sixth year of Wude (623), Liu Heita fled to Raoyang (now HebeiRaoyang）At that time, there were only more than one hundred cavalry soldiers with him. Everyone was hungry and wanted to go to the city to get something to eat.Appointed by Liu HeitaRaozhouAssassinZhuge DeweiWelcome them out of the city and invite them into the city.Liu Heita began to disagree. Zhuge Dewei pretended to be sincere and respectful, and insisted on the invitation crying.When Liu Heita entered the city gate, Zhuge Dewei commanded his troops to arrest him and sent him to Li Jiancheng.[31]In February, Li JianchengMingzhouGeneral Liu Heita and his younger brotherLiu ShishanThey were beheaded together, and Shandong was pacified.[32]
Historical evaluation
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Fan Yuan: "Liu Heita, the Duke of the East of the Han Dynasty, is bold and resourceful, lenient and tolerant, and is grateful to his soldiers."[33]
Liu Xu《Old Tang Script》: ① "Rogue, addicted to alcohol, fond of gambling, and unable to control industry";[33]② "Since Heita has traveled all over the country, he is good at observing changes from time to time. He is brave and treacherous."[33]
Ouyang XiuEtc《New Tang Dynasty Book》: "Heita and Kaidao are brave but not resourceful. They are just crazy thieves who are killed by their subordinates. It's wrong to control people."[34]
Historical records
Announce
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New Book of the Tang Dynasty, Volume 86, Biography XI[34]
The Old Book of the Tang Dynasty, Volume 55, Biography 5[33]
As recorded in the New Book of Tang Dynasty, "There is an old stronghold of Taizong in Goushan (Yongnian County), and Liu Heita was asked to come here".Qing Dynasty《Jiaqing Rebuilds Unified Annals》There are also records in the Gui [j ī] Fu Tong Zhi that "in the fifth year of Wude, Taizong attacked Liu Heita and set up camp here".Qing Dynasty《Jifu Tongzhi》There is also a record about Dacangmen Mountain in Shahe County: "Dacangmen Mountain, 120 miles west of the county, is also called Cangkou. In the Tang Dynasty, people tried to buy a warehouse here to pay salaries, so it was named".The Jifu Tongzhi even quoted in the records of Dacangmen Mountain《Unified Annals of the Qing Dynasty》Further clarify:“Tang TaizongWhen he was the King of Qin, he attacked Liu Heita in Hebei and set up a warehouse here to pay the salaries, so he was named Cangmen.
The old fortress of Taizong in Goushan and the site of Tangcang in Cangmen are historical relics left by Mingshui Battle.
