synonymRussian federation(Russian Federation) generally refers to Russia (Russian Federation)
Russian Federation (Russian: РосссийскаяФедерания, Россия, English: Russian Federation, Russia), also known as Russia, the capitalMoscow, composed of 85 equal federal entities, across the countryeurasiaWith a total area of 17.0982 million square kilometers, bordering 14 countries.Border It is 60933 kilometers long, including 38807 kilometers of coastline and 14509 kilometers of land boundary.As of April 2023, the total population of Russia is about 146 million.There are 194 ethnic groupsRussianMainly.Most believeThe Orthodox Church, the official language isRussian。[1][23]
From the end of the 15th century to the beginning of the 16th centuryMoscow Grand DuchyAnd gradually formed a multi-ethnic feudal country.In 1547,ivan iv (Ivan Leidi) changed the title of Grand Duke toczar。In 1721,Peter I (Peter the Great) changed the country name toRussian Empire。In 1861, it was abolishedSerfdom。In February 1917, the bourgeois revolution overthrew the autocratic system.On November 7, 1917,October RevolutionBurst and established the first socialist state power in the world——Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic。Established on December 30, 1922Union of Soviet Socialist Republics。On December 25, 1991,The disintegration of the Soviet UnionThe Russian Federation became a fully independent country and the only successor to the Soviet Union.On December 12, 1993, the first constitution of Russia after independence was passed by referendum, which stipulated the name of the country as "the Russian Federation".[1]
Russia isEconomic PowersFirst, the basic scientific research strength is relatively strong, especially in aerospace, nuclear energy, military industry and other cutting-edge technology research, with rich energy and mineral resources.Russia isPermanent members of the United Nations Security CouncilDiplomacy has a strong influence on the world.In 2022, Russia's GDP will decrease by 2.1% year on year.As of April 14, 2023, Russia'sinternational reserve $600.2 billion.
On September 20 local time, the Russian government released a list of countries and regions whose values are hostile to Russia, including 47 countries and regions, including the United States, Britain, Germany, Japan, South Korea, Ukraine and Taiwan.The list has opened the way for people from these countries and regions to seek asylum in Russia. The list is especially bracketed with "China" written in "Taiwan".... Details
Content from
Chinese name
Russian Federation, Russia
Foreign name
Российская Федерация，Россия(Russian) Russian Federation，Russia(English)
On June 12, 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic issued the Declaration of State Sovereignty, declaring that the Russian Federation has "absolute sovereignty" in its territory.
In August 1991, the Soviet Union"8.19" event。On September 6 of the same year, the State Council of the Soviet Union adopted a resolution recognizing thatEstonia、Latvia、LithuaniaThe three republics are independent.On December 8 of the same year, the Russian FederationBelarus、UkraineThe leaders of the three joined republics signed the Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement in Belovige and announced the formation of"Commonwealth of Independent States"。On December 21 of the same year, except the three Baltic countries andGeorgiaSigned by 11 foreign Soviet republics《Declaration of Alma-Ata 》And the Protocol to the Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement.On December 26 of the same year, the Supreme Soviet Republic House of the Soviet Union held its last meeting and announced that the Soviet Union ceased to exist.So far,The disintegration of the Soviet UnionThe Russian Federation became a fully independent country and the only successor to the Soviet Union.
On December 12, 1993, the first constitution of Russia after independence was passed by referendum, which stipulated the name of the country as "the Russian Federation".
On September 18, 2023 local time, the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement on its official website, announcing Russia's withdrawalBarents Sea Euro Arctic Council。[28]
On December 1, 2023 local time, citing the information on the official website of the German Agency in Russia,GermanyThe Consulate General in Novosibirsk, Russia has ceased operations.[32]
On June 17, 2024 local time, President Putin of Russia signed a resolution agreeing toNorth KoreaThe Comprehensive Strategic Partnership Treaty was signed.Yuri Ushakov, assistant to the Russian President, said on the same day that the document might be signed during Putin's visit to North Korea, and security and other issues would be considered.[50]
Russia covers an area of 17.0982 million square kilometers, spanning Eurasia, with a maximum length of 9000 kilometers from east to west and a maximum width of 4000 kilometers from north to south. It is the largest country in the world.The boundary line of Russia is 60933 kilometers long, of which the coastline is 38807 kilometers longAtlantic、arctic ocean、the pacific ocean12 seas;The land boundary is 14509 kilometers long, and 36% of the territoryarctic circleInside.
topographic features
RussiaplainandplateauDominant terrain.The terrain is high in the south and low in the north, low in the west and high in the east.
36% of Russia's territory is within the Arctic Circle. From north to south, there are Arctic desert, permafrost zone, grassland zone, forest permafrost zone, forest grassland zone and semi desert zone.[7]
Russian topography
climate
Russia has a vast territory and a complex and diverse climate. It generally belongs to the continental climate of the temperate zone and the sub frigid zone of the Northern Hemisphere. According to the degree of its continental nature, it can be divided into two parts with the Yenisei River as the boundary. The western part has a mild continental climate and Siberia has a strong continental climate.The northwest coastal area has the characteristics of marine climate, while the far eastern Pacific coast has the characteristics of monsoon climate.Most regions of Russia have long and cold winters, short and warm summers, and short spring and autumn.The average temperature in January is - 37 ℃ to - 1 ℃, and the average temperature in July is 11 ℃ to 27 ℃, with a relative humidity of 30% to 80%.[7]
hydrology
Volga River
There are more than 3 million rivers and 2.8 million lakes in Russia;Lake BaikalIt is the largest freshwater lake in the world with the largest water storage capacity. The main rivers areVolga River、Ob River、Lena River，Yenisei River、Amur River , mostly north-south.
③Lake Baikal(The deepest lake in the world, formed by the subsidence of crustal fracture)Onega Lake。[7]
natural resources
Russia is rich in mineral resources, forest resources, water conservancy, fishery and other natural resources, with many kinds, large reserves and high self-sufficiency.
Forest resources
The forest coverage area is 809 million hectares, accounting for 46.6% of the land area, ranking first in the world, and the timber storage volume is 102.2 billion cubic meters.
mineral resources
It mainly includes coal, iron, peat, oil, natural gas, copper, manganese, lead, zinc, etc.Non metallic mineral deposits are also extremely rich. The reserves and output of asbestos, graphite, mica, magnesite, corundum, iceland stone, gem and diamond are large. The reserves of potash are ranked first in the world with Canada.In recent years, Russia's proven reserves of oil, gas and mineral resources have increased annually, further consolidating its position as the world's largest resource country.
capitalMoscowIt is the political, economic, financial, scientific, artistic, educational and commercial center of Russia and the largest city in Europe.It is located in the middle of the European part of Russia,Moscow RiverThe bank covers an area of about 2560 square kilometers.The permanent population is about 12.3 million.
Moscow Scenery
Moscow is the largest comprehensive industrial city in Russia and the financial and commercial center of Russia.The city has complete industrial departments, developed heavy industry and chemical industry, and machinery and instrument manufacturing industry accounts for more than 50% of the city's total industrial output value.The city is also the largest military industrial center in Russia, with developed aviation, aerospace and electronics industries.There are more than 1000 commercial banks in the city, accounting for 50% of Russia.Financial assets account for 85% of the country, and investment and business activities account for 90% of the country.Foreign investment and economic aggregate rank first in Russia.The public transportation facilities in the city are perfect, and it is a transportation hub throughout Russia.
Moscow Central Business District
Moscow is the center of education, science and technology and a famous historical and cultural city in Russia.The proportion of citizens with college education level or above ranks among the largest cities in the world.There are many higher education institutions and universities in the city.The Russian Academy of Sciences and its more than 90 scientific research institutions are located in Moscow.Well known universitiesMoscow University、People's Friendship University of RussiaEtc.The Russian State Library (Former Lenin Library) is one of the largest libraries in the world.The city has complete cultural and sports facilities, with more than 350 cinemas, concert halls, museums, exhibition halls, etc.Moscow Grand TheaterIts ballet is famous all over the world.[16]
Moscow and the Capital of ChinaBeijing，[16]Heilongjiang ProvinceHarbinCities are friendly to each other.[18]
St.PetersburgIt is the second largest city in Russia, known as the "Northern Capital" of Russia.It covers an area of 1439 square kilometers, including 606 square kilometers of urban area.As of January 1, 2020, there were 5.398 million permanent residents in Shengshi, an increase of 0.3% over January 1, 2019.Located in the northwest of Russiathe BalticGulf of FinlandThe East Coast,Neva RiverIt flows through the urban area.The city is distributed on 42 islands and connected by more than 400 bridges.There are 93 canals in the city, and the water area accounts for one tenth of the city's area, known as the "Venice of the North".Due to the high latitude (59 ° 57 'N), there is a "white night" natural landscape here in summer.
St. Petersburg is the center of economy, commerce, science and technology, culture, education and transportation of Russia, second only to Moscow.There are more than 700 large and medium-sized industrial enterprises, and the main industrial sectors are electrical machinery, shipbuilding, automobile manufacturing, chemical industry, machinery, textile, food, etc.Saint Petersburg's scientific and technological strength accounts for about 11% of Russia.St. Petersburg has developed water, land and air transportation, with 568 km railway and 6 railway stations;2 airports and 60 air routes;1 seaport and 1 river port;The subway is 110 kilometers long.There are more than 60000 commercial and service enterprises in the city.
Scenery of St. Petersburg
St. Petersburg in CzarPeter I It was built in 1703 toSaint Peter St. Petersburg means the city of Saint Peter.From 1712 to 1918, it was the capital of Russia and the Soviet Union.It was renamed Petrograd in 1914, Leningrad in 1924, and St. Petersburg in 1991.1917October Socialist RevolutionOccurs here.1941-1945Soviet Patriotic WarDuring this period, the city's army and people went through hardships and fought hard, breaking the 900 day siege of the German Fascist army. After the war, the city was awarded the title of "Hero City".
Winter Palace
St. Petersburg is a world famous cultural city, which has the reputation of "cultural capital" of Russia.There are 53 national universities, more than 40 non national universities, more than 400 scientific research institutions, more than 200 libraries, more than 80 theaters, more than 100 troupes, 45 art galleries, 62 cinemas, 3675 sports facilities in the city, including 38 stadiums.The city is famous for its numerous historical and cultural relics.There are 36 projects including the historical center and related historic sites, as well as the palace garden buildings in the suburbs, totaling more than 4000 buildings, historical and cultural sites. St. Petersburg as a whole isUNESCOIncludedWorld Cultural HeritageDirectories.Holy City has 264 museums, includingHermitage Museum（Winter Palace）、Peter's Palace(Summer Palace)Constantine Palace 、Yekaterina Palace、Pavlovsk Palace、Yusupov Palace 、Smolny Palace、Peter Paul FortressIsakia CathedralRussian MuseumAnd so on.[17]
St. Petersburg and China in 1988ShanghaiEstablish sister city relations.[15]
Yekaterinburg(called Sverdlovsk from 1924 to 1991) was founded in 1723YekaterinaNaming.It is the center of Sverdlovsk region and alsoUralAnd important industrial, transportation, trade, scientific, cultural and administrative centers of the Russian Federation.The city is located inUral MountainsAt the east foot, beside the Isit River.Yekaterinburg has unique historical and cultural heritage and is one of the oldest cities in the Russian Federation.There are nearly 800 historical, architectural, technological and artistic attractions in this land.Part of it is also the most important part of the Federation.
Yekaterinburg City Management Building (City Hall)
In the 18th century, Yekaterinburg, located on the Siberian road connecting Russia, Europe and Asia, was once the center of metallurgical industry.In the first half of the 19th century, the metallurgical industry led the rapid development of Yekaterinburg.In the last 25 years of the 19th century, Yekaterinburg became the economic, financial and cultural center of the Urals, and also the gateway toPerm、Tumen、ChelyabinskAn important railway hub.According to the comprehensive indicators of national economy and trade circulation, Yekaterinburg is the third largest city in Russia, second only to Moscow and St. Petersburg.At the same time, it is the fifth largest city in Russia.
Yekaterinburg is the largest financial credit service center in Ural region.Its capital exchange ranks third in the country in terms of market turnover.There are more than 50 banks supporting Ural trading.Five banks have the right to operate rare metal transactions.Yekaterinburg has foreign trade contacts with more than 100 countries, and 615 foreign-funded enterprises have finally invested in the United States, Britain, Germany andCyprus。The city is now a major business radiation center and information center of Ural and the whole Russia, known as the locomotive of Ural economic development.
Scenery of Yekaterinburg
The citizens and tourists of Yekaterinburg have good rest conditions.There are 23 natural scenes in the urban area alone, including 13 parks, with a total area of 12000 hectares.Rare plants from all over the world are planted in the Botanical Garden of the Ural Branch of the National Academy of Sciences and the gardens of the Ural National Academy of Forestry Technology.The Central Cultural Rest Park is the most famous park in the city.Wutuski Mountain, which is close to the south of Yekaterinburg, and Weierssetsky Lake, which is south of Yekaterinburg, are popular places for citizens.The natural and historical scenic spot "Stone tent" located to the west of the Ring Road is also an excellent place.In the park and forest beside the Kataki Lake, there are strange granite, showing the outline of an ancient castle.There are about 30 natural scenes in the suburbs of the city, the most famous of which is the "Eurasian boundary".
Yekaterinburg and Guangdong ProvinceGuangzhou CityThey are friendly cities to each other.[15]
KazanThe city is the capital of the Tatar Autonomous Republic of the Russian FederationVolga RiverEconomic, transportation and cultural center in the middle reaches.The city, together with Moscow and St. Petersburg, is listed as three A-level historical and cultural cities in Russia. It is one of the important tourist cities in Russia, with many places of interest and historic sites. It is a famous historical and cultural city in Russia,Kremlin, Sveishensk Island and Baoergar are included in the world cultural heritage.As one of the important machinery and chemical industry centers in Russia, the main industries of the city include aviation engines, air compressors, precision machinery, machine tools, thermal instruments, oil refining, polyethylene, synthetic rubber, motors, daily chemicals and leather manufacturing.
Kazan Scenery
Kazan is also an important railway hub and large river port in Russia. The longest river in Europe - Volga River and Kazan River meet in the east of Kazan.Kazan is a minority city in Russia.Kazan is an important research and education center with developed educationKazan State University 44 higher education institutions.Kazan National University has a history of more than 200 yearsLenin、Tolstoy、ChernychevskyAnd so on.In addition, there are conservatory of music, branch of academy of science, medical device research institute and other institutions.
Vladivostok（Vladivostok）It is the administrative center of the Far East Federal District, with a population of about 605000 and an area of 331.16 square kilometers.Located at the eastern end of the Siberian Railway, it is Russia's window to the Asia Pacific.The only federal university in the Russian Far East Federal District（Far Eastern Federal University）The Far East Branch, one of the three branches of the Russian Academy of Sciences, is located in the city.Current relationship with ChinaDalian、Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture、HarbinThe sister city relationship has been established.
IrkutskLocated in East SiberiaAngara RiverBankLake Baikal66 kilometers, 277 square kilometers, with a population of 620000, is the capital of Irkutsk State.It is the scientific research and education center in eastern Siberia, Russia, withIrkutsk State University , Baikal National University and other universities.The industrial foundation is strong, among which aircraft manufacturing, hydropower generation and food production occupy a leading position in Russia.And Liaoning ProvinceShenyangThey are friendly cities to each other.[15]
National symbol
Announce
edit
Country name
In the 9th century AD, in the process of establishing the ancient Russian state centered on Kiev, the ancestors of the Russian people, the ancient Russian tribe, gradually formed（Mrs. Dongsla）, and became the name of the country thereafter.
The term "Russia" refers to the Chinese people's early contact with RussiansMongolianIt's learned that few Mongolian people begin with the consonant R, and Mongolians often add the corresponding vowel O when they meet this situation, so "Ross"mongolianIt is translated as OROS, and the first syllable is O.This is also Chinayuan dynastyThe reason why it is called "Oros" or "Oros" in historical records.
here we arethe ming dynastyThe contact between China and Russia was interrupted, and there was no direct contact between China and Russia until the end of the Ming Dynasty. At that time, the Chinese people literally translated it as "Luocha".Russia This name still existed until the early Qing Dynasty. For example, the historical materials of Sino Russian negotiations compiled under the order of Emperor Kangxi were named《General plan of pacifying Luocha》。However, the ruling ethnic group of the Qing Dynasty was the ManchuMongolianThe influence is relatively deep, so it adopts indirect transliteration from Mongolian, which was called "Russia" after Kangxi and is still used today. The Russian Empire is called Tsarist Russia for short, that isCzar Russia。
On November 30, 1993, Russia decided to adoptOctober RevolutionfrontIvanrettiContemporaryDouble headed eagleThe national emblem is designed as: there is a golden double headed eagle on the red shield, and on the eagle's head isPeter the GreatThe eagle claw holds the scepter and golden ball symbolizing imperial power.The eagle has a small shield on its chestknightAnd a white horse.The origin of the two headed eagle can be traced back to the 15th century AD.The double headed eagle was originallyImperium Romanumemperorconstantine i The emblem of.In 330 AD, Constantine the Great moved the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the new capital, Byzantium (meaning the second Rome). The national emblem was changed to a double headed eagle, which looked at the west with one end and the east with the other, symbolizing "God bless East and West Rome".In 1497, the two headed eagle first appeared in Russia as a national emblembroad sealUp to 1918.On November 30, 1993, the two headed eagle, which symbolized the unity and unity of Russia, flew back to the national emblem of Russia.At the end of the 20th century, the stateDumaIt is legally determined that the double headed eagle is the national symbol of Russia.
national flag
Flag of Russia
Flag of Russia The traditional pan Slavic color is adopted, and the flag surface is composed of three parallel and equal horizontal rectangles. From top to bottom, it is white, blue, and red.The white color in the national flag represents the snow all the year round in the frigid zone, the blue color represents the sub frigid zone, and it also represents Russia's rich underground mineral resources, forests, water power and other natural resources. The red color is the symbol of the temperate zone, and it also represents Russia's long history and contribution to human civilization.The arrangement of three colors shows the vastness of Russia.On the other hand, white is also a symbol of truth, blue represents purity and loyalty, and red is a symbol of beauty and courage.
1699Peter the GreatWhen he came to Holland to study shipbuilding, he realized that he needed to design a military flag for the Russian navy.He therefore imitated the design of the Dutch tricolor flag, but the color was another choice (thenDutch flagIt's orange, white and blue).The colors Peter the Great chose at that time were red, white and blue, which became the pan Slavic color.On May 7, 1883, this flag officially becameRussian flag, 1917October RevolutionThe rear tricolor flag was cancelled.On August 21, 1991, the flag was adopted again as the flag of the independent Russian Federation.
Russia is a multi-ethnic country with 194 nationalities.Among them, the Russian nationality accounts for 77.7%, and the main ethnic minorities are Tatar, Ukraine, Bashkir, Chuvash, Chechnya, Armenia, Aval, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Belarus, etc.
The population of Russia is mainly distributed in central cities. About 1/5 of the national population and more than 1/3 of the urban population are concentrated inMoscow、St.Petersburg、Novosibirsk、Yekaterinburg、Nizhny Novgorod、Kazan、Chelyabinsk、Omsk、Samara、Rostov by Don、Ufa、Krasnoyarsk、Perm、Voronezh、VolgogradWait for 15 big cities.As of January 1, 2020, there are 15 cities in Russia with a population of more than 1 million, 22 cities with a population of 500000~1 million, and 134 cities with a population of 100000~500000.[7]
As of January 1, 2023, the permanent population of Russia (only Russian citizens) is about 14642.5 million, which has decreased by about 555000 in the past year.According to the last year's census data of Russia, the total population of Russia will be about 1469.8 billion by January 1, 2022.According to the latest statistics, the population of the Russian Central Federal District exceeds 40 million, of which more than 13 million live in Moscow;The population of the Northwest Federal District exceeds 13.6 million, of which nearly 5.6 million live in St. Petersburg.There are 16 cities in Russia with a population of more than 1 million, including Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, etc.[23]
Politics
Announce
edit
regime
Russia implements the federal state system of presidential system.According to the Constitution, the rights and status of all federal subjects (the republic, border regions, states, municipalities directly under the Central Government, autonomous prefectures and autonomous regions) are equal. Only after the Russian Federation and the subjects of the Russian Federation consult each other in accordance with the federal constitution can the status of the subjects of the Russian Federation be changed.
The President of the Russian Federation is the head of state and the guarantee of the Constitution, the rights and freedoms of the people and citizens of the Russian Federation;The President decides the country's domestic and foreign policies in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws;The President appoints the Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister and Ministers of the Federal Government to preside over the Federal Government meetings;The President is the supreme commander of the national armed forces and leads the national security conference;The President has the right to dissolve Parliament, and Parliament can impeach the President only after accusing him of treason or other very serious crimes and being confirmed by the Supreme Court.The President's term of office is six years.
constitution
The first constitution of Russia after independence was adopted by referendum on December 12, 1993, and came into force on December 25 of the same year.The Constitution stipulates that Russia is a democratic federal legal country with a republican system, and has established a presidential system of state leadership.In 2020, the Russian people's referendum will amend the constitution, and the presidential tenure system will be revised.
parliament
Conference of the Russian Federation(Parliament) is the representative and legislative body of the Russian Federation, a permanent body, composed of the Federal Council (upper house) and the State Duma (lower house).To exercise the functions of legislation and supervision, the work mainly focuses on three aspects: legislative activities, supervision of national finance, and supervision of the government.
At present, the Federal Council has a total of 170 representatives (members of parliament), consisting of one representative from the power representative organ and one representative from the power executive organ of each federal subject.Its main functions are to approve the federal laws, change the boundary of the federal subject, the President's orders on the state of war and emergency, decide on the overseas garrison, presidential election and impeachment, and the relationship between the central and local governments.
Chairman of the Federal CouncilValentina Ivanovna Matviyenko(Female), elected on August 31, 2011.On October 12, 2021, the "United Russia Party" recommendedVyacheslav Victorovich VorokinRe elected President of the Russian Duma.There are 450 representatives (members of parliament) in the State Duma. The term of office of the representatives is five years. Their main functions are to pass federal laws, announce amnesty, and agree with the President's appointment of heads of government.
government
Government of the Russian FederationIt is the highest executive organ of state power.The Government of the Russian Federation is composed of the Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister and Ministers of the Government of the Russian Federation;The Prime Minister shall, in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws and decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, determine the basic principles for the activities of the Russian Federation government and the work of organizing the government.[7]
On January 16, 2020, Putin signed a presidential decree appointingMikhail Mishuskin(МихаилВладимировичМИШУСТИН) is the prime minister of the government.[1]
On May 10, 2024 local time, it was reported that Russian President Putin signed a presidential decree appointing Mishuskin as Prime Minister of the Russian government.[42]
mechanism
The management system and functions of the Russian government: the organizational structure model implements the three-level management system of the federal department, bureau and bureau.The Federal Department is divided into two categories: the President's direct leadership and the government's leadership. The Federal Bureau and the Federal Agency are divided into three categories: the President's direct leadership, the government's leadership and the Federal Department's jurisdiction.
The function of the Ministry of the Russian Federation is to formulate national policies in the fields under its jurisdiction, regulate the activities in the fields under its jurisdiction by law, and supervise and coordinate the activities of the federal bureaus and agencies under its jurisdiction.At the same time, the Federal Department also manages the activities of the State's non budgetary funds.The function of the Russian Federal Bureau is to supervise and regulate the activities in the field under its charge, and to perform special functions in national defense, national security, national border protection, public security and combating social crimes.The function of the Russian Federation Agency is to provide state services (such as licensing, quotas, etc.) for activities in the field of its competence.At the same time, the Federal Agency also performs national property management and law enforcement functions in addition to supervision and regulation functions.[7]
Departments directly under the President of the Russian Federation
Russian Federal Narcotics Circulation Supervision Agency (Federal Bureau)
Russian Federal Security Service
General Administration of Special Planning of the President of the Russian Federation (Federal Agency)
Russian Federal Presidential Affairs Bureau
Russian Federal Financial Supervisory Authority
Reference source for relevant contents:[7]
Departments directly under the Government of the Russian Federation
Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation
Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation
Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation
Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation
Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation
Digital development in the Russian Federation
Ministry of Communications and Mass Media
Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation
Ministry of Sports of the Russian Federation
Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation
Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation
Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation
Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation
Ministry of Far East and Arctic Development of the Russian Federation
Ministry of Labor and Social Security of the Russian Federation
Reference source for relevant contents:[7]
Federal Bureau and Federal Agency under the direct leadership of the Russian Federal Government
Russian Federal Antitrust Agency
Russian Federation Customs Service
Russian Federal Price and Fee Bureau
Russian Federal Financial Market Agency
Russian Federal Space Agency
State Border Equipment Agency of the Russian Federation
Russian Federal Alcohol Market Administration
Russian Federal Bureau of Ecology, Science, Technology and Nuclear Supervision
Russian Federal Immigration Service
Consumer Protection and Public Welfare Supervision Bureau of the Russian Federation
Russian Federal Defense Procurement Agency
Russian Federal Statistical Office
Reference source for relevant contents:[7]
judicial
The judicial organs of the Russian Federation mainly include the Federal Constitutional Court, the Federal Supreme Court, the Federal Supreme Court of Arbitration and the Federal Procuratorate General.The Federal Council appoints judges of the Federal Constitutional Court, the Federal Supreme Court, the Federal Supreme Court of Arbitration and the Federal Attorney General on the nomination of the President.
The jurisdiction in the Russian Federation is exercised by the courts.Judges are independent and cannot be removed from their posts. They are only subject to the Constitution and federal laws of the Russian Federation.Judges are inviolable and cannot be held criminally responsible.The Court can only be funded from the federal budget.
The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation adjudicates relevant cases according to the requirements of the President, the Federal Assembly, the Government and other supreme judicial bodies.
The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation is the highest judicial body in civil, criminal, administrative and other cases.
The Supreme Court of Arbitration of Russia is the highest judicial organ to settle economic disputes and other cases that are arbitrated.
In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the Republic, criminal and civil laws, labor laws and court organizational laws, courts at all levels in Russia hear civil, criminal, administrative and other cases within their respective jurisdictions.[7]
party
In April 2012, the revised Law on Political Parties came into force, the conditions for registration of political parties were relaxed, and the number of Russian political parties increased significantly.As of 2016, there were more than 77 political parties registered in the Russian Ministry of Justice.The main parties in Russia are: the "United Russia" party, the Russian Communist PartyRussian Liberal Democratic PartyAnd the "just Russia" party.The United Russia party is the largest party in Russia.
The "United Russia" Party (единаяроссия): established on December 1, 2001, it was formed by the merger of the "United" Party, the "Motherland" Movement and the "All Russia" Movement.The party supports the President's various principles and policies, and economically advocates combining a civilized market economy with social justice. Economic reform and development must aim at improving the people's material living standards;Politically, it advocates combining a strong country with respect for civil liberties and human rights, reforming the way of national governance, improving the efficiency of government work, and gradually realizing the transformation of national functions from operators to regulators.In the legislative bodies at all levels of the country, members of parliament occupy the majority.There are 343 representatives in the current State Duma, accounting for an absolute majority.There are 140 members of the Federal Council.In Russia, the majority of federal chief executives are members of the party or its supporters, so the party is called "political party".The Party Chairman is the former Prime Minister of the Russian Government and the current Vice Chairman of the Russian National Security CouncilDmitry Medvedev 。
Communist Party of the Russian Federation(Коммунистическаяпартия РоссийскойФедерании): Founded in June 1990, it was a part of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union at that time.After the August 19 incident in 1991, the Russian Communist Party was banned by the authorities and its property was confiscated.In February 1993, the Russian Communist Party held its second congress to rebuild and resume its activities.In January 1995, the Third Congress of the Russian Communist Party adopted a new party platform, which stipulates that one of the main goals of the Russian Communist Party is to establish people's power and advocates social reform by peaceful means.In November 2008, the new party platform was adopted, reiterating the political position of the Russian Communist Party as the tough opposition of the authorities, and clarifying the 20 urgent tasks of the party at this stage, such as theoretical innovation, the rejuvenation of the cadre team, and intra party democracy.The Chairman of the Central Committee isZyuganovHe is also the leader of the parliamentary party of the Duma of the Russian Communist Party.It has 42 members of parliament in the State Duma.
The "just Russia" party (справедливаяроссия:): on October 28, 2006, it was formed by the merger of the "motherland" party, the retirees' party and the life party.The "Just Russia" party claims to be a left-wing party with a social democratic orientation. Its main goal is to establish social partnership, achieve social democracy and unity, and achieve social justice on a humanitarian basis.Mironov is the party chairman and the leader of the party group of the Duma parliament of the "just Russia" state.
The Russian Liberal Democratic Party (либералено - демократическаяпартияроссии): Founded in December 1989, it is the first political party established after the former Soviet Union implemented the multi-party system.The party has a strong nationalist color, with extremist elements, forming a relatively stable electorate.Advocate centralization of power internally, establish a unitary state, and implement state monopoly on important departments.It advocated to restore the territory of the Russian Empire in the territory of the Soviet Union, and proposed that the borders "can only be extrapolated, not shrunk";He advocated strengthening ties with Eastern Europe to establish the Slavic Union of States;Pursue the strategy of going south, saying that Russian soldiers should "wash their boots in the Indian Ocean".After the "September 11 Incident", he also advocated alliance with the West.The party pursues a speculative line in politics. The chairman of the party and the leader of the party group of the State Duma Assembly of the Russian Liberal Democratic Party areZhirinovskyHe often makes sensational remarks to attract people's attention.Basically support the policies of the Putin authorities in various fields.[7]
Dignitaries
Vladimir Putin
Current President:Vladimir Vladimir Putin(ВладимирВладимировичПУТИН), born on October 7, 1952 in Leningrad, Soviet Union (now St. Petersburg, Russia), Russian politician, the second and fourthPresident of Russia, formerPrime Minister of Russia、United Russia Partychairman.The constitutional amendment signed on December 30, 2008 extended the term of office of the President from four years to six years.The current President of the Russian Federation, Vladimir Vladimir Putin, was elected for the fourth time on March 23, 2018, and was sworn in on May 7. His term of office will last until early May 2024.Since Putin took office, he has revived and upgraded the international status of Russia after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, strengthened the power of the federal government, cracked down on economic oligarchs, rectified market order, and strengthened the military construction;Efforts should be made to improve the international environment, expand diplomatic space and oppose NATO's eastward expansion.[1]
Current Prime Minister:Mikhail Mishuskin(МихаилВладимировичМиш устин), born in Moscow on March 3, 1966.On May 10, 2024 local time, it was reported that Russian President Putin signed a presidential decree appointing Mishuskin as Prime Minister of the Russian government.[41]
On May 7, 2024 local time, Putin officially became the eighth president of Russia.[40]
Economics
Announce
edit
overview
Under the influence of factors such as the gradual recovery of the global economy, the continuous promotion of vaccine R&D and vaccination, and the general rise of commodity prices, Russia's economy will recover as a whole in 2021, with its GDP rising by 4.7% to 131 trillion rubles (about 1.8 trillion US dollars at the average annual exchange rate of 1 US dollar=73.65 rubles, the same below).
In 2021, Russia's per capita GDP will be 898000 rubles (about 12000 US dollars).In 2021, the proportion of Russia's primary, secondary and tertiary industries in GDP will be 3.5%, 35.8% and 60.7% respectively.
In 2021, the budget revenue of the Russian Federation is 25.3 trillion rubles (about US $343.5 billion), the expenditure is 24.8 trillion rubles (about US $336.7 billion), and the budget surplus is about 0.5 trillion rubles (about US $6.8 billion).
As of December 31, 2021, Russia's domestic debt amounted to 16.49 trillion rubles (about 223.9 billion US dollars), of which the state guaranteed debt was about 0.7 trillion rubles (about 9.9 billion US dollars).The total foreign debt of Russia was 480 billion US dollars, an increase of 2.6% over the previous year, of which the federal debt was 62.1 billion US dollars, the central bank debt was 34.3 billion US dollars, the bank debt was 80.4 billion US dollars, and other departments' debt was 303.2 billion US dollars.
By March 2022, Moody's, an international rating agency, had downgraded the sovereign credit rating of the Russian Federation from Baa3 to B3;Fitch Ratings Agency downgraded Russia's long-term foreign currency sovereign debt credit rating to B;Standard&Poor's global rating agency downgraded Russia's long-term foreign currency sovereign debt credit rating to CCC, and its local currency sovereign credit rating to CCC.
In 2023, Russia's GDP will grow by 3.6% year on year.In the first five months of 2024, Russia's GDP increased by 5% year on year.As of July 12, 2024, Russia's international reserves were $601.3 billion.[72]
On June 5, 2024 local time, Russian President Vladimir Putin said that according to the latest data of the World Bank, Russia has become the fourth largest economy in the world from the fifth largest economy in the world in terms of purchasing power parity.[46]
In the first half of 2024,RussiaGross domestic product (GDP) grew by 4.6% and industrial production by 4.4%.[71]
Agriculture
Russia has vast cultivated land, flat terrain, fertile soil and sufficient water sources. The country spans three climatic zones, namely, cold zone, sub cold zone and temperate zone, and its agricultural conditions are very favorable.Grain crops mainly include wheat, barley, corn, rice, etc., and cash crops mainly include flax, sunflower and sugar beet.The output of grain, wheat, sunflower seeds and potatoes ranks among the top five in the world.In the breeding industry, the output of eggs, milk and wool also ranks in the forefront of the world.
Main agricultural areas: (1) East Siberia and the southern part of the Far East.This area is the main production area of sugar beet and flax in Russia. Spring wheat, rye and oats are the main crops.The animal husbandry is dominated by dairy and beef cattle.(2) Southern Siberia.This area includes the northeast of Volga River Basin, the south of Ural District and the south of West Siberia.The soil is chernozem and chestnut soil with high fertility.It is one of the main commodity grain bases in Russia and one of the main animal husbandry bases in Russia.(3) Subtropical regions along the coast of the Black Sea.It is located in the coastal area of the Black Sea in the west of Transcaucasia.The humid and warm climate makes it the main production area of tea, citrus (lemon, orange, sweet orange), tung tree and other subtropical crops.(4) Northwest China.Most of the area belongs to the non black soil zone, and it is an important production area of Russian grain, cows, flax and potatoes.(5) Western region.The soil in this area is mainly chernozem with high fertility, which is the main black soil area in Russia.The local belt is the main production base of animal husbandry for sugar beet, grain, milk and meat in Russia.
On October 15, 2022, the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation announced that Russia's grain harvest had broken the historical record.The latest data from the Russian Ministry of Agriculture shows that so far in 2022, Russian warehouses have received 147.5 million tons of grain, while harvesting is still ongoing.The Russian Ministry of Agriculture estimates that the annual grain harvest in 2022 is expected to reach 150 million tons, and the wheat harvest will reach 100 million tons, both of which will set a record.Prior to that, Russia harvested a record grain harvest of 135 million tons in 2017, including 86 million tons of wheat.[8]
Industry
Oil and gas industry
Ural oil price is an important basis for Russia to formulate national financial budget.In 2021, Russian oil (including condensate) production will be 524 million tons, up 2.2% year on year.230 million tons of oil was exported, down 3.8% year on year.In that year, Russia's natural gas production was 762.3 billion cubic meters, up 10% year on year;The export volume was 204.4 billion cubic meters, up 0.9% year on year.
Metallurgical industry
The output value of metallurgical industry accounts for about 5% of Russia's GDP and 18% of its industrial output value.Metallurgical products are one of Russia's main export commodities.In terms of foreign exchange earnings from exports, the metallurgical industry accounts for 10.4% of the total foreign exchange earnings of all Russian industries, ranking second only to the fuel power complex.
national defense industry
The Russian defense industry has a relatively complete design, R&D, test and production system and departments. It is one of the few countries in the world that can produce sea, land, air and space weapons and equipment.Under the condition that the speed of equipment renewal in Russia is limited, the Russian defense industry vigorously develops foreign cooperation and exports.
finance
By the end of the first quarter of 2022, there were 348 banks in Russia.Among them, there are 298 local banks, 50 foreign banks, and the total assets of the banking industry are 103.8 trillion rubles.
central bank
The official name of the Russian Central Bank isBank of RussiaIts main function is to formulate monetary policy and credit policy.The Bank of Russia is the unified regulatory body of the Russian financial market, which supervises the activities of credit institutions, securities and insurance markets.
Major commercial banks
Russia implements a secondary banking system.Large commercial banks include: Russian Federal Savings Bank, Foreign Trade Bank, Natural Gas Industrial BankAlpha Bank , Industrial Communications Bank of Russia, etc.
in recent years,Bank of China、ICBC、the Agricultural Bank of China、China Construction BankAnd opened agency accounts with Russian banks.The business of Chinese banks in Russia can be roughly divided into account opening, international settlement, credit business and agency of foreign exchange transactions.
Insurance
As of the first quarter of 2022, there are 223 insurance companies in Russia.
In July 2016, Russian President Putin signed a decree approving the establishment of a national reinsurance company.The company is wholly owned by the Russian Central Bank.According to the decree, the reinsurance obligations of the insurance company will be transferred to the national reinsurance company after January 1, 2017, and will be extended to the reinsurance agreement signed before January 1, 2017 after January 1, 2018.
On August 22, 2021, a new Russian law came into force.According to the new law, insurance companies from WTO member countries can set up branches and carry out insurance business in Russia, including compulsory traffic insurance (ОСАГО), voluntary insurance and reinsurance business, but they are not allowed to engage in insurance of dangerous industrial facilities, compulsory sector property insurance and life insurance.Foreign insurance companies must meet the following requirements when opening branches in Russia: (1) licensed;(2) The total value of assets shall not be less than US $5 billion;(3) It has been certified by the Russian bank;(4) The deposit shall not be less than the statutory minimum amount of the registered capital of the Russian insurance company (300 million rubles, about 4.17 million dollars).If the share of foreign insurance companies in the Russian insurance market exceeds 50%, the foreign insurance companies will no longer be approved to establish new branches.Some provisions of this law came into force on August 22 and will be formally implemented from 2024.Before January 1, 2024, foreign insurance institutions must submit the statement of the special bank account to the Russian Central Bank every quarter to confirm that the amount of the deposit margin of their branches meets the legal requirements.
Credit card use
In recent years, the credit card market in Russia has developed rapidly. There are 194000 ATMs and 3.2 million POS machines in the country. 70% of banks can engage in the issuance and receipt of bank cards. Bank cards are mainly used in big cities and business circles.Since the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, several major credit cards in the world such asVISA、Eurocard/MasterCardAre suspended in Russia.The Russian national credit card payment system was put into use at the beginning of 2016.All bank ATM and POS machines in Russia can accept MIR cards.
On August 5, 2008, the China UnionPay standard card was officially issued in Russia.China UnionPayBank card cooperation with NSPK started in 2016, and the UnionPay and MIR debit cards issued can be used in both payment systems.In July 2017, Agricultural Bank of Russia began to issue UnionPay MIR double label debit card.In December 2018, China UnionPay and Russia's Unistream payment system jointly launched cross-border remittance services.In 2019, MasterCard, the international payment system, developed cross-border remittance business with mobile phone numbers in Russia.In January 2019, the rapid payment system jointly launched by the Central Bank of Russia and the national payment card system was put into commercial operation.
stock market
Moscow ExchangeIt is the largest securities exchange market in Russia, which deals in stocks, bonds, futures, investment vouchers, derivatives and futures.In 2021, the total trading volume of Moscow Exchange will exceed 10 billion rubles for the first time, with a year-on-year growth of 6.6%.Among them, the trading volume of the stock market is 30 trillion rubles, the bond market is 18.6 trillion rubles, the derivatives market is 158 trillion rubles, the foreign exchange market is 320 trillion rubles, the currency market is 474 trillion rubles, and the commodity market is 2100 billion rubles.
currency
The Russian currency isrouble。The Russian Foreign Exchange Regulation Law stipulates that the ruble is a freely convertible currency.At any financial institution and exchange point in Russia, the ruble can be exchanged with US dollars and euros at any time.The ruble tends to depreciate against major currencies in the world.
On October 28, 2022, the exchange rate of the ruble to the US dollar is 61.425 rubles, the exchange rate of the ruble to the euro is 60.4563 rubles, and the exchange rate of the ruble to the RMB is 8.634712 rubles.[7]
foreign trade
Russia joined the World Trade Organization on August 22, 2012, but has not yet joined the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
According to the statistics of the Russian Customs Administration, Russia's total foreign trade in 2019 was 672 billion US dollars, down 3% year on year, with a surplus of 177.2 billion US dollars;Among them, the export was USD 424.6 billion, down 6% year on year;Imports reached US $247.4 billion, up 2.7% year on year.
In 2019, Russia's top ten trade partners are: China (US $110.9 billion)Germany(US $53.2 billion)Netherlands(48.8 billion US dollars)Belarus(US $33.4 billion)U.S.A(26.2 billion US dollars)turkey(US $26 billion)Italy(US $25.2 billion)the republic of korea(US $24.4 billion)Japan(US $20.3 billion)Kazakhstan(19.6 billion US dollars).China has become Russia's largest trading partner for the tenth consecutive year.
In 2019, the structure of Russian export commodities did not improve significantly, and the export of mineral resources products reached 267.7 billion US dollars, accounting for 63.3% of Russian exports;Other major export commodities are: metal and its products, 37.5 billion US dollars, accounting for 8.9%;Vehicles and equipment: US $27.7 billion, accounting for 6.5%;Chemical products reached US $27 billion, accounting for 6.4%;Food and agricultural raw materials reached 24.8 billion US dollars, accounting for 5.9%;Timber and its products reached US $12.8 billion, accounting for 3%.
In 2019, mechanical and electrical products were the main import goods of Russia, with an import volume of US $112.5 billion, accounting for 46.2% of Russia's total imports;Other major imports were: chemical products, 47.8 billion US dollars, accounting for 19.6%;Food and agricultural raw materials reached US $29.9 billion, accounting for 12.2%;Metal and its products reached 17.9 billion US dollars, accounting for 7.3%, and textiles and shoes reached 15.1 billion US dollars, accounting for 6.2%;Mineral resources amounted to US $5.1 billion, accounting for 2.1%.[7]
Foreign investment
In 2009, after the outbreak of the world financial crisis, Russia's attraction of foreign capital fell into a low ebb.In order to attract more foreign investment, the Russian government has put forward the "modernization strategy", implemented the privatization of state-owned assets, and through the amendment of relevant laws and regulations, simplified the procedures for foreign investment, lowered the threshold for foreign investment access, and established the "Russian Direct Investment Fund" and other measures, attracting foreign investment has shown a warming trend.According to the World Investment Report 2020 issued by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, in 2019, Russia's foreign investment flow was 31.74 billion dollars;By the end of 2019, Russia's stock of foreign capital absorption was 463.86 billion US dollars.
According to the data of the Central Bank of Russia, as of 2019, the stock of foreign investment in Russia was $585.81 billion, up 17.8% year on year.Among them, equity investment was USD 436.47 billion, accounting for 74.5%, and debt instrument investment was USD 149.35 billion, accounting for 25.5%.[7]
Culture
Announce
edit
language
There are about 150 languages in Russia (nearly 80 of which are standard languages).The national languages in the territory are divided into four major language families, namelyIndo European、Altaic、Caucasian family 、Uralic languages。
RussianAs the main language, Indo EuropeanSlavic languagesIt is the most commonly used language for people of all ethnic groups in the Russian Federation to conduct ethnic exchanges.Russian is the official language in Russia and also serves as the language for international communication.In Russia, nearly 90% of "non Russian" residents are proficient in Russian.[7]
Religion
The main religions in the Russian Federation areChristianity、Islamism、Shamanism 、Buddhism（Lamaism）AndJudaismEtc.Christianity and RussiaThe Orthodox ChurchIt has the widest spread and the largest number of believers, about 50 million.The second is Muslims, mainlySunniBelievers.Orthodox theology is mainly composed of Byzantine theology in Greek and Russian Orthodox theology.[7]
custom
Both ancient Greece and ancient Rome had the concept of "evil left and good right".Under the influence of these cultures, the Russian nation has formed the concept that the right is respected, valued and lucky, and the left is inferior, lowly and unlucky.In Russian, the word "right" also means "correct and just";"Left" means "negative".
Orthodox Church Wedding: Orthodox Church prohibits marriage with people of different faiths, so those who come to the church for wedding must be baptized believers, and must hold citizenship certificates and marriage certificates handled in the official civil affairs department.According to the customs of the Eastern Orthodox Church, weddings are not held during fasting, certain religious festivals, Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays.
Russians like toasting at both formal and informal banquets.In Russia, sending flowers is a good gift, but sending flowers to relatives, friends, teachers, etc. must be an odd number, and only sending flowers to the dead is an even number.
In Russia, people are forbidden to ask about personal income, age, emotion and other privacy when meeting.[7]
In formal occasions, when strangers introduce each other, adults usually use their full names, while young people mostly use only their names.Among middle-aged people, especially those with high cultural level, even if they have a close relationship, they also use "you" to address each other to show mutual respect.The general greeting is to shake hands. When long lost relatives and friends meet, they often kiss and hug. Men usually kiss the back of women's hands, and parents kiss their children's foreheads.
On a grand occasion, the Russians greeted the distinguished guests with "bread and salt" to show their highest respect and warmest welcome.When invited to be a guest, you should take off your clothes and hats after entering the house, and first say hello to the hostess, then to the host and others.
Russians attach great importance to engagement and wedding rings.They like to set a few small stones on the engagement ring and a big stone on the wedding ring.Russians love flowers. They are inseparable from birthdays, festivals and ordinary visitors.Flowers can be given as few as one, and as many as several, but they must be in odd numbers, because Russians believe that odd numbers are auspicious and even numbers are unlucky.There are also special points about sending flowers: On Women's Day, send lovesickness flowers to your girlfriend;The flowers for men must be big flowers with tall stems and bright colors;Only when someone of the other party dies, can you send an even number of flowers, that is, two or four flowers.[15]
funeral customs
Modern funeral in Russia includes four parts: farewell to the body, coffin delivery, memorial service and burial.Most people in cities are cremated, while people in rural areas are buried.After saying goodbye to the body, people decorate wreaths or flowers around the coffin.The wreath shall be woven from the branches of pine, fir and cypress, and chrysanthemums and daffodils shall be put on the flowers, which must be even in number.Do not use fragrant flowers, such as roses and lilies of the valley.The guards must wear black gauze and stand on both sides of the coffin.The color of the coffin is also particular. The coffin of the elderly is red with black edges, the coffin of the middle-aged is white with black edges, and the coffin of the children is pink with black edges.The coffin is directly sent to the scene of the memorial meeting. If the memorial meeting is held in the cemetery, the coffin is sent to the cemetery.The relatives and friends stood beside the tomb and read the eulogy. Then the relatives made a final farewell to the deceased and the coffin was buried.Then flowers and soil were thrown into the tomb, and the whole funeral ended.[15]
taboo
Russians taboo 13, like 7, think 7 symbolizes happiness and success.Gifts also like to use the singular, that even unlucky.
Russians are famous for drinking. Most men and some women like to drink strong liquor, and vodka is especially popular.Use your right hand when drinking.The first glass of wine is often drunk dry, but generally not to persuade people to drink, but to do as they please.
When chewing food, you should keep your mouth closed and not chew out loud.When visiting, don't be earlier than the appointed time. It's better to be on time or later.
Don't sit on the bed when entering the room. It's very impolite.
Men should obtain the consent of women to smoke. When handing cigarettes, they should hand a whole box, not only one cigarette, not three cigarettes lit by one match.
The mirror is a sacred object and cannot be broken.
Russians don't like black cats.
Don't shake hands with your left hand when you meet an acquaintance.When meeting or saying goodbye, it is better not to shake hands across the threshold.
It is unlucky to congratulate a pregnant woman on her birthday in advance, and do not congratulate a pregnant woman on giving birth to a child in advance. You do not like to send things to pregnant women and babies in advance.
When giving gifts to friends, it is best not to give knives, handkerchiefs or empty wallets.[15]
nation
The Russian Federation is a multi-ethnic country with 194 ethnic groups, of which the Russian nationality accounts for 77.7% of the total population. The main ethnic minorities are Tatar, Ukraine, Bashkir, Chuvash, Chechnya, Armenia, Aval, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Belarus, etc.
Russians belong to the Slavic race, whose roots can be traced back to ancient times.And an important branch of the Slavic raceMrs. DongslaBorn in UkraineDnieper Rivercoast.One of the tributaries of the Dnieper River is called the Ross River, where Russians, a tribe of the Eastern Slavs, live.The name of the Russian people originates from this river.[7]
diet
The Russian diet is mainly western food, mainly meat, milk, eggs and bread, butter, jam, pickles, potatoes, onions, cabbage, winter vegetables and fruits are few and expensive.Chinese food is very popular, and there are Chinese restaurants in major tourist cities in Russia.Russians usually have meals three to four times a day. In addition to breakfast, lunch and evening meals, after lunch, they have a meal of tea or milk and various cakes.caviar、BorschThere are also traditional pancakes, which are very ethnic.Usually, the most common food on the Russian table is a variety of meat products, almost every meal will have beef, mutton, steak, sausage, etc.
Russia generally does not eat cuttlefish, jellyfish, fungus and other food;Some people are not interested in shrimp and eggs, and the Tatars in the territory do not eat pork, donkey meat and mule meat.Typical Russian dishes: caviar, cabbage soup, braised beef in red sauce, braised chicken in butter, etc.[15]
The Russian people often drink honeykbac Etc.Russians are world-famous for their love of drinking, among which the most important alcohol isVodka。Russians have the habit of drinking tea, mainly black tea.[2]
Working days, public holidays and religious festivals: Russia implements five working days a week, and Saturday and Sunday are public holidays.All employees have paid leave every year, with an average of 22 days.The total number of holidays in a year is 120-130 days.
In addition, there are many festivals such as the New Year's Day of the Russian New Year, the Navy Day, the Construction Workers' Day, the "Russian Winter" Carnival, the Birch Festival, the Spring Ploughing Festival, and the Summer Solstice Festival.There are also "Border Defense Day" and "KGB Day" in the military and police circles.[7]
sense of worth
On November 9, 2022 local time, Russian President Putin signed a decree to protect 17 traditional values.The decree shows:"Human life, dignity, human rights and freedoms, patriotism, civic awareness, duty to serve the motherland and the destiny of the country, lofty moral ideals, a firmly linked family, creative labor, spirit above material, humanism, compassion, justice, collectivism, mutual help and mutual respect, remembering and inheriting history, and solidarity are traditional values."[14]
military
Announce
edit
Russian military leadership system
The President of the Russian Federation, the Security Council of the Russian Federation, the Parliament of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation are fully responsible for safeguarding national security, national defense capabilities, combat readiness, mobilization readiness and combat effectiveness of the armed forces and other forces.The President of the Russian Federation is the head of state and the supreme commander of the armed forces of the Russian Federation, and exercises overall leadership over the armed forces and other forces.The current supreme commander of the armed forces of the Russian Federation is Vladimir Vladimir Putin.[26]
Russian military command system
The President of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation exercise operational command over the armed forces through the Minister of Defence and the Chief of the General Staff.The Secretary of Defense, through the Ministry of Defense, exercises direct leadership over the federal armed forces.The General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation conducts operational command of the armed forces, and commands the various services of the armed forces through their general headquarters.[26]
Right to declare war
The Russian Parliament, the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, decides whether to use Russian armed forces outside Russia.[26]
armed forces
The Russian army has four military regions in total, and four joint strategic headquarters are set up accordingly.Four major joint strategic commands: the Western Military Region (the former Moscow Leningrad Military Region merged with the Northern Fleet and the Baltic Fleet), the Southern Military Region (the former North Caucasus Military Region merged with the Black Sea Fleet), the Central Military Region (the former Volga River Coast and Ural Military Region merged with some units of the Siberian Military Region)Eastern Military Region (consisting of the Far East Military Region, some units of the Siberian Military Region and the Pacific Fleet).The headquarters of the newly established Joint Strategic Command will be located in St. Petersburg, Rostov on the Don River, Yekaterinburg and Khabarovsk respectively.The four major joint strategic commands exercise command over all services and arms within their jurisdiction and have joint command functions.[26]
Arms strength
The armed forces of the Russian Federation are composed of administrative organs, corps, corps, troops, military academies and logistics departments.In terms of organizational structure, it is divided into three services: the Army, the Air Force and the Navy, and three independent arms: strategic rocket corps, airborne corps and aerospace defense corps.Other troops not included in the armed forces include the internal security forces, the forces affiliated to the Federal Security General Administration, the Federal Security General Administration, and the civil defense forces.[26]
Military establishment
The Army has four military regions and ten group armies under its jurisdiction.The Air Force has two functional commands and four regional commands, as well as 33 aviation bases.The Navy is composed of four fleets (Northern Fleet, Pacific Fleet, Black Sea Fleet, Baltic Fleet) and Caspian Fleet.The strategic rocket troops are organized into three missile group armies.The airborne troops are organized into 4 airborne divisions, 1 airborne assault brigade and 1 airborne training center.The Aerospace Defense Force has jurisdiction over the Aerospace Command, Air Defense and Anti missile Command.[26]
traffic
Announce
edit
highway
By the end of 2020, the total mileage of Russia's road network is 1.55 million kilometers, ranking fifth in the world.According to the data of the Russian Federal Highway Administration, nearly 30% of the roads in Russia do not meet the maintenance standards, and 70% of the roads are covered with asphalt or cement.
In 2021, Russia's highway passenger traffic volume will reach 8.1 billion person times, up 9.9% year on year, and the freight volume will reach 1.48 billion tons, up 2.5% year on year.There are nearly 3000 kilometers of expressways and toll roads in Russia, and about 6300 kilometers of expressways are planned to be built."Construction of the European Western China International Transport Corridor Highway" is a comprehensive planning project for the modernization and expansion of the main transport infrastructure of the Russian Federation by 2024. The Moscow Kazan Expressway is 729 kilometers long and is expected to be completed by 2023.
Russian roads are mainly located in Europe, and there are 25 roads connecting with Finland, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania and other European countries.In addition, only a few are connected to Kazakhstan, China and other Asian countries.In June 2022, the Sino Russian Heihe Blagoveshchensk cross-border highway bridge at Heihe Port will be put into operation.
Railway
By the end of 2020, the total operating mileage of Russia's public railway network is 87000 kilometers, ranking third in the world.In 2021, the passenger volume of Russian railways will reach 1.06 billion person times, up 11.5% year on year, and the freight volume will reach 1.28 billion tons, up 3.2% year on year.
The Moscow St. Petersburg Sapsan high-speed railway, which was launched in 2009, is the first high-speed railway in Russia. It is carried by Siemens Velaro trains with a maximum speed of 250 km/h.The second high-speed railway Moscow Kazan high-speed railway project has been suspended in 2019, and the 215 km Chelyabinsk Yekaterinburg high-speed railway has been included in the Russian Federation's transportation strategic plan before 2030, which is expected to promote construction.
At present, Russia has a total of 11 international railway lines connected with Finland, Lithuania, Ukraine, Belarus, Azerbaijan, Mongolia, China, North Korea and other countries, including the October Railway, the North Caucasus Railway, the Moscow Railway, the Volga River Basin Railway, the Trans Siberian Railway, and the Beha Railway.Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kazan and other major cities in Russia have metro lines, and the rail transit is relatively developed, with a total length of 616 kilometers.
There are 46 airlines in Russia, including 11 large airlines with an annual capacity of more than 1 million passengers.Aeroflot is the flag carrier of Russia and one of the largest aviation groups in Europe.In the 2021 global airline ranking released by British independent aviation service survey agency Skytrax, Air Russia Group ranked 14th in the global airline ranking, 8 places higher than the last (2019 version).
Russia has opened hundreds of international routes.Among them, there are 73 Russian "Air Fleet" airlines, 54 Russian Airlines, 46 Russian Intercontinental Airlines, 22 Russian Siberian Airlines and 6 United Airlines.On April 9, 2022, Russia will resume international flights with 52 friendly countries, including China, cancelled due to the epidemic.As of July 2022, Russia and 48 unfriendly countries including the United States, the United Kingdom and 27 EU member states have closed their airspace to each other.
water transport
By the end of 2020, the navigation mileage of Russia's inland rivers is 102000 kilometers, which is basically the same as that of the previous two years.The river channel in Europe is the Volga River and the most important river channel connecting Russia and European countries. Moscow has the title of "Port of the Five Seas".The most important waterway in the Far East is the Amur River (Heilongjiang), which is open to navigation.In 2021, the passenger volume of inland waterway transport in Russia will be 8.61 million person times, up 11.5% year on year, and the freight volume will be 110 million tons, up 1.2% year on year;The seaborne passenger volume was 4.52 million person times, down 2.2% year on year, and the freight volume was 2.32 million tons, down 5.9% year on year.
The main seaports in Russia are located in the Baltic Sea, the Black Sea, the Pacific Ocean, the Barents Sea, the White Sea, etc., including Murmansk, St. Petersburg, Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Vanino, Dongfang Port, Novorossisk, etc. Through these ports, countries in Europe, the Mediterranean region, Asia and the Americas can be reached.
Public transportation
Public transport in major cities of Russia is relatively developed.The public transportation in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg and other big cities is mainly subway, tram and trolley bus, leading to all parts of the city and tourist attractions.Moscow MetroSince it was officially opened on May 15, 1935, the entrance sign is "M", and the single ticket price is about 55 rubles (about 6 yuan).Saint Petersburg Metro It was opened in 1955. At present, there are 5 lines in operation, and the single ticket price is about 60 rubles (about 5 yuan).The ticket selling price of various public transport in Yekaterinburg is 26 rubles (about 3.2 yuan).The ticket selling price of all kinds of public transport in Khabarovsk is 30 rubles (about 3.4 yuan).
All major cities in Russia can book taxis. Russian regular taxis are generally yellow, marked with a "T" in the circle and equipped with a meter.At present, regular taxis with invoices can be booked through the taxi software or phone of uber, yandex and other companies. There are also many private cars on the street to attract business.Moscow, Vladivostok and other cities have serious traffic jams. If you take a taxi or self drive, please reserve enough time according to the traffic conditions.
The ticket selling price of public transport in Irkutsk is 15 rubles (about 1.5 yuan).The ticket selling price of public transport in Vladivostok is 23 rubles (about 2.2 yuan).[15]
Sociology
Announce
edit
science and technology
Russia is a leader in basic research, military industry and aerospace technology in the world.In recent years, Russia has almost achieved world-class scientific research results in all fields of basic research, such as: the Russian Academy of Sciences has achieved world-class scientific research results in the fields of microelectronics and nanoelectronics, new electro-optic mapping technology, high temperature superconductivity, chemistry, astrophysics, supercomputers, molecular biology, meteorology, etc;Major breakthroughs have been made in the field of nuclear laser;Russian scientists have successively synthesized the No. 114 and No. 166 super heavy elements on the periodic table of elements in the laboratory.Among the 50 major technologies that determine national strength in the world today, Russia's strength in 12-17 technology fields is equivalent to that of western developed countries, such as aerospace technology, new material technology, etc.
education
The strong educational disciplines of Russia include: mathematics, physics, chemistry, medicine, pedagogy, aviation, aerospace, navigation, nuclear energy utilization, military industry, optical precision machinery, etc.Russian education is divided into basic education and professional education.Basic education includes preschool education, primary basic education (grades 1-4 of primary school), basic basic education (grades 5-9 of junior high school), and full basic education (grades 10-11 of senior high school).Professional education includes: secondary professional education (equivalent to China's higher vocational and technical colleges), higher professional education (undergraduate and master), and post university professional education (associate doctor, doctor).
The Russian education system includes 140000 state educational institutions of all levels, types and forms;In addition, there are nearly 1500 research institutions, innovation centers and technology workshops.There are more than 40000 public general education institutions in Russia.Russian higher education institutions are divided into three categories: comprehensive universities, colleges and research institutes. In 2021, Russia will have 710 universities (497 state universities and 213 non-state universities), about 4.044 million college students and 223000 teachers on the payroll, including 35000 with doctoral degrees and 130000 with associate doctoral degrees.
In 2021, the average tuition of Russian higher universities will be 155000 rubles/year (about 2152.8 dollars/year), with the maximum ofMoscow Institute of International RelationsThe tuition fee is 597000 rubles/year (about 8291.7 US dollars/year).
hygiene
The medical level of Russia is relatively high, with a complete range of hospitals, outpatient departments, various professional medical personnel and medical research institutions. Especially, the level of complex ophthalmic surgery is in the leading position in the world.The construction of health institutions and the improvement of their equipment are generally funded by the state.There are about 4 million people engaged in medical work throughout the country, distributed in medical research departments, medical prevention institutions, outpatient services and health departments, with an average of 50 doctors per 10000 residents.
Russia implements the national health care system, and all people enjoy its services.Since 1994, the compulsory medical insurance system has been popularized and implemented nationwide. In 1996, the residents' compulsory medical insurance law was passed. The compulsory medical insurance fund consists of three parts: (1) the compulsory medical insurance premiums paid by insurance units such as enterprises and organizations;(2) The funds allocated from the national budget are mainly used to pay medical expenses for children, the disabled, retirees and other non working people;(3) Compulsory medical insurance premiums paid by citizens engaged in individual labor and private economic activities.About 95% of Russians hold medical insurance cards.
In 2021, the average life expectancy in Russia will be 70 years.The main infectious diseases are influenza and acute respiratory virus infection.In 2021, the financial budget of the Russian Federation will spend 1.5 trillion rubles (about 20.83 billion US dollars) on health care.
Sports
Russia is a traditional sports power. Football, basketball, ice hockey and tennis are the most popular sports in Russia. The domestic Russian Football Super League, basketball league and ice hockey league are the most popular three sports leagues.Russia's traditional Olympic advantages include gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics, trampoline, fencing, shooting, synchronized swimming, weight lifting, volleyball, softball, rowing, etc.Since most of Russia's territory is located in a high latitude, it has a unique training ground and competition ground for the Winter Olympic Games.They also performed well in skiing, figure skating and other events.Russia is also a powerful chess country.
The main Russian news agency is Russia News Agency -Tass、RIA NovostiInterfax and Baltic News Agency have great influence in the international media
Major newspapers and periodicals
There are more than 30000 newspapers and magazines in Russia.Mainstream newspapers《Russian newspaper》、《Komsomolskaya Pravda 》、《Message》, Weekly, Seven Days, Independent, Businessman, etc.
According to the report of TMT Consulting, in 2021, the size of the Russian telecommunications market will be about 1.8 trillion rubles (about 24.6 billion US dollars), an increase of 3.2% year on year.According to the statistics of AC&M Consulting Company, the number of mobile communication users in Russia will reach 259 million in 2021, and the penetration rate of mobile communication will reach 178%.In the same period, the four major mobile communication operators in Russia were MTS, MegaFon, VimpelCom and Tele2.The distribution of mobile communication users in Russia shows obvious regional differences. The mobile phone penetration rate in Moscow and St. Petersburg is high, while that in other regions is relatively low.
internet
According to the data of the Russian Federal Bureau of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media Supervision, in 2021, the Internet penetration rate in Russia will exceed 85%, and the number of Internet users will be about 124 million.99 million Russian netizens use social networks,YouTube、VK、Whatsapp、Instagram、OdnoklassnikiIt is the top 5 social network platforms with the largest number of users in Russia.
power
Russia is a major power producer. By the end of 2021, the total installed capacity of Russian power stations is 247 million kilowatts, of which thermal power stations account for about 66% and hydropower stations account for about 20%.In 2021, Russia will generate 1.13 trillion kWh of electricity, up 6% year on year, and use 1.11 trillion kWh of electricity, up 5.4% year on year.The electricity price of Chukchi Autonomous Region, Magadan Prefecture, Kamchatka Border Region and Sakha (Yakut) Republic in the Russian Far East is higher than 6 rubles/kWh;The electricity price of Irkutsk State (1.17 rubles/kWh), Republic of Khakassia (2.27 rubles/kWh), Krasnoyarsk Border Region (2.71 rubles/kWh) and Novosibirsk State (2.8 rubles/kWh) in Siberia is low.
Russia is connected to the power grid of all neighboring countries.In 2021, Russia's electricity export will reach 22.9 billion kilowatt hours, up 190% year on year;The electricity export revenue was 1.33 billion US dollars, up 270% year on year.The import of electric power is 1.56 billion kilowatt hours, about US $25.4 million.
salary
According to the latest statistics of the Russian Federal Bureau of Statistics, in 2021, Russia's monthly average nominal wage income will be 57244 rubles, including 39437 rubles for agriculture, 101547 rubles for mining, 52410 rubles for manufacturing, 130223 rubles for finance and insurance, and 58620 rubles for government and public management.
From June 1, 2022, the Russian minimum wage will be increased by 10% from 13890 rubles/month to 15279 rubles/month from January 1, 2022.
social security
Russian compulsory endowment insurance (the payment ceiling is 1.465 million rubles, and the rate within the ceiling is 22%; if the ceiling is exceeded, the rate is 10%);Compulsory medical insurance (no upper limit of payment, the rate is 5.1%), compulsory social insurance (the upper limit of payment is 966000 rubles, the rate within the upper limit is 2.9%, and the part exceeding the upper limit will not be paid).The social insurance is preferential for foreign citizens or citizens who have stayed in Russia for a long time but have not obtained Russian nationality, and the rate is 1.8%.
On July 14, 2022, Russian President Putin signed a law to merge pension funds and social insurance funds into social funds.This law will integrate all existing systems in the field of social security, so that the Russian government can centrally manage and efficiently allocate social security funds.[9]
the labor
The population of Russia is declining, and the labor force is increasingly scarce.Especially in the context of the collapse of the ruble exchange rate caused by the COVID-19 epidemic and the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the loss of foreign labor was once serious.With the stabilization and recovery of the ruble exchange rate, some Central Asian labor returned to the Russian labor market.At the same time, Russia also faces a serious structural shortage of labor force: (1) The number of employed people in science and technology and related service industries has declined;(2) Skilled labor shortage;(3) The aging trend of the working age population is serious.As of May 1, 2022, there are 3.35 million labor migrants in Russia.
Due to global warming, the permanent frozen zone in Russia has melted, and natural disasters such as sinking of house foundations, communication lines and natural gas pipelines, and glacier collapse often occur in northern Russia.When driving to Orihon Island in Baikal Lake in winter, pay attention to the freezing of lake water and ice to avoid danger.
Fire is a common natural disaster in Russia.Russia has a vast area, rich forest resources, hot summer and dry climate. There are many fire spots in Russia and it is difficult to prevent them.
Most regions of Russia have long and cold winters. The lowest winter temperature in Siberia and some regions in the Arctic Circle is below minus 50 degrees. Snow storms often occur in Moscow, Siberia and the Far East in winter.
The coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest belt in Ural belongs to the tick disaster area, and the tick bites the people to death every spring and summer.Since ticks mainly live in grassland and forest, it is better to spray mosquito repellent on exposed skin when going out for play, and try to avoid sitting and lying in the wild for a long time.If you are accidentally bitten by a tick, do not remove it with tweezers or crush it with your fingers.Because the head of the tick has barbs, if the head cannot be taken out properly after drilling into the skin, it is easy to leave the head in the skin for further infection. It is recommended to seek medical advice as soon as possible if the tick bites.[15]
seek help
Organization name
phone number
Medical first aid
one hundred and three
Consular Protection Assistance Telephone of the Chinese Embassy in Russia
007-4999518661
Consular Protection Assistance Telephone of the Chinese Consulate General in St. Petersburg
007-812-7137605
Consular Protection Assistance Telephone of the Chinese Consulate General in Khabarovsk
007-4212340572
Consular Protection Assistance Telephone of the Chinese Consulate General in Yekaterinburg
007-9221509999
Consular Protection Assistance Telephone of the Chinese Consulate General in Irkutsk
007-9647301058
Consular Protection Assistance Telephone of the Chinese Consulate General in Vladivostok
007-9020780873
Consular Protection Assistance Telephone of the Chinese Consulate General in Kazan
007-9172734789
Hotline for 24-hour emergency medical insurance assistance and complaints for Chinese tourists
eighty-eight billion seven million seven hundred and fifty-one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine[15]
International Relations
Announce
edit
foreign policy
Russia's foreign strategy is reflected in multi directional diplomacy.[19]It pursues an independent foreign policy that conforms to the fundamental interests of the Russian people and safeguards global security and stability.[20]We will not conduct diplomacy for the purpose of opposing other countries and hope to develop good relations with all countries.[21]On February 18, 2013, Russian President Putin approved the new Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation, which defined four priorities for Russian diplomacy.Among them, the development of "friendly relations" with China and India is regarded as one of the "most important" directions of Russia's foreign policy.The Asia Pacific region is called "the fastest growing geopolitical space, and the world economic and political center of gravity is shifting to it".
The absolute priority of Russia's foreign policy is the integration of the former Soviet Union.New ConceptCIS, Customs UnionEurasian Economic Community 、Collective Security Treaty Organization, Russia Belarus Alliance, etc.The next priority is the EU. Germany, France, Italy and the Netherlands are known as Russia's most important European partners, and they are also Russia's most important partners in the field of natural gas.Next is the United States.Russia will seek "the legal guarantee that the anti missile system will not target Russia's nuclear deterrent force" in its diplomacy with the United States, and require the United States to "abide by the norms of international law, including the principle of non-interference in other countries' domestic affairs".
The new Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation proposes three key objectives: first, to help save the world economy.Therefore, "Russia will actively promote the establishment of a fair and democratic global economic, trade, monetary and financial system".Second, oppose interference in other countries' internal affairs.To this end, Moscow will "ensure respect for human rights and freedoms", but "consider the national, cultural and historical characteristics of each country".On the Internet, the use of new technologies aimed at interfering in internal affairs will be resisted.The third is to adhere to the "irreplaceable nature" of the United Nations, that is, it is not allowed to "implement military intervention or other forms of intervention" under the pretext of "responsibility to protect".
The basic judgment made by the new Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation on the world situation is that the world is more "unstable" and "unpredictable", and there are five main unstable factors: first, the global economic crisis, which is "a powerful catalyst for the profound change of the geopolitical pattern".The second is the interference of the West in the internal affairs of other countries.For example, in the "Arab Spring", "the practice of imposing one's own values on other countries" contains the danger of "international relations falling into chaos and out of control".The third is the weakening of the status of the United Nations.This is mainly reflected in the attempt to "bypass the United Nations Security Council and resolve the crisis through unilateral sanctions and armed action", "wantonly misinterpret the United Nations resolutions" and "promote the idea of subverting the legitimate regime".Fourth, cross-border threats and challenges are growing.Here for the first time, "threats from the information space" is listed as one of the important threats.The fifth is "(Western countries) 'tendency to re focus on ideological issues in international relations".[7]
On June 9, 2023 local time, the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement, which was abolished by Russia《Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe》The law came into force on the same day.Russia has informed all members of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe that Russia will withdraw from the Treaty 150 days later, at 0:00 on November 7, 2023.[25]
In March 2024 local time, Russia officially joined the WTO Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies.[38]
external relations
Relations with Western Countries
After the Ukrainian crisis in 2014, the Western countries imposed multiple rounds of sanctions on Russia in the political, energy, financial, military and other fields, and Russia began to implement countermeasures.The relationship between Russia and the western countries is deteriorating.[7]
Relations with the United States
Compared with the confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States during the Cold War, Russia US relations have undergone fundamental changes, but the development process is uneven.In 1999, because of the bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Russia US relations fell to the lowest point after the Cold War.In April 2009, President Barack Hussein Obama of the United States and President Dmitry Anatoliyevich Medvedev of Russia agreed to "restart" bilateral relations. Since then, bilateral relations have been generally stable, but often have twists and turns.After the outbreak of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine in 2022, Russia US relations have gradually deteriorated, and the bilateral relations have not undergone positive changes.[11]In August 2024, Russia permanently banned 92 American citizens from entering the country.[74]
Relations with Japan
Russian Japanese relationsSouth Kuril Islands(Japan called the four northern islands) has become the most important obstacle to the comprehensive development of relations.Since the territorial dispute between the two countries has not been settled for a long time, and the peace treaty as the basis of the relationship has not been signed, the development of bilateral relations has been affected.
Relations with Turkey
Since the formal involvement of Russian armed forces in the Syrian civil war in 2015, Russia Turkey relations have become extremely tense.On November 24, 2015, the Turkish military shot down a Russian Su-24 fighter bomber and killed a Russian pilot, which brought the bilateral relations to the bottom.
After the outbreak of the Russia Ukraine conflict in 2022, although Turkey did not clearly stand on Russia's side, they did stand on Russia's side in action.At the beginning of the Russian Ukrainian conflict, Turkey directly blockedStrait of BosporusThis is directly to restrict the warships of western countries from entering the Black Sea, and is also a kind of support for Russia.Later, when Sweden and Finland wanted to join NATO, Turkey also stood up to prevent them from joining. Although Turkey also asked Sweden to stop supporting Kurds for its own interests, this action also resolved the crisis in Russia to a certain extent.
Erdogan has a good private relationship with Putin, but this did not make him stand in Russia's line in the Russian Ukrainian war, nor did he sanction Russia with other NATO countries, but actively facilitated the negotiations between Russia and Ukraine.At present, Erdogan has facilitated the first negotiation between Russia and Ukraine, the policy of food passage, and made efforts in the exchange of prisoners between the two sides.
On August 23, 2024 local time, the Turkish Ministry of Defense announced that Turkey and Russia conducted a joint patrol in northern Syria on August 22 local time.This is the resumption of joint security patrols in relevant areas by the two countries after the suspension in October last year.[70]
Relations with Ukraine
The relationship between Russia and Ukraine has a significant impact on regional stability and the European strategic pattern.Ukraine and Russia have been in alliance for hundreds of years, especially in the Soviet period, when the two nations' politics, economy and culture were integrated and influenced each other, forming close relations.On July 2, 1993, the Basic Principles of Ukraine's Foreign Policy adopted by the Ukrainian Parliament pointed out that "in view of the historical development of Ukraine and the characteristics of geopolitics and geoeconomy, Ukraine Russia relations occupy a priority position in the bilateral relations of neighboring countries. Ukraine and Russia are" special partners ".However, there are also contradictions and conflicts between Ukraine and Russia that are difficult to eradicate for a long time, and various contradictions intensified after the Ukrainian political crisis at the end of 2013.In February 2014, the opposition ousted Yanukovich from power.Russia does not recognize the new regime of Ukraine, and believes that the opposition's coming to power through an armed coup is not legitimate.In March of the same year, Russia annexed Crimea and put pressure on Ukraine by raising the price of natural gas and launching trade sanctions.In April of the same year, the Ukrainian separatist forces established the "Donetsk People's Republic" and the "Lugansk People's Republic", and then armed conflict occurred. Ukraine and the West accused Russia of supporting the anti government forces in eastern Ukraine. Russia has been defined militarily as "enemy" and legally as "invader", and domestic anti Russian sentiment is high.Russia Ukraine relations reached the bottom.Since 2014, the two countries have launched several rounds of mutual sanctions, political and military confrontation, and economic and cultural decoupling.[12]Through the good offices of the international community, the two parties to the conflict reached a ceasefire agreement in Minsk, the capital of Belarus, in September 2014 and February 2015, respectively. Since then, large-scale armed conflicts have been brought under control, but small-scale exchanges of fire have occurred from time to time, and relations between the two countries are still very tense.[13]
On October 30, 2023, the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs officially announced that the visa free travel agreement signed between Russia and Ukraine on January 16, 1997 would be terminated as of January 1, 2023.[30]
On March 10, 2022 local time, the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement saying that Russia will no longer participate in the Council of Europe in the future, and Russia does not intend to continue to tolerate the subversive practice of the West replacing international law with its own order.[61]
Relations with the Republic of Estonia
On January 23, 2023 local time, the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement announcing the reduction of the level of diplomatic relations with the Republic of Estonia.[22]
Relations with Norway
On August 3, 2023 local time, the Russian media reported that the Russian government has included Norway in the list of countries that "take unfriendly actions against Russian diplomatic agencies".[27]
Relations with Finland
On October 27, 2023 local time, the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that Russia would terminate the agreement with Finland to promote cooperation in border areas on January 24, 2024.This agreement was signed by the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Finland in Helsinki on April 13, 2012[29]。
Relations with Niger
On January 16, 2024, the Russian Ministry of Defense said that Russia and Niger had agreed to develop military cooperation.On the same day, Russian Deputy Defense Minister Yevkurov and Fuming met with the State Minister of Defense Salif Modi appointed by the Niger military government.[33]
Relations with Belarus
On January 29, 2024, the Supreme State Council of the Russian and Belarusian Union held a meeting in St. Petersburg, Russia, during which a new three-year decree aimed at implementing the national integration of the Union was signed.[34]
Relations with Latvia
In January 2023, the then Minister of Foreign Affairs of Latvia, Linkovich, announced on social media that Latvia would recall its ambassador to Russia and reduce the level of diplomatic relations with Russia to the level of temporary office.[39]
Relations with the DPRK
On June 12, 2024, the leaders of North KoreaKim Jong unIn a congratulatory message to Russian President Putin, he called North Korea Russia's "invincible comrade in arms".[47]
On June 17, 2024, according to the Korean Central News Agency, at the invitation of Kim Jong un, General Secretary of the Korean Labor Party and Chairman of the State Council, Russian President Putin visited North Korea from 18 to 19.[48]
On June 17, 2024 local time, Russian President Putin signed a resolution agreeing to sign the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership Treaty with the DPRK.[49]
On June 19, 2024, President Putin of Russia and General Secretary of the Korean Labor Party and State Councilor Kim Jong un signed in PyongyangComprehensive Strategic Partnership Treaty。[51]
Relations with Vietnam
On June 17, 2024, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Vietnam announced that the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam shouldNguyen Phu TrongRussian President Vladimir Putin visited Vietnam from June 19 to 20.[48]On the afternoon of June 20 local time, Russia and Vietnam adopted a joint statement on deepening the comprehensive strategic partnership between the two countries.[52]
On March 15, 2022 local time, the European Commission announced that it had officially approved a new round of sanctions against Russia. The sanctions include: prohibiting new investment in the Russian energy industry, prohibiting the import of steel products from Russia, and prohibiting Russian state-owned enterprises related to the military industry from conducting business.[62]
On December 18, 2023, the EU decided to impose a new round of sanctions on Russia, involving a diamond ban, and blacklisted hundreds of institutions and individuals.[59]
On February 23, 2024 local time,Council of the European UnionThe statement said that the 13th round of sanctions against Russia had been adopted.This round of sanctions includes the imposition of restrictive measures on 106 individuals and 88 entities.[60]
On June 20, 2024 local time, the EU agreed to implement the 14th round of sanctions against Russia, including the prohibition of the transfer of Russian liquefied natural gas (LNG).[53]
Relations with Canada
On July 1, 2024, the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that the Russian side decided to take countermeasures against Canada and ban 99 Canadian citizens from entering Russia indefinitely.[54]
Relations with Romania
On July 3 local time, the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs summoned the Romanian ambassador to Russia on the same day and delivered to him a note from the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs declaring a staff member of the Romanian Embassy to be an unwelcome person.[55]
Relations with Hungary
On July 5, 2024 local time, the spokesman of the Hungarian Prime Minister said that Prime Minister Orban had arrived in Moscow and would meet with Russian President Putin in Moscow.[57]
Relations with India
On July 6, 2024, according to the Russian satellite news agency, the Russian side announced that Indian Prime Minister Modi would visit Russia from July 8 to 9, and Russian President Putin would hold various forms of talks with Modi.[58]
Relations with Palestine
On August 6, 2024, according to the Russian satellite news agency, diplomatic sources disclosed that Palestinian President Abbas would visit Russia from August 12 to 14.[63]
On August 11, 2024, the Palestinian ambassador to Moscow said that Mahmoud Abbas, President of the Palestinian National Authority, would begin to visit Moscow on August 12 to discuss the Gaza war with Russian President Putin.[65]
Relations with Venezuela
On August 6, 2024, the Russian Embassy in Venezuela announced that the Russian Baltic Fleet "Smorni" training ship arrived in Venezuela for a visit, and the Venezuelan port of Laguaira held a grand welcoming ceremony.[64]
Relations with Uzbekistan
On August 15, 2024, the Kremlin announced that Russian President Vladimir Putin was invited to have a telephone conversation with Uzbek President Mirziyoyev on the same day.[67]
Relations with Azerbaijan
In August 2024, according to the news released by the Kremlin, Russian President Putin will pay a state visit to Azerbaijan on August 18 and 19.During the visit, the leaders of the two countries will discuss bilateral relations and international and regional affairs, and will issue a joint statement and sign a series of documents.[68]
Relations with Mongolia
According to the Kremlin in the Russian presidential palace, Russian President Putin plans to visit Mongolia on September 3 to participate in the commemoration of the 85th anniversary of the Soviet Union's victory over the Japanese Kwantung Army in the Battle of Harshingor River (also known as the Battle of Normanhan).[75]
On the afternoon of September 3, 2024 local time, Mongolian President Hugolesuh held formal talks with visiting Russian President Putin at the National Palace in the capital Ulaanbaatar.[76]
Relations with Britain
On September 13, 2024, the Russian Federal Security Service said that it had revoked the qualifications of six British diplomats because they were suspected of engaging in "espionage" and "threatening Russian security".[77]
Relations with Iran
In September 2024, Russian President Putin approved the proposal submitted by the Russian Foreign Ministry to sign a treaty with Iran on the establishment and development of a comprehensive strategic partnership.[78]
Relations with Pakistan
On September 18, 2024 local time, Pakistan and Russia signed a memorandum of understanding on bilateral cooperation in the economic and trade fields in Islamabad.[79]
Sino Russian relations
China and the Soviet Union established diplomatic relations on October 2, 1949.After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, on December 27, 1991, China and Russia signed the minutes of talks, resolving the issue of the succession of relations between the two countries.China and Russia established a strategic partnership of coordination in 1996 and signed it in 2001《Sino Russian Treaty of Good Neighbourliness, Friendship and Cooperation》(hereinafter referred to as the "Treaty"). In 2011, a comprehensive strategic partnership of cooperation featuring equality, trust, mutual support, common prosperity and friendship for generations was established. In 2019, it was upgraded to a comprehensive strategic partnership of cooperation for a new era between China and Russia.In 2021, on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the conclusion of the Treaty, the two heads of state issued a joint statement officially announcing the extension of the Treaty.
At present, China Russia relations are at the best time in history.High level exchanges between the two countries are frequent, forming the practice of annual exchange visits of heads of state.President Xi Jinping visited or attended activities in Russia in March and September 2013, February 2014, May and July 2015, July 2017, September 2018, June 2019, and March 2023; President Putin visited or attended activities in China in May and November 2014, September 2015, June and September 2016, May and September 2017, June 2018, April 2019, February 2022, October 2023, and May 2024.The two countries have established a complete exchange and cooperation mechanism in the fields of energy, investment, people to people and cultural exchanges, economy and trade, local affairs, strategic security, law enforcement security, etc.The two sides continue to deepen political mutual trust and firmly support each other on issues involving sovereignty, security, development and other core interests.
Actively carry out"One Belt One Road"Construction andEurasian Economic UnionBuild docking cooperation and achieve fruitful results in practical cooperation.In 2023, the bilateral trade volume between China and Russia will reach US $240.11 billion, up 26.3% year on year.In the first six months of 2024, China Russia bilateral trade volume reached US $116.87 billion, up 1.8% year on year.
People to people and cultural exchanges between the two countries are booming, understanding and friendship between the two peoples are deepening, and the concept of friendship from generation to generation is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.In 2006 and 2007, 2009 and 2010, 2012 and 2013, China and Russia respectively hosted the National Year, Language Year and Tourism Year, 2014-2015 Youth Friendly Exchange Year, 2016-2017 China Russia Media Exchange Year and 2018-2019 China Russia Local Cooperation Exchange Year.China Russia Science and Technology Innovation Year will be held from 2020 to 2021, China Russia Sports Exchange Year will be held from 2022 to 2023, and China Russia Culture Year will be held from 2024 to 2025.In 2019, the number of exchange students between the two countries exceeded 100000.
As of July 2024, the two sides have established 164 pairs of sister cities and provinces, dozens of economic and trade pairs of provinces and states, launched the mechanism of regular meetings between Chinese and Russian local leaders, and established the local cooperation council in the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River in China and the Federal District along the Volga River in Russia, and the intergovernmental cooperation committee in Northeast China and the Far East of Russia.
China and Russia maintain close strategic cooperation in international and regional affairs, and work together to practice genuine multilateralism and promote the development of the international order in a more just and reasonable direction.The two countries have the same or similar positions on a series of major international and regional issues and maintain close communication and cooperation.They jointly promoted the establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, established mechanisms for cooperation among BRICS countries, China, Russia, India, China, Russia and Mongolia, and effectively coordinated within the framework of multilateral mechanisms jointly participated by the United Nations, the Group of 20, BRICS countries, SCO, APEC, the Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia (CICA) and others.[73]
On October 27, 2022, Russian President Putin said at the plenary meeting of the "Valdai" International Debate Club that Russia would, to a large extent, shift its cooperation to Asian countries.Putin also stressed that Russia regards China as a close friend and can study positive cases in China's development process and put them into practice.[10]
On the afternoon of July 3, 2024 local time, President Xi Jinping met with President Putin of Russia in Astana.[56]
In August 2024, Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Mao Ning announced that at the invitation of Prime Minister Mishuskin of Russia and Prime Minister Golovchenko of Belarus, Premier Li Qiang of the State Council would go to Russia from August 20 to 23 to host the 29th regular meeting between Chinese and Russian Prime Ministers and visit Russia and Belarus.[69]
Related news
Announce
edit
On November 28, 2023,Sri LankaThe pilot project was launched, and visa free 30 days were approved for tourists from 7 countries, including Russia, until March 31, 2024.[31]
On March 18, 2024 local time, according to the data released by the Central Election Commission of Russia, 85% of the votes counted in the Russian presidential election, the current presidentVladimir PutinWith 87.19% of the votes, he was significantly ahead of other candidates and actually won the presidential election.[37]
On June 3, 2024 local time, the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement saying that, in view of the provocative remarks made by relevant British people against Russia, Russia announced to take sanctions against some British people, including political figures, journalists, experts, etc.[44]
On June 5, 2024 local time, a source said that the network experts of the General Intelligence Agency of the Ministry of National Defense of Ukraine carried out a large-scale distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack on Russian government agencies and large companies.[45]
In August 2024, the Russian government has extended the temporary ban on gasoline export to December 31, 2024.[66]
Travel?
Announce
edit
Russia is the largest country in the world. Its coastline stretches from the Arctic Ocean to the North Pacific Ocean, including the inland seaBlack SeaandCaspian Sea, covering a wide range of geographical environment, with the world's largest forest reserves and a lake containing about a quarter of the world's fresh water, extremely rich natural resources, diverse landscape, coupled with a large number of historical and cultural monuments, cultural urban landscape and special northern scenery, attracting many tourists to Russia for sightseeing.
