Industry Alliance refers to seeking new scale, standard, function or positioning to ensure the market advantages of all partners, and responding to commoncompetitorOr to push the business into new fieldsResource integrationA mode of cooperation.
Alliance members can be limited to enterprises in a certain industry or cross industry enterprises in various parts of the same industry chain.Generally, there is no capital connection among alliance members, and all enterprises are equal and operate independently.
Due to the combination of enterprises, the industrial alliance can form a greater synergy and influence in a certain field, which can not only bring new customers, markets and information to member enterprises, but also help enterprises focus on their own core business development.be relative toM&AIndustrial alliance can realize a large range of resource allocation with low risk and avoidM&AThe integration process may take months or even years, thus becoming an important means for enterprises to complement each other's advantages, expand development space, improve industry or industry competitiveness, and achieve extraordinary development.
significance
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Beijing New Energy Automobile Industry Alliance
Since the late 1970s, industrial alliances have been established in the United States, Europe, Japan, etcdeveloped countryAnd regions are thriving.According to statistics, since 1985growth rateUp to 25%.Among the largest 1000 enterprises in the United States, 16% of their revenue comes from various alliances.Since the 1990s, industrial alliances have also begun to take shape in China,TD-SCDMAIndustry Alliance, Broadband AllianceWAPIAllianceigrs Wait a lotHigh tech fieldThe industrial alliance of is rising day by day.At present, industrial alliance has become an important form of industrial organizationIndustrial development、Enterprise growthespeciallyHigh tech enterprisesThe rapid growth of is of great significance.
The benefits of industrial alliance can be said to be very significant, compared withM&AIsomodeThe industrial alliance can achieve a wide range ofProvisioningIt avoids the integration process that may take months or even years in mergers and acquisitions, thus becoming an important means for enterprises to complement each other's advantages, expand development space, improve industry or industry competitiveness, and achieve extraordinary development.
Main types
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In practice, there are five types of industrial alliancesEnterprise innovationPlayed an important role in:
creative industryCreative Industry Alliance refers to seeking new scale, standard, function or positioning in the field of creative industries to ensure the market advantages of all partners and deal with commoncompetitorOr to push the business into new fieldsResource integrationA mode of cooperation.Creative industries are also called creative industries.It refers to those enterprises that derive development impetus from individual creativity, skills and talents, as well as those activities that can create potential wealth and employment opportunities through the development of intellectual property.
Industry Alliance
China Creative Industry Alliance(China Creative Industry Alliance, abbreviated as CCIA) is a collaborative development alliance for creative industrialization initiated by national well-known creative institutions and supported by leaders of relevant ministries and commissions of the State Council, under the guidance of relevant committees of the CPPCC National Committee and national ministries and commissions, to promote China's creative industries to become highly cultural andHigh technologyAt present, it is the only national creative industry cooperation alliance in China that is united to promote the development and prosperity of the national creative industry and ultimately achieve the goal of becoming a creative power.The Alliance has expert committees, several regional committees, industry committees, and creativityIndustrial Research InstituteAnd the Fund Council.
On February 9, 2012, the Office of the Education, Science, Culture, Health and Sports Committee of the CPPCC National CommitteeChina Creative Industry Alliance、People's Political Consultative Conference NewspaperAnd other units“Development of creative industries”Symposium.Li Wuwei, Vice Chairman of the CPPCC National Committee, attended the meeting and delivered an important speech.Publicity Department of the CPC Central CommitteeMinistry of Culture, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Education, the General Administration of Press and Publication, the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television, the Chinese Association for Science and Technology and other representatives of central and relevant national ministries and commissions, some members of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and the chairman of the presidium of the China Creative Industry Alliance, the former party group of the Chinese Association for Science and Technology, the former deputy director of the General Administration of Press and Publication, the chairman of the presidium of the AllianceLi DongdongAttend the symposium.The participants held extensive discussions and exchanges on the current situation and development prospects of China's creative industries, including those promoting the development of the national design industryRelevant policiesSuggest and construct the concept of "Creative Paradise" and change the cultureResource allocation mechanismMethodsCultural and creative industriesThe leading role of development.At present, the development of creative industries in China mainly existsRadiant forceNot strong enoughTalent training mechanismUnsound and other problems.Participants believed that government support should be strengthened andCombination of production, teaching and researchGive play to the role of China Creative Industry Alliance, set up an industrial development research institute and other measures to promote the development of China's creative industry, and make China gradually become a "creative industry power" from a "creative industry power".
R&D alliance is a commonly used inter enterprise organization in innovation, whose goal is to solve the problem of industrialGeneric Technology Question.The specific role of R&D alliance in enterprise innovation is:
② R&DResource complementarity。Technology integration trend and enterprise specialization trend requirementsIndustry, education and researchWe should strengthen R&D cooperation and jointly complete innovation through resource complementarity. ③Learn together.Enterprises pay more and more attention to learning. Common learning includes learning abroadadvanced techniqueThe members of the alliance learn from each other's strengths.
④ Shorten the R&D cycle.CompetitiveglobalizationEnterprises are required to continuously shorten the cycle of technology research and development, and obtain market opportunities through product first mover. The R&D alliance has concentrated industrial strength to accelerate the speed of member enterprises' entry into the market.
A typical case is the R&D cooperation industry alliance adopted by Japan and the United States in the semiconductor industry competition.From 1976 to 1979, the Japanese government supportedFujitsu 、Hitachi, Mitsubishi Electromechanical, Nippon Electric andToshiba5 major Japanese semiconductor companiesvlsiVLSI consortium, which helped Japanese enterprises achievetechnology catch-up 。In 1987U.S. governmentSupported byIBM、TI、Lucent(AT & T)、Digital Semiconductor、Intel、Motorola、AMD、LSILogic、National Semiconductor、Harris Semiconductor、Rockwell、Micron TechnologyandHPA total of 13 major semiconductor companies have established the Semiconductor Technology Research and Development Cooperation Industry Alliance (SEMATECH) to help American semiconductor enterprises return to the world's firstcompetitive position 。
The goal of industrial chain alliance is to build a competitive industrial chain.The specific role of industrial chain alliance in innovation is to promote innovative products to form a competitive industrial chain as soon as possible.The competitiveness of innovative products in the market depends on the competitiveness of the entire industrial chain, that is, innovative products need to obtain upstream and downstream product support, and the supporting products need to be competitive in the market.The industrial chain of innovative products is often difficult to rely onmarket mechanismRapid formation, industrial chain alliance promotes the formation of industrial chain through cooperation between enterprises.
Chinese enterprises have proposed the third generation mobileCommunication technology standardsAfter TD-SCDMA, its commercialization process will face the challenges of industrial chainCoordinated developmentQuestion.The commercialization of mobile communication technology standards requires the whole system to advance synchronously: the lag of chips, system equipment, terminals, applications, test equipment and any other link will hinder the pace of commercialization.With the support of relevant government departments, domestic enterprises have established TD-SCDMA industry alliance, which has effectively promoted the commercialization of TD-SCDMA innovation.
China Digital Home Industry Alliance
The goal of the market cooperation alliance is to jointly develop the market.The specific role of market cooperation alliance in innovation is:
① Jointly explore the user market of innovative products.Because a single enterprise is unwilling to independently bear the market start-up cost of innovative products, or innovateEnterprise strengthIt is too weak to develop the market independently. Innovative enterprises jointly develop the market of innovative products through industrial alliances.
② ViaJoint procurementReduce the cost of innovative products.Small and medium-sized enterprises are difficult to achieve in the initial stage of innovative product developmentscale economy, joint procurement isInnovative SMEsreducePurchase costImportant means.
③ Reduce innovation costs through shared infrastructure.Enterprises need to share some infrastructure in innovation, including sharingExperimental equipment, ShareTesting equipment、shared data Libraries to reduce the cost of innovation.Some shared facilities can beMarket supplySome shared facilities are difficult to provide in the market due to strong specificity, and industrial alliance is a better solution.
④ ViaNetwork interconnectionRealize economies of scale on the demand side.Some innovative products have strong network characteristics. The realization of network interconnection between innovative enterprises can improve consumer welfare, thus promoting the marketization of innovative products.
Zhongguancun Science ParkThere are a large number of innovative SMEs.With the support of government departments, a large number of small and medium-sized enterprises have formed market cooperation industry alliances, such asChangfeng Alliance, Software Export AllianceNext generation InternetAllianceMedical Device Alliance、BiomedicineoutsourceAlliance, etc.These alliances have lowered the threshold for innovative SMEs to enter the market and improved the success rate of innovative SMEs in the park.
WAPI Industry Alliance and Broadband Wireless IP Standard Working Group
Technical Standards AllianceThe goal is to develop the industrytechnical standard。The specific role of technical standards alliance in innovation is to commercialize innovative technology through technical standards.The technical standard itself haspublic goods However, some technical standards contain a large number of innovative technologies and related intellectual property rights, which are related to huge commercial interests and become the object of active competition for enterprises.Formulated by Technical Standards AlliancecompetitivenessTechnical standards are conducive to the application of new technologies, the development of the whole industry and protectionconsumers'benefit。
igrs It is a technical standard formulated by Chinese enterprises.Domestic leading electronic information enterpriseassociation、TCL、Hisense、Konka, Great WallChanghong、SkyworthWhen leaders set up the flash linktechnical standardIndustry Alliance, which formulated the technical standards of Flash Connect and led the development and upgrading of the technical standards of Flash Connect.The V1.0 version of the Flash Connect standard formulated by the Flash Connect Technical Standards Alliance contains 204 itemsInvention patent, all owned by the flash link alliance enterprises.In 2005, Flash Connect has become the national industry recommendation standard.ISO/IEC, July 2006（International Organization for StandardizationInternational Electrotechnical Commission）By voting to formally accept Flashlink as a candidate technical standard, it broke the deadlock that no proposal in this technical field in China has been adopted by ISO/IEC for more than ten years, and it is another important breakthrough in the internationalization of China's electronic information technology standards.igrs The industrial alliance is an open organization, which not only integrates the domesticEnterprise resources, is also actively seeking to use international resources to improve the global competitiveness of flash link technical standards.
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Zhongguancun Creative Industry Alliance was established
At present, the purpose of building an alliance should be to share riskscost reductionGradual steering liftingInnovation。Industry alliance is undoubtedly shared by enterprisesTechnological innovation riskAn effective way to reduce R&D costs, but if the alliance is only considered from this perspective, after the cooperation ends, each party's owninnovation abilityIt may not be improved.It is necessary to build an industrial alliance so that resources among enterprises can flow horizontally in both directions or in multiple directions, thus improving the innovation of partners.Especially in the current situation of increasingly detailed industrial divisionindustrial structureThe important trend of change is that the global layout of the industry and the phenomenon of industrial clusters are increasingly prominent. It is difficult for a single enterprise to achieve success in the market with its single product and business applications. To innovate, it is necessary to build an industrial chain.
However, it is difficult to quickly form a new industrial chain only by relying on the market mechanism. The industrial chain alliance can quickly promote the evolution and formation of the industrial chain through cooperation, and realize the transformation from a small-scale alliance to a networked industrial chain alliance by building a multi-channel, multi-level, and multi angle network alliance.Take TD-SCDMA as an example. After the standard was proposed, its commercialization process faced the problem of coordinated development of the industrial chain, requiring the whole system to advance synchronously, including chips, system equipment, terminals, applicationsTest equipmentThe lag of any link will hinder the pace of commercialization.With the support of relevant government departments, domestic enterprises have established TD-SCDMA industry alliance, which has effectively promoted the commercialization of TD-SCDMA innovation.
At the same time, the industrial alliancestrategic targetWe should also shift from regionalization to globalization.The globalization referred to here not only means that the regionaltechnical cooperationGlobalTechnology AllianceIt also means that the products after cooperation will change from meeting the needs of consumers in the region to meeting the needs of global consumers, that is, to push the market towards globalization.In the long run, it is only stronger than that outside the regioncomplementarityOr enterprises with strong strengthHomogeneous productTime advantage, so as to further occupy the global marketconsumer market。
With the globalTelecommunication industryThe most successful GSM in developmentTechnical standardizationFor example, the technical standards of the AllianceOpennessTo a large extent, it has increased the competitive advantage of this alliance.Compared with GSMTechnological competitive advantageBecause of the low openness of CDMAMarket expansionThey are lagging behind.adoptStrategic allianceWith internal technology sharing, high openness of technical standards and incentive policies for technological innovation, the GSM Technology Standardization Alliance has solved the contradiction between intellectual property protection and technology standardization, and has successfully won World Mobile in international competitionCommunication marketAnd occupy the world mobile communication marketleading role 。
The government's incentive policies are closely linked with the industrial alliance, especially in catch-up countries.For example, in the late 1980s, mobile communication in South Koreatechnological development At the beginning, the Ministry of Information and Communication of South Korea ignored the domestic partTelecom operatorsAnd the equipment supplier, and regard CD － MA as theMobile communication standard, and presided over the establishment ofSamsung、LGThe strategic alliance for CDMA technology development, which is composed of government research institutions, has made South Korea a leader in mobile communication technology from a country with backward telecommunications technology.This is our messageCommunication industryThe future development provides a good reference, and also puts forward higher requirements for the government on how to accurately grasp the market and technology development trends.
As an important means for enterprises to enhance their innovation capability and an important organizational mode for joint development of enterprises, industrial alliances can form a greater synergy and influence in a certain field by virtue of the combination of enterprises, which can not only bring new customers, markets and information to member enterprises, but also help enterprises to improve their core competitiveness.along withregional economic integration With the further deepening of the globalization of the world economy, the industrial alliance will be fully developed worldwide and continue to show its strong vitality.
theoretical analysis
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TD-SCDMA Industry Alliance
staymarket economyEnterprise and market are the two main types of coordinated productionResource allocationMode.Within the enterprise, production depends onadministrative managementTo coordinate.Outside the enterprise,market priceRegulate production and coordinate production through market transactions.In practice, there are a large number of inter enterprise organizations in the market, and industrial alliance is one of the important types.Why does the form of industrial alliance appear in the market instead of solving problems through enterprises or markets?Some theories analyze the reasons for the formation of industrial alliances from different perspectives.
Externality theoryIt believes that industrial alliance is an organization that internalizes the common problems of industry.There are a lot of common industrial problems in the market. The industrial alliance isExternalitiesA way of internalization.In the view of a single enterprise, the common problem of industry is an external problem.As enterprises attach importance to industrial commonness and consciously establish industrial alliances, industrial commonness becomes an internal problem of industrial alliances.At present, an important development trend is the combination of government policies and industrial alliances.Externality is an important goal of government policy, and the government can often achieve better results by formulating policies to support industrial alliances to solve common industrial problems.Industry alliance is an enterprise led and market-oriented organization, and the government often solves external problems by supporting industry alliance rather thanDirect interventionProduction activitiesMore effective.
Transaction cost theoryIt is believed that industrial alliance can save costs under certain conditions.Ronald H. Coase believes that enterprises and markets are two alternative ways of resource allocation. The operation of both ways has costs, and the market way needs to pay for the markettransaction cost , enterprise mode requires paymentbusiness organizationcost.reasonableEnterprise boundaryIn "marginal organization cost=marginal transaction cost"Equilibrium point。Williamson believes that transaction costs are mainly formed by three factors: the uncertainty of the transaction process, the specificity of assets, and the regularity of transactions.Industry alliance is a means of resource allocation between enterprises and markets.In some cases, industrial alliances can reduce transaction costs in the market and also save organizational costs for enterprises.For example, industrial chain cooperation and industrial alliance can reduce market transactionsSpecial assetsAnd professional division of labor can avoid the companyInternal investmentThe organization cost is too large.
Communication and Information Industry Alliance
Resource based theoryThink that industrial alliance is an enterprise acquisitionExternal resourcesImportant means.Enterprise essenceIt is a collection of resources,Enterprise resourcesWith“Heterogeneity”And "incomplete liquidity", so the enterprise has rare, unique and difficult to imitate resources and capabilitiesContinuous competitive advantageSource of.When an enterprise encounters common problems in the industry, a single enterprise often does not have enough resources to solve the problem, including technology, market, capital, intellectual property, brand, public relations, etc.Industry alliance is an effective tool for enterprises to jointly invest resources to solve common industrial problems.
scale economyTheory andEconomies of scopeThe theory holds that industrial alliance helps to realize economies of scale and economies of scope.In some cases, especially in the process of growth, it is difficult for enterprises to achieve economies of scale or economies of scope independently.The industrial alliance can help the enterprises in the alliance to jointly realize economies of scale or scope, such asJoint procurement, joint salesJoint developmentperhapsCo investmentThe basic equipment has reached economies of scale.The economies of scale or scope formed by industrial alliances also have some special advantages: enterprises can concentrate oncore business On the other hand, it can avoid the impact of scale expansionBig enterprise disease, can maintain flexibility in many aspects, etc.
Organizational Learning TheoryIt believes that industrial alliance is a platform for enterprises to learn together.becauseExternal environment of the enterpriseAs the uncertainty of is getting higher and higher, enterprises must continue to learn in order to obtain opportunities for survival and development.Enterprises acquire new knowledge and skills through learning to seekcompetitive edge。In the context of globalization, international competition is increasingly fierce.Under external pressure, enterprises within a country begin to seek cooperation to improve their competitiveness.An important reason for enterprises to participate in industrial alliances is learning, including mutual learning among alliance enterprises and joint learning of foreign advanced technology by alliance enterprises.
Reasons for rise
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Since the middle of last century, the global industrial alliance has been rapidDevelopment trend。The rapid development of industrial alliance has a profound socio-economic background.
Technological progress and globalization are the two engines driving the change of global economic structure.The change of global economic structure shows the following trend characteristics:
Change trend at the industrial level.regionIndustrial clusterThe phenomenon has become increasingly prominent, which has promoted the industrialGlobal division of laborLayout;The industrial chain is getting longer and longer,Industrial divisionThe cooperation within the industry is getting closer and closer;manyHigh tech industryDemonstrate technical andCapital intensiveThe characteristics of innovation are large investment and high risk;The integration of technology promotes the integration of industries, that is, there is a trend of technology sharing, business intersection and product integration among industries;technical standardThe impact on industrial development and enterprise competition is growing.
Change trend at the enterprise level.In response to globalization andindustrial structureIn terms of strategy, more and more focus on core competitiveness, and constantly reorganize in terms of business to improve the efficiency of the company;The professional development trend of enterprises makes enterprises increasingly rely on the development environment of the whole industry, and enterprises show more and more external characteristics in strategy.
technological innovationThe change trend of the level.fundamental research, applied research andProduct researchThe relationship between them is getting closer and closer, and the conversion cycle between them is getting shorter and shorter. The cooperation among industry, university and research is becoming increasingly important;Developed countries promote the establishment of a globalIntellectual property protectionThe competition of system and intellectual property has become an important part of enterprise competition and even national competition.
Changes in economic structure have led to increasingly prominent industrial commonalities
3G Industry Alliance was officially established
The changes in the global economic structure have led to increasingly prominent common problems in the industry, that is, the development of a single enterprise is increasingly dependent on the development of the entire industryDevelopment levelAnd the development environment of the industry.The common problems of the industry are mainly reflected in five aspects:
Generic Technology R&D.Globalization urges enterprises and governments to attach importance to joint research and development of common technologies.Before the opening of the market, the competition of domestic enterprises in common technology is conducive to industrial technological progress.After market opening, the repeated investment of domestic enterprises in common technology may reduce the industrialInternational competitivenessInternational competition urges countries to attach importance to joint research and development of common technologies.Some countries regard common technology R&D asindustrial policy(technology policy ）Important content of.In addition, the acceleration of technological progress also urges enterprises to attach importance to joint research and development of common technologies to reduce the risk of innovation uncertainty.
Formulation of technical standards.According to the definition of international standards (ISO), technical standards refer to "one or a series of mandatory requirements or guiding functions with detailstechnical requirementAnd relatedTechnical proposalThe purpose is to make relevant products or services reach a certain levelsafety standardsOr the requirements of entering the market. "The technical standard itself ispublic goods However, some technical standards, especiallyIT industryThe technical standards of ", which contain a lot of intellectual property rights," have become an important weapon in industrial competition.Technical standards involve complexInterests, its formation process needsstakeholderFull consultation (based onInternational Organization for StandardizationAndInternational Electrotechnical Commission(IEC) Guide No. 2 (ISO/IEC Guide 2 1991) issued jointly in 1991, General Terms and Their Definitions in Standardization and Related Fields: "Standards are for the benefit of all parties concerned, especially for achieving the bestEconomy, with due consideration to the use conditions and safety requirements of the product, and with the cooperation of all relevant parties, carry out orderly activitiesImplementation standardsProcess.).
Supporting industrial chain.Industrial chain supporting means that enterprises in the industry jointly provide products or services to users through upstream and downstream cooperation of products.As the industrial division of labor becomes more and more detailed, the professional technology becomes more and more profound,Technology investmentAs it grows larger and larger, a single enterprise has no power to complete the investment in the entire industry chain.Industrial chain supporting facilities aredeveloping countryCommon problems in the process of industrial catch-up, becausedeveloped countryIt has led the development of the industrial chain, and the innovative products of enterprises in developing countries must be mature with those in developed countriesTechnical competition，Product chainrelevantEnterprise investmentOur confidence is often insufficient.
Industry Alliance
Market threshold for small and medium-sized enterprises.The market threshold of small and medium-sized enterprises refers to the survival of small and medium-sized enterprises in market competitionBasic conditions, including whether the enterprise has reached the necessaryEconomic scaleTo complete large-scale procurement or realizescale economyAnd whether the enterprise has the necessary market capacity.The globalization of local market competition has compressed theliving spaceThe potential of overseas markets also provides a huge opportunity for the development of local SMEs.The key to meet the challenges and opportunities is whether SMEs can cross the minimum market threshold.New technology industry relatedSocial rules。The social rules of industrial development refer to the social rules related to the development of new technology industries, including laws, regulations and government policies.These social rules hinder or promote themarket demandIs the basic condition for industrial development.For example, a country can only developenvironmental protectionLaws, regulations or policies,social organizationAnd individuals will increase investment in environmental protection,Environmental protection industryCan develop.
The common problems of industry have an objective demand for industrial alliance.Because a single enterprise lacks the enthusiasm or ability to solve common industrial problems, common industrial problems can only be solved by the government, or by enterprises forming an industrial alliance.The combination of government policies and industrial alliances is an important development trend, that is, the government promotes the development of industrial alliances by supporting the development of industrial alliancesIndustrial innovation。The industrial alliance ismarket orientation Is more efficient than the governmentDirect interventionHigh.
The adjustment of government policies has promoted the rise of industrial alliances
In the context of globalization, many governments have a new understanding of industrial alliances: on the one hand,economic globalizationWeakened the government's commitment toMarket monopolyConcerns.becauseGlobal industryWith the intensification of competition, the government began to re recognize that the market was in monopoly“Relevant markets”The expansion of the market scope has prompted the government to relax its commitment toCooperative innovationThe restrictions on the development of industrial alliances have been greatly reduced.On the other hand, economic globalization has prompted the government to pay more attention to theInternational competitiveness。The government has improvedIndustrial competitivenessFrom the perspective of, we should attach importance to supporting industrial alliances to solve common problems in industrial development, especially in industrial innovation.
Take the United States for example.The United States has strict antitrustlegal system, which has a great restrictive effect on the industrial alliance.Due to the deepening of globalization and the intensification of international competition, the United States has realized that enterprise cooperation and innovation can improve theAmerican economyThe importance of international competitiveness, and began to learn from JapanCooperative R&DExperience.The United States passed the National Cooperative Research Act (NCRA) in 1984, allowing enterprises toPre competitive technologyCooperative research and development.In 1993, the National Cooperative Research and Production Act (NCRPA) was passed, which actually amended the previous law and expanded its scope toProduction field。In 2004, the United States added the Standards Development Organization Promotion Act (SDOAA) to relax thetechnical standardOrganizationalAntitrustLimitations.At the same time, the US government has given strong support to some R&D cooperation industry alliances.For example, the U.S. government has given a large amount of funding to SEMATECH, and has taken this cooperation model asGovernment fundingTemplate for cooperative research and development.
