Cultural landscape, also known ascultural landscapeIt refers to the common crystallization of nature and human creativity, which reflects the unique cultural connotation of the region, especially the unique landscape formed by the environment and the environment due to social, cultural and religious requirements.The most important embodiment of human landscape issettlementIt also includes clothing, architecture, music, etc.The architectural features are reflected in castles, palaces, and variousReligious architectural landscape, historic。
Chinese name
places of historic figures and cultural heritage
Alias
cultural landscape
Embodiment
The settlement also includes clothing, architecture and music
Origin
World Heritage Convention
Requirements
Historic and cultural
Mainly including
Historical sites, classical gardens, religious culture
There are many different definitions in the academic world. Here are some common definitions:
[Definition 1] Cultural landscape refers to the landscape picture formed by history and related to human social activities, including buildings, roads, cliff carvings, myths and legends, cultural anecdotes, etc.Humanistic landscape is the product of society, art and history, bearing the imprint of historical environment, artistic ideas and aesthetic standards during its formation, specifically including places of interest, cultural relics and arts, folk customs and other tourism activities.
[Definition 2] Cultural landscape refers to historical and cultural sites, such as cultural relics, religious resorts, ethnic customs and ancient buildings. According to the Eighteen Records of Wei Shuhao in the History of the Three Kingdoms:“Pound The white horse generals who often ride in the white horse feather (Guan Yu) army are afraid of them. "
[Source]Wulingyuan Scenic AreaHistorical Research on Journal of Changde Normal University (Social Sciences Edition), 1997, Dai Chuzhou
[Definition 3] The so-called human landscape refers to the various cultural phenomena and achievements of human society that can be used as a landscape. It is a landscape dominated by human events and human factors.
[Definition 4] Cultural landscape refers to the unique local characteristics, ethnic customs and historical, cultural and other values of tourism resources. What cultural landscape brings to tourists is the unity of image beauty and artistic conception beauty, which to a large extent can reflect the special history, local, ethnic characteristics or a special mood of a foreign country or place.
[Origin] Several issues on protecting the quality of tourism landscape《create》In 1997, Shengshilan.
Basic Introduction
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Cultural landscape refers to tourism attractions with certain historical, cultural, physical and spiritual manifestations.
generality
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To sum up the above definitions, there are many things in common, that is, the humanistic landscape hasTourism attractionHistoricity requires a certain accumulation of historical periods.
Culture requires certain cultural connotation.Various forms of expression can be physical carriers, such as cultural relics and historic sites, or spiritual forms, such as myths and legends, folk customs.[1]
classification
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Cultural landscape covers a wide range, covering a wide range of types.To sum up, human landscapes mainly include historical sites, classical gardens, religious culture, folk customs, literature and art, urban and industrial tourism and other types.[1]
Historical sites and landscapes
Historic sites refer to the active sites, remains, relics and customs left over from the historical development of human society. The forms and contents of the remains are very rich.In a narrow sense, historical sites and landscapes mainly include human historical and cultural sites, ancient buildings, ancient tombs and historical relics.[1]
Classical garden landscape
Gardens refer to the use and transformation of natural landscapes or artificial landscape within a certain area, combined with plant planting and architectural layout, to form an environment for people to watch, relax and live.According to the artistic style of landscape architecture, gardens can be divided into three types: western gardens, eastern gardens, and mixed Chinese and western gardens.According to the construction function and purpose of gardens, Chinese classical gardens can be divided into royal gardens, private gardens, temple gardens, altar temples, ancestral temple gardens, large lake and mountain gardens, etc.According to the area where the garden is located, it can be divided into northern garden, Jiangnan garden, Lingnan garden, minority garden, etc.The landscape construction techniques of Chinese classical gardens mainly include main scenery and matching scenery, foreground, middle scenery, background, panorama, borrowing scenery, matching scenery and dividing scenery, frame scenery, clip scenery, missing scenery, adding scenery, and spot scenery.The architectural types of Chinese classical gardens mainly include halls, halls, buildings, pavilions, pavilions, pavilions, pavilions, halls, rooms, boats, corridors, pavilions, towers, etc.Chinese classical garden architectural sketches mainly include garden doors, garden walls, garden windows, flower racks, flower beds, garden sculptures, garden bridges, stilts, pools, garden stools, garden tables, etc.[1]
Religious cultural landscape
Religious cultural landscape includes religious architectural landscape, religious activity landscape and religious art landscape.
(1) Religious architectural landscape
①Buddhist cultureThe buildings include Buddhist temple buildings and pagodas.Buddhist temple buildings are places where Buddhists worship Buddhas, where Buddhists live, practice and hold various religious activities. They are also centers where believers worship and participate in religious activities.Buddhism was introduced into China around the first century AD. During the spread of Buddhism in the Han, Tibetan, Mongolian and Dai regions, three major systems of Chinese Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism (commonly known as Lamaism) and Yunnan Theravada Buddhism were gradually formed. The architecture of Buddhist temples in various regions also absorbed the architectural styles of local and ethnic groups, forming distinctive architectural forms.
A. The establishment of Buddhist temples in the Han Dynasty.Since the Ming and Qing dynasties, the architectural pattern of Buddhist temples has become a fixed pattern. Generally, on the central axis, there are Mountain Gate Hall, Heaven King Hall, Mahavira Hall, Dharma Hall, Sutra Pavilion, Pilu Pavilion and Guanyin Hall in turn from south to north.Among them, the Mahavira Hall is the main building of the Buddhist temple, the side halls on the east and west sides are the Bell Tower and Drum Tower, the Jialan Hall is corresponding to the Ancestor's Hall, and the Guanyin Hall is corresponding to the Herbalist's Hall.Larger temples usually have five hundred arhat halls and pagodas.
B. The establishment of Tibetan Buddhist temples.Tibetan Buddhist temples are magnificent in scale, architecture, cultural relics and resplendence.Tibetan Buddhist temples are generally composed of Zacang, Lakang (Buddhist temple), Nangyen (Living Buddha Office), Sutra Printing Hall, Sutra Pavilion, Lingta Hall, and Monk House.
C. The establishment of Buddhist temples in Xanadu, Yunnan.Yunnan Theravada Buddhist Temple is mainly composed of four parts: Buddha Hall, Sutra Room, Monk House and Buddha Tower.
D. Buddha statues in the hall.In the center of the Hall of Heavenly Kings is a statue of Maitreya Buddha, and there are four statues of Heavenly Kings on the east and west sides.In the middle of the Mahavira Hall is enshrined the supreme Buddha of BuddhismShakya Muni BuddhaThere are three forms of offering one, three and five;Eighteen Arhats are worshipped on both sides of the Mahavira Hall.The Guanyin Hall, also known as the Great Compassion Hall, is mainly dedicated to the statue of Guanyin Bodhisattva, who saves the suffering in Buddhism.The famous temples in China mainly include White Horse Temple in Luoyang, Henan, Shaolin Temple in Dengfeng, Zhengzhou, Daxiangguo Temple in Kaifeng, Puning Temple, Pule Temple, Putuo Zongcheng Temple in Chengde, Hebei, Potala Palace in Lhasa, Jokhang Temple in Tibet, etc.In 1994, the Potala Palace in Tibet wasUNESCOIncluded《World Heritage List》。Originally, the pagoda was built by the disciples of Buddhism to hide the relics and relics of Buddha.According to the objects of worship, there are Buddhist stupas, Bodhisattva stupas, Arhat stupas, and tomb towers of eminent monks.The common architectural structure of pagodas in China consists of underground palace, tower base, tower body and pagoda temple.The famous pagodas in China mainly include Kaiyuan Temple Pagoda, Buddha Temple Sakyamuni Pagoda (Yingxian wooden pagoda), Big Wild Goose Pagoda, Small Wild Goose Pagoda, Miaoying Temple White Pagoda, Shaolin Temple Pagoda Forest, etc.
② Taoist cultural buildings Taoist venues are generally called Taoist palaces and Taoist temples.Taoist temples are generally composed of shrines, dining halls, dormitories and gardens.Most of the existing Taoist temple buildings in China were built in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with a gate, Huabiao, and Fan Xuan in front;The central part behind the mountain gate is the atrium, which is the main part of the palace building complex. It is distributed on the central axis of the palace, mainly including the Sanqing Hall, the Jade Emperor Hall, and the Lingguan Hall;There are side halls on both sides of the three main halls to worship ordinary Taoist gods.Wudang Mountain Ancient Architecture Group is the largest Taoist cultural architecture group in China, which is listed inWorld Cultural HeritageDirectories.[1]
The main religious activities in Buddhist temples include daily activities of monks and nuns, repentance and dharma meetings, and Buddhist festivals.Important Buddhist activities in the temple include water and land dharma meetings, Yankou feeding, fasting and releasing life.The most important festival of Buddhism is the anniversary of the birth of Buddha, the attainment of the Tao and Nirvana.Taoist festivals mainly commemorate the birth of Taoist immortals. For example, the ninth day of the first lunar month is the Christmas of the Jade Emperor, the fifteenth day of the first lunar month is the Shangyuan Festival, the fifteenth day of the second lunar month is the Christmas of the Supreme Lord Laojun, and the third day of the third lunar month is the Christmas of the Queen Mother.Every festival, there will be a grand feast in each temple, and temple fairs will be held in grand festivals.[1]
（2）Religious art landscape
Religious art landscape mainly includes religious sculpture art, religious mural art, Buddhist grotto temple art, religious cliff statue art, etc.There are many Buddhist statues, including four heavenly kings, Maitreya Bodhisattva, Weituo Bodhisattva, Sakyamuni Buddha, Three Body Buddha, Three World Buddha, Guanyin Bodhisattva and Arhat.Statues in Taoist palaces, such as the Jade Emperor, the Queen Mother, the Three Taoist Priests, the Three Officials, Laozi Li Er, the Eight Immortals, the Four Great Divine Generals, Zhang Daoling, Wang Chongyang, Qiu Chuji, etc.According to its content, Buddhist murals can be divided into six categories: portrait paintings, Buddhist historical sites paintings, Buddhist story paintings, Buddhist classics paintings, paintings reflecting traditional stories, and paintings with other contents.Buddhist grotto temples began in the third century AD, and the fifth to eighth centuries AD was the most prosperous period for the development of Chinese grotto temples.Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, Yungang Grottoes, Longmen Grottoes and Maijishan Grottoes are the four major Buddhist grottoes in China.There are many Buddhist cliff statues in southern China, such as Dazu Stone Carvings in Chongqing, Leshan Giant Buddha in Sichuan, Feilai Peak statues in Zhejiang and Qixia Thousand Buddha Rock.However, there are few Taoist cliff sculptures, among which the famous one is Laojun Rock in Qingyuan Mountain, Quanzhou, Fujian.[1]
（3）Folk customs landscape
Folk customs refer to various customs and habits of the ethnic groups in a region in production, life and social activities under specific natural and social conditions.The folk customs landscape mainly includes the catering customs and characteristic dwellings of all ethnic groups in China, traditional costumes and folk handicrafts, wedding and funeral customs, folk songs and dances, and festivals.[1]
（4）Literature and Art Landscape
Literature and art have a wide range of popularity and strong appeal, and penetrate into other tourism landscapes, with the value and function of tourism culture aesthetics.The main forms of tourism literature and art include travel notes, landscape poems, couplets, inscriptions, myths and legends, films and television, operas, calligraphy, painting, sculpture, etc.[1]
（5）Urban and Industrial Sightseeing Landscape
Towns and industrial tourism landscapes mainly include China's excellent tourism cities, national historic and cultural cities, characteristic small towns, modern urban landscapes and industrial tourism landscapes.Historic and cultural cities are various cities with important traditional cultural values formed in China's history, which have unique positions in military, political, economic, scientific, cultural and artistic fields, and have varying degrees of influence.According to the formation, development and functional characteristics of historical and cultural cities, Beijing, Xi'an, Luoyang, Kaifeng, Nanjing, Anyang, Hangzhou and other special categories such as ancient capitals, regional ruling centers, scenic spots, ethnic local characteristics, modern revolutionary historical sites, overseas transportation, border defense, handicrafts and so on are classified into seven major historical capitals in China.Modern urban scenery includes urban landmark buildings, modern commercial, educational, scientific, cultural, sports, health and other activities and facilities, and urban leisure and entertainment facilities.The industrial sightseeing landscape mainly includes modern ecological agriculture sightseeing, modern industry sightseeing, high-tech sightseeing, and modern great construction project sightseeing (including modern buildings, traffic bridge projects, water conservancy projects, aerospace projects and other landscapes).[1]
Examples
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Rongxian Dafo Temple
It is located at the foot of Dafo Mountain in the suburb of Rongxian County, with an altitude of 414 meters.Half way up the mountain, there is a towering stone statue of Buddha sitting on Buddha, known as Rongxian Giant Buddha.The overall height of the Buddha is 36.67 meters, the head length is 8.76 meters, the shoulder width is 12.67 meters, the knee height is 12 meters, and the foot width is 3.5 meters. It is the world's largest Sakyamuni Buddha and the second largest stone carved Buddha.Rongxian Giant Buddha was first chiseled in the eighth year of Yuanfeng (1085) and the seventh year of Yuanyou (1092) of the Song Shenzong.[2]
