synonymRoentgen(German physicist) generally referring to William Conrad Roentgen
Wilhelm Conrad R ö ntgen (German: Wilhelm Conrad R ö ntgen, March 27, 1845 - February 10, 1923), born in the city of Rheinland, Germany, physicist, the firstThe nobel prize in physicsWinner:University of MunichProfessor of Physics[11]。
William Conrad Roentgen obtained the qualification certificate of mechanical engineer of Zurich University of Technology ahead of schedule in 1868;Obtained in 1869University of ZurichDoctor of Philosophy[9], later becameZurich University of Technologyassistant;1871 toUniversitaet Wuerzburg Work;From 1872 toUniversity of Strasbourg Work;In 1879Universitaet Giessen Obtained the title of professor;In 1888, he returned to the University of Vilzburg and served as the director of the Institute of Physics;In 1894, he was elected President of the University of Vilzburg;In 1900, he served as professor of physics and director of the Institute of Physics of Munich University;Won the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901[6]；In 1907, he was elected as a foreign academician of the Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences;Died in Munich, Germany, on February 10, 1923[3]。
William Conrad Roentgen discovered it on November 8, 1895X-ray[10], has carried out experimental research in many fields of physics, such asdielectricThe magnetic effect when moving in the charged capacitor, the specific heat capacity of the gas, the thermal conductivity of the crystal, pyroelectric and piezoelectric phenomena, the rotation of the polarization plane of light in the gas, the relationship between light and electricity, the elasticity of matter, capillarity, etc[2][7]。
X-ray was discovered in 1895 Won the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901 In 1907, he was elected as a foreign academician of the Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences
On March 27, 1845, William Conrad Roentgen was born in Lennep, Rhine, Germany[12]。
In 1848, his father moved his business to Apeldoorn, the Netherlands, and William Conrad Roentgen entered a local private school to study.
At the end of 1862UtrechtA practical technical school was expelled from school because it was falsely accused of drawing a teacher's caricature. In fact, the caricature was drawn by someone else. This fact deprived him of the opportunity to take the middle school diploma exam[13]。
At the beginning of 1865, with the help of my uncle, I entered as a spectatorUtrecht University , took philosophy and several natural science courses. In order to enter the university for further study, he went to Zurich University of Technology in Switzerland without a middle school diploma, and entered Zurich University of Technology to study mechanical engineering without examination in November 1865.
On August 6, 1868, he got the qualification certificate of mechanical engineer in advance, and became an assistant of the Institute of Experimental Physics chaired by Auguste Kunte.
Roentgen in work
On June 22, 1869, he obtained his Ph. D degree from the University of Zurich with his paper Studien ü ber Gase, and later became a teaching assistant of Zurich University of Technology.
In 1871, he went to work with Auguste Kunte at the University of Vilzburg.
In 1872, he went to work at Strasbourg University with Auguste Kunte.
In 1872, he accompanied Auguste Kunte to the University of Strysburg and became a lecturer and associate professor.
In 1879, he obtained the title of professor at Justus Liebig University ä t Gie ß en.
In 1888, he returned to Macmillan University in Witzburg and served as the director of the Institute of Physics after August Kunt.
In 1894, he was elected president of the University of Wezburg[20]。
In 1900, he served as professor of physics and director of the Institute of Physics of Munich University.
In 1901, he won the first Nobel Prize in Physics. He transferred the prize to the Institute of Physics of the University of Witzburg for the purpose of adding equipment[1]。
On February 10, 1923, he died in Munich, Germany[8]。
Key achievements
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Scientific research achievements
X-ray found
First X-ray
On November 8, 1895, William Conrad Roentgen noticed for the first time that the small screen of barium platinocyanide placed near the ray tube gave off a faint light when he was carrying out the cathode ray experiment.After several days of research, it was determined that the luminescence of the fluorescent screen was caused by some ray emitted from the ray tube.At that time, little was known about the nature and properties of this kind of ray, so he called it X-ray, which means unknown.On December 28 of the same year, the Journal of the Welzburg Society of Physics and Medicine published his first paper on this discovery, A New Kind of X-ray.He continued to study this kind of ray and published new papers in 1896 and 1897[14-17]。
On January 5, 1896, the front page headline of the weekly edition of Vienna Daily in Austria reported in detail the discovery of William Conrad Roentgen.Between 1895 and 1897, he published a total of three papers on X-ray.On January 23, 1896, he made the first report in his research institute. At the end of the report, he took an X-ray photograph of one hand of Professor Klecker of anatomy at the University of Vilzburg;Cliker took the lead in cheering Roentgen three times and suggested that this ray be named Roentgen ray.Roentgen ray is the first so-called "penetrating ray" discovered by human beings. It can penetrate certain materials that ordinary light cannot penetrate.When it was first discovered on December 22, 1895, he used this ray to take a picture of his wife's hand, showing the structure of the hand bone[4-5]。
Academic treatise
William Conrad Roentgen has published more than 50 papers in 50 years[18]The representative papers are as follows:
Über die Bestimmung des Verhältnisses der spezifischen Wärmen der Luft. In: Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 2. Folge, Band 141, S. 552–566, 1870.
Über ein Aneroidbarometer mit Spiegelablesung. In: Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 3. Folge, Band 4, S. 305–311, 1878.
Über die elektromagnetische Drehung der Polarisationsebene des Lichtes in den Gasen. In: Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 3. Folge, Band 8, S. 278–298, 1879 – mit August Kundt.
Über Töne, welche durch intermittierende Bestrahlung eines Gases entstehen. In: Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 3. Folge, Band 12, S. 155–159, 1881.
Über den Einfluss des Druckes auf die Viskosität der Flüssigkeiten, speziell des Wassers. In: Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 3. Folge, Band 22, S. 510, 1884
Neue Versuche über die Absorption von Wärme durch Wasserdampf. In: Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 3. Folge, Band 23, S. 1–49 und 259–298, 1884; Teil 1, Teil 2.
Über die durch Bewegung eines im homogen elektrischen Felde befindlichen Dielektrikums hervorgerufene elektrodynamische Kraft. In: Mathematische und Naturwissenschaftliche Mitteilungen aus den Sitzungsberichten der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Physikalisch-Mathematische Klasse, Band 7, S. 23–29, 1888.
Über die Dicke von kohärenten Ölschichten auf der Oberfläche des Wassers. In: Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 3. Folge, Band 41, S. 321–329, 1890.
Über die Konstitution des flüssigen Wassers. In: Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 3. Folge, Band 45, S. 91, 1892.
Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen. (Vorläufige Mittheilung). In: Aus den Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft Würzburg. Verlag der Stahel’schen k. Hof- u. Universitäts-Buch- u. Kunsthandlung, Würzburg (Dezember) 1895, S. 137–147; online – weitere Auflagen 1896.
Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen. (Fortsetzung.) In: Aus den Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft Würzburg. (März) 1896, S. 11–17.
Weitere Beobachtungen über die Eigenschaften der X-Strahlen. In: Mathematische und Naturwissenschaftliche Mitteilungen aus den Sitzungsberichten der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Physikalisch-Mathematische Klasse, S. 392–406, 1897.
Über die Elektrizitätsleitung in einigen Kristallen und über den Einfluss der Bestrahlung darauf. In: Annalen der Physik, 4. Folge, Band 41, S. 449–498, 1913 – mit Abram Fjodorowitsch Ioffe.
Pyro- und piezo-elektrische Untersuchungen. In: Annalen der Physik, 4. Folge, Band 45, S. 737–800, 1914.
Über die Elektrizitätsleitung in einigen Kristallen und über den Einfluss einer Bestrahlung darauf. In: Annalen der Physik, 4. Folge, Band 64, S. 1–195, 1921 – mit Abram Fjodorowitsch Ioffe.
Honor recognition
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Honor recognition
Awarding unit
1896
Rumford Medaille
1896
Matteucci Medaille
1896
Ehrendoktor, School of Medicine, University of Vilzburg
William Conrad Roentgen's father was a small business owner of a wool mill, his mother was Dutch, and he was the only child in his family[6]。
marriage and family
William Conrad Roentgen met Anna Bertha Ludwig in a Zurich cafe. The two never had children after marriage, but they adopted Anna's brother's six-year-old niece Josephine in 1886[16]。
Character evaluation
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R ö ntgen retained the characteristic of a strongly modem and reticent man. Through his life he retained his love of nature and outdoor occupations[6]。(Nobel Prize in Physics)
The contribution of physics to the development of X-ray diagnosis was vital in the early years of this century following Rontgen's discovery of X-ray in November 1895[25]。(Review of Physics in Medicine&Biology)
Commemoration for future generations
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Roentgen bonus
Tomb of William Conrad Roentgen
In 1974, in order to commemorate William Conrad Roentgen's great contribution to modern physics, Atul Pfeiffer Co., Ltd. of Wezlaar and Shunke Ebe Co., Ltd. of Hoyshelheim Giessen jointly established“Roentgen bonus(Rontgen Preis) ", the two companies have guaranteed the Roentgen Prize for six years (until 1980), and then the prize was awarded by the University of Gisenyustus Libich in Germany once a year, with a prize amount of 5000 marks, mainly awarded to young scientists (can be awarded to one person, can also be shared by several people),Reward them for excellent papers or other forms of outstanding contributions in basic research in the field of radiation physics and radiation biology[26]。
Roentgen satellite
On June 1, 1990, an X-ray astronomical satellite jointly developed by Germany, the United States and the United Kingdom was named asRoentgen satellite(R ö ntgensatellit), Roentgen satellite was launched by Delta II rocket at Cape Canaveral, the United States, on December 12, 1999, Roentgen satellite stopped working[27]。
Roentgen ray
To commemorate the achievements of William Conrad Roentgen, X-rays are called Roentgen rays in many countries[7]。
chemical element
No. 111 chemical element𬬭(Roentgenius, Rg) was named after William Conrad Roentgen. Chemical element 111 was first discovered and confirmed by an international scientific research team led by Professor Silgud Hoffman of the German Heavy Ion Research Center in 1994. In 2003, the International Chemical Union officially recognized that the research center had first discovered chemical element 111, and accepted the proposal to name it Rg in 2004.111 years after physicist Roentgen discovered Roentgen rays, the Heavy Ion Research Center in Darmstadt, Germany held a ceremony, officially naming chemical element 111 "𬬭"[22]。
Roentgen Monument
In Germany, the motherland of William Conrad Roentgen, there are many schools, streets and squares named after William Conrad Roentgen.Because of his outstanding achievements in physics, Roentgen Monuments have been built in Giessen, Berlin and Lennep (Remshaid), where Roentgen was born[23]。
Unit: Roentgen
Roentgen: Exposure unit, symbol R, 1 Roentgen=2.58 × 10-4Coulomb/kg[28-29]。
