Symphony

[jiāo xiǎng yuè]

Large orchestral music with multiple movements

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Symphony (not equivalent symphony , symphony is different from symphony and can also be used in general) Orchestral music , generally for philharmonic orchestra a literary creation. Symphony is big Orchestral music Divertimento , from Italy The opera overture evolved. The name "Symphony" comes from Greek , which means "sound together". To become independent in the second half of the 18th century Orchestral music Works, usually consisting of four movements (sometimes titled adagio Introduction), and some of them have more than or less than four movements. Genre and Sonata It is very similar, but the scale is large and the music theme has developed greatly, orchestration Also rich, suitable for performance Dramatic Strong content. symphony orchestra It is a modern large-scale orchestra , divided into Double tube , three management, four management, namely small, medium, large, etc. The number of people ranged from tens to hundreds. Usually Stringed instrument 、 Woodwind instruments 、 Brass instruments and Percussion instrument And other musical instruments. Sometimes, according to the creative intention and specific requirements of the composer and conductor, the musical instruments are increased or decreased.

Chinese name: Symphony
Foreign name: Symphony

Origin: ancient Greek
Play: orchestra

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Origin of development

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Bach (2 sheets)

French literary giant Roman Roland Said: "There is no concept of progress in art, because no matter how far we look back, we will find that our predecessors have reached a perfect state...... If someone thinks that centuries of efforts have made us closer to perfection, it will be ridiculous......"

The origin of symphonic music can be traced back to a long history. Its name comes from ancient Greek It was the general name of the words "harmony" and "harmony" at that time. here we are Ancient Rome During the period, it evolved into a synonym for all instrumental ensemble and ensemble.

15. In the 16th century, that is, in Europe The Renaissance During this period, the name of symphony was regarded as the symbol of all harmony and multi sound instrument music. At the beginning of baroque music, it mainly refers to opera, divine drama and Oratorio The overture and Interlude 。

In the early 18th century, musical art It has developed rapidly in Europe industrial revolution The process of music art also began to gradually move towards civilian and socialization. In this period, the symphony as an independent artistic form Its scale and form gradually have a clear meaning. The overture of the Italian opera at that time became Classical Symphony The basic prototype of.

By the middle of the 18th century, the composers of the Mannheim School (the cultural center in southern Germany) had further improved the basic form of symphony with a series of positive and innovative creations.

The Formation of Symphony Orchestra

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Symphony (5 sheets)

symphony orchestra The real formation of Viennese Classical School The period of prosperity. Before that, the structure and composition of the symphony orchestra were not perfect, and only some of them were incomplete orchestra 。 For example, in the creation of Haydn and Mozart, the organization and scale of the band are limited to chamber music A small band with characteristics.

The form and organization of the symphony orchestra were ultimately perfected in Beethoven's creation. For example, in the creation of Beethoven's symphony, Double tube Or prepared by three supervisors symphony orchestra It is basically determined.

Later, throughout the early to late 19th century Romantic music In the whole process, the organization and combination form of the symphony orchestra have been further improved. The emergence of large four pipe symphony bands and the addition of various characteristic instruments have enriched the Sound effect and Artistic expressiveness 。 These characteristics are particularly fully reflected in the works of Mahler, Richard Strauss and the modern composers of the 20th century, such as Plofiev, Shostakovich and Stravinsky.

Orchestra

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The symphony orchestra is Music Kingdom The big family of instrumental music in is generally divided into five groups: String music Group Wooden tube Group, copper tube group Percussion music Group and Color musical instrument Group. The following groups introduce various musical instruments (they all range from treble to bass):

Schematic Diagram of Band Seats

String music Group: violin 、 Viola 、 cello 、 Double bass 。

Wood pipe group: Piccolo 、 flute 、 Oboe 、 British tube (alto oboe) Clarinet (black pipe) Bass clarinet , large pipe（ bassoon Pipe).

Copper tube group: small Cornet 、 Horn (France) Trombone , Large Subbaritone 、 Upper and lower horn 。

Percussion group: timpani 、 Army drum 、 Snare drum , gongs, cymbals Tambourine 、 angle iron 、 Castanet Etc.

Color musical instrument Group: piano harp 、 Xylophone 、 Aluminium plate clock 、 Steel Piano 、 Chime etc.^[1] 。

For some special tracks (such as China Folk songs The adapted symphony), and some other instruments such as a suona horn , trumpet, erhu, etc National Instruments 。

Bian Zushan, a famous conductor

because symphony orchestra With so many musical instruments, it has a very rich expressiveness 。 According to Style It can also be divided into different organizations. Such as single pipe preparation Double tube Preparation, three management preparation, four management preparation, etc. Practical proof The volume of a brass tube (take trumpet as an example) is equivalent to 17 violins, 12 violas, 8 cellos, or 6 Double bass (Double cello). Therefore, the number of string musicians in the band has increased by at least 43 for each additional brass band.

Symphony is generally divided into four movements:

The first movement: Sonata form , Allegro

The second movement: Polyphonic form or Variations ， adagio

The third movement: Minuet perhaps Scherzo , Allegro and allegro

The fourth movement: Sonata form 、 Rondo or Rondo sonata form , Allegro

Development history

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summary

Symphonic music was formed in Europe in the middle of the 18th century. Before that, the middle of the 17th and 18th centuries was one of the peaks in European music history—— Baroque music Period. According to the division of western music history, the development of European symphonic music has roughly experienced classicism 、 romanticism Nationalism, Impressionism Modernism And other historical stages.

classicism

Classical symphonies include Haydn (Austria, 1732-1809), Mozart (Austria, 1756-1791) Beethoven (Germany, 1770-1827) Three music masters represented by Western Europe Cultural city Vienna, the capital of Austria, is the center, so it is sometimes called Viennese Classical School The time span generally starts from 1755, when Haydn began his music career in Vienna, and the lower limit is 1827, when Beethoven died.

Classicism symphony is in the past European music Based on the achievements New era New ideas New ideas And new aesthetic requirements, pursue emotional and rational stability at a higher stage, combine rigorous and perfect form with profound ideological content, focus on the pursuit of objective beauty, and pay attention to Musical form The rigorous balance of, style of music Solemn and harmonious. The characteristics of classical symphony had been nurtured in the peak period of baroque music. It was only Haydn who finally established the structural form of the four movements of symphony and formed a complete symphony orchestra, laying the foundation for the later development of symphony.

Haydn has composed more than 100 symphonies in his life. His great contribution to the formation of symphonic music has earned him the title of "Father of Symphony". Later, through the development, innovation and creation of Mozart, especially Beethoven, the classical symphony not only reached a high level of maturity, but also laid the foundation for the birth and prosperity of romantic symphony.

romanticism

Romanticism is French Revolution From 1789 to the beginning of the 19th century, the new trend of thought in literature and art rising in Europe was first reflected in literature, and then spread to the whole art field, including music.

From the 1920s to the end of the 19th century, Europe Romantic music Including the era of rapid development of romantic symphony, sweeping across Europe. The content and style of Romantic music and its era and Social ideological trend Cannot be separated.

The failure of the revolution Feudal dynasty Its restoration and the high-pressure policy it pursued forced the composers to treat the dark reality with a negative attitude. They placed their hopes on the future and immersed themselves in the dream of a better future. Therefore, the outstanding feature of Romantic symphony is to pay attention to the expression of personal feelings Inspiration Most of them come from personal emotional world, from various subtle feelings of nature, or with the help of literary works, paintings, poems, dramas, myths, legends, and folk stories, with a bright and strong emotional color. In order to express the extremely rich and complex human emotional world, the romantic composers broke the Classical music school Some of the strict norms of the, creating a more free form of the structure and a variety of the melody, harmony, orchestration techniques, so that form fully serves need of the expressing emotional content.

During the period of Romantic symphonic music, a large number of great composers with outstanding achievements emerged. For example, the author of Unfinished Symphony, "Song King" Schubert (Austria, 1797-1828), title music master Berlioz (France, 1803-1869), Mendelssohn (Germany, 1809-1847), Schumann (Germany, 1810-1856), the first Symphonic poem Formal Liszt (Hungary, 1811-1886) Brahms (Germany, 1823-1897), who adhered to the path of classical creation and was a true romantic composer in style and temperament, Frank (France, 1822-1890), who was honored by the French as the "father of symphony", and Bruckner (Austria, 1824-1896) and Mahler (Austria, 1860-1911), who were outstanding representatives of the late Romantics.

nationalism Music school

With the upsurge of the European national independence movement in the 19th century, the nationalist music school Eastern Europe and Northern Europe A new musical genre centered on the country.

stay feudalistic age ， Princes and nobility yes national music Adopt an attitude of contempt and exclusion, Feudal system After the abolition, free thought prevailed. The respect for individuality in creation was expressed as romanticism in art. Later, the emphasis on individuality led to the emphasis on folk customs. Therefore, nationalism can also be said to be an extension of romanticism. The characteristic of nationalist symphony is to hold high National spirit 、 National character And national style. The literary content of music is often taken from the history, legend, natural scenery, people's life customs, customs, customs, etc. of a nation or country, while the tone is mostly taken from folk songs or folk dances nationality The nationality is more and more obvious.

National music school It first appeared in Russia, and its pioneer was known as“ Russia The father of folk music, "Grinka (1804-1857). Then Russia“ The Five ”The five composers (also known as the "Five People Group"): Borodin (1833-1887), Guy (1835-1918), Balakirev (1837-1910), Mussorski (1839-1881), Rimsky Kosakov (1844-1908). They were not specialized musicians at first, but were connected by the common goal of promoting the Russian national music movement.

The greatest Russian symphonic master in the same era as the "Five People Group" Tchaikovsky (1840-1893) also made great contributions to the prosperity of the national music school. In addition, the most famous representatives of ethnic music schools in Eastern Europe are Smetana (1824-1884) and Dvorak (1841-1904) in the Czech Republic, while in Northern Europe Norway Grieg (1843-1907) and Finland Sibelius (1860-1909). In other countries, there have also been many composers of national music schools.

The rise of national music school has greatly enriched the treasure house of human music.

Impressionist music

Impressionist music originate from Impressionist painting It was founded and completed by the famous French composer Debussy (1862-1918) in the decades around the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.

The representative figures of French impressionist painting are Manet (1832-1883) and Monet (1840-1926), who are known as the father of modern French painting. It is characterized by taking hunting for the instant impression of nature as the goal, not sticking to details but focusing on the whole. Focus on color and light rather than clear lines. Debussy is deeply impressed impressionism The influence of painters and poets created the music style of impressionism. Similar to impressionistic painting, impressionistic symphonic music does not take melody as its life, but emphasizes the change of harmony color and orchestration technique to seek the instant effect of sound, so that music is full of light and shadow, mottled color and hazy illusion.

This style is very important for modern Europe and America The music of various countries has had a profound impact. Impressionist symphonic music works have become a bridge connecting the music of the 19th century and the 20th century. Impression music school In addition to Debussy, there are Lavel (France, 1875-1937) and Duka (France, 1865-1935).

Modernist music

Modernist music It rose in the 20th century after impressionist music. There are many schools, such as expressionist painting Influence and emphasize the use of exaggerated techniques to strongly express self feelings and vent inner depression and dissatisfaction expressionism music Its representative figures are Austrian composers Schoenberg (1874-1951), Wiebern (1883-1945) and Berger (1885-1935) (these three composers all worked in Vienna Music activities , so it is also called“ New Vienna Music School ”）； Represented by Russian composer Stravinsky Neoclassical music The composers of this music school went against the romantic music, opposed the title and drama of music, and pursued a simple and clear music style.

Others include Prokofiev of Russia (1891-1953), Shostakovich (1906-1975), Respiki of Italy (1879-1936), Bartok of Hungary (1881-1945), Britton of Britain (1931-1976), Copland of the United States (1900-1990) gershwin (1898-1937) and so on Modernism Under the influence, we not only adhere to the excellent tradition of classical symphony creation, but also carry forward the unique style of our national music Writing Skills He has made innovations and breakthroughs and created a large number of outstanding symphonic music works.

Symphonic Music in China

China's symphonic music creation began in the 1920s. Huang Zi (1904-1938) became the founder of symphony creation in China with his symphonic overture Nostalgia and Fantasia of Urban Scenery.

People's musician Xian Xinghai He also made outstanding contributions to the development of symphony creation in China with his works with distinctive national style and intense patriotic feelings.

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China until the "Cultural Revolution", a large number of young and middle-aged musicians trained by the Party and senior composers have created a large number of symphonic works together Wang Yunjie The Symphony of the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression Ding Shande Of《 Long March Symphony 》Luo Zhongming's Second Symphony and Shi Yongkang's Symphony Poetry《 The Story of Yellow Crane 》、 Ma Sicong Symphony No. 2 and No. 1 in F major Violin Concerto 》、 Xin Huguang Symphonic poem of《 Gadamelin 》、 Li Huanzhi Of《 Spring Festival Overture 》、 He Zhanhao And Chen Gang Violin Concerto《 Liang Zhu 》Etc.

After the Cultural Revolution, symphonic music creation recovered in an all-round way, and a large number of young composers emerged one after another. On the one hand, they adhered to the direction of nationalization of symphonic music creation, and on the other hand, with the tide of reform and opening up and the renewal of ideas, they boldly absorbed and used for reference Western Symphony The creation includes the writing skills of modern symphony creation, and has written a number of symphonic music works with high artistic standards, such as Huang Anlun Spring Festival Festival Tan Dun Li Sao Zhang Qianyi Of《 Northern Forest 》、 Liu Dunnan Mountain Forest, etc.

Classical Symphony

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1740 Austria Composer Monn (1717 -- 1750), first time on adagio movement Between the allegro movement, the minuet movement (the third movement) is added Divertimento The form gradually evolved into classical symphony Fixed form of. Of course, sometimes the introduction and epilogue are added. The four movements are arranged as follows:

The first movement

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—— Sonata form (Note: It is classical music A basic work Musical form , whether it's sonatas, symphonies concerto And important movements in the ensemble.) It consists of three parts:

Part I:（ Presentation part ）There are two themes - the main theme (the first theme) Subtheme (The second theme), these two themes often form a strong contrast. For example, the main theme is conflicting and dramatic, and the sub theme can be lyrical and singing. In some sonatas, these two themes complement each other and are both singing.

Part II:（ Unfolding part ）The theme of the presentation part is constantly split and molded, and contrasted and expanded in the aspects of orchestration, rhythm, strength and tonality.

Part III: (reproduction part) The two themes of the reproduction presentation part are strictly related in tonality. For example, in the presentation part, the theme of the main part is the main tone（ C major ）， Deputy department The theme of（ G major ）In the reproduction department, the theme of the deputy department should also return to the main key (C major). Sonata form Usually there is an introduction or preface at the beginning and an end at the end. Such musical forms often express grand ideas, reflect profound philosophy, and of course have a very strong lyricism and description.

Second Movement

—— Andante Or adagio. Lyric, good at singing music.

The third movement

——Minuet. They are light, humorous, elegant and funny.

The fourth movement

——The finale. It is usually allegro and is often used Rondo (A+B+A+C+A) or Rondo sonata form 。 (The difference between the so-called Rondo sonata form and the sonata form is that the theme appears twice in the presentation part, that is, the theme—— Subtitle ——The subject, then the expansion unit and the reproduction unit)

The fixed form just mentioned was relatively fixed only in the period of classical symphony. But there are also special examples, such as Haydn's six movement symphony. As for the contrast between fast and slow movements, he wrote a "Farewell symphony ”, which ends with adagio. As for the number of movements, composers also have many changes according to different creation requirements. There are three movements and two movements, such as those we are familiar with Beethoven There are five movements in his "Pastoral Symphony" and eleven movements in Shostakovich's "Fourteenth Symphony". Therefore, the composition of symphony movement and the comparison between fast and slow movements are not invariable.

Main features

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Symphonic music is not a specific genre name, but a general name of a kind of instrumental music genre. The common features of this genre are:

1. By large orchestra play;

2. The music has profound connotation Dramatic , epic tragic , heroism, or solemn music style, narrative, descriptive, lyric, custom, etc;

3. It has a more rigorous structure and rich means of expression.

4. The technique of expression is sharp, which can bring the audience into the musical mood and imagination space.

Viennese Classical School

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In the middle and late 18th century, Viennese Classical School The rise of the symphony and the great creation of some talented composers artistic form It has developed to a fully mature stage. Here we first mention the Austrian composer Haydn. He created more than 120 symphonies in his life. His contribution to the art of symphony is to establish the form and scale of symphony completely and rigorously. Therefore, he was once known as the "father of symphony".

His artistic achievements directly affected his two descendants Mozart and Beethoven 。 The form, scale and connotation of symphony are really mature and perfect in the creation of these two composers.

Haydn

Franz Joseph Haydn Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) was born on March 31, 1732, at the border between Austria and Hungary Austria A village and town of Rohau , died on May 31, 1809 Vienna 。 His father was a wheelwright handed down from generation to generation, and his mother was a cook in the noble mansion. His family was poor. Six of his 12 children died prematurely. Haydn was the second of the 12 children.

Haydn's portrait

Austrian composer Franz Joseph Haydn He is an outstanding representative of the "Vienna Classical Music School" and one of the most famous musicians in Europe in the 18th century. His Musical works A wide range of genres, involving vocal music and instrumental music, especially symphony and string quartet He has made outstanding contributions to the formation, improvement and development of, and is widely recognized as the "Father of Symphony" and "Founder of String Quartet". Twelve London novels written in his later years symphony 》And large Oratorio 《 Genesis 》, "Four Seasons", "Emperor Quartet" and other works represent the highest achievement of his life. The distinctive national characteristics, democratic thinking and art reflected in the works Originality He became the true founder and founder of Vienna Classical Music School. His immortal music works had a profound impact on the creation of Mozart, another great musician of the same period, and Beethoven, the great musician after him.

Haydn's life was full of ups and downs. However, in the long years of life, he devoted his talent and energy to the country and people he loved with a simple, kind and loving heart, and faithfully searched for joy and comfort for them.

Mozart

Mozart created 41 symphonies in his life. Compared with Haydn's symphonies, his symphonies have greatly improved in terms of completeness of form, richness of connotation and profundity of thought. With his ingenious pen, he injected a new vitality into symphony, an independent instrumental form. His last three symphonies《 Symphony No. 39 in E flat major 》、《 Symphony No. 40 in G minor 》And Symphony No. 41 in C Major (Jupiter), which is the peak of all his symphonies. These three books symphony Musical and rich Ideological And novel creativity Classical Symphony A shining example in creation.

Beethoven

Beethoven This talented person, who is respected as the "music saint" by later generations, has raised the symphony creation achievements to an unprecedented height in his short decades of creation. Symphonic music in the world Art History His creation is considered to be an extremely important milestone. His work is a leap classicism and romanticism An outstanding example of the link between the preceding and the following.

Roman Roland once praised Beethoven as: "The French Revolution and Napoleon The greatest musical poet in the imperial period was the artist who most vividly described the storms of Napoleon's period; His description includes the suffering and sadness of the people; The tension of war and the revelry of freedom spirit. "

Beethoven

Compared with Haydn's and Mozart's symphonies, Beethoven's symphonies are more rigorous in form, richer in content and more skilled in techniques. What is particularly noteworthy is that his symphony is deeply ideological philosophical Complex. For the first time, he gave symphony social enlightenment and Militancy The profound connotation of. His achievements in symphony creation lie in his great creation based on inheritance. For example, in terms of form and structure, he expanded and improved the organizational framework of symphony—— Sonata form 。 At the same time, with more powerful Scherzo (Note: also known as scherzo, most of them are 3 time With lively rhythm, fast speed and often sudden contrast of strength and weakness), replacing the traditional minuet which is too gentle, thus giving the symphony more organic. From another perspective, in order to achieve performance Social Major themes For the purpose of struggling with human beings and spiritual realm, he will symphony orchestra The number of staff has been expanded to a more reasonable level. At the same time, in order to reach his whole Artistic conception , and even added the voice symphony 》Chinese, sung by the chorus“ Ode to Joy ”It reveals an extremely lofty spiritual realm. It is also the first time in the history of symphony to add voice. This ingenious conception and bold practice fully illustrate Beethoven's extraordinary boldness and outstanding genius as a symphony master of a generation.

We usually divide Beethoven's nine symphonies into two categories: untitled and titled. His first, second, fourth, seventh and eighth symphonies are untitled; The third (hero), the fifth (destiny), the sixth (pastoral) and the ninth (chorus) are titled. His two kinds of symphonies formed two kinds of creation routes, which had a profound impact on later generations' symphony creation.

Beethoven also exerted great influence on later symphony creation in terms of tone creation. For example, we are all familiar with the fifth (destiny), which is the shortest theme so far. It has only four notes, and this life movement machine has always run through four movements; The ninth (chorus) broke the traditional form of symphony, skillfully joined the chorus of voices, and opened music history The first of its kind.

In addition, Beethoven improved and expanded the band's organization. In his symphony Among them, we found that he used instruments that had not been used in Haydn and Mozart's time. for instance Piccolo , bassoon, trombone and some percussion instruments such as angle iron 、 Large cymbal , Dagu, and more importantly, his Ninth Symphony The voice is quoted in. When we face Beethoven's symphony, what makes us feel most strongly is Beethoven's spirit.

Beethoven's motto It is "through suffering, to happiness; through struggle, to victory." His music is for all mankind, and the 21st century still needs the indomitable spirit of Beethoven, which is resolute, brave, courageous and indomitable.

Romantic Symphony

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Romanticism from the late 18th century to the early 19th century Artistic trend It began to penetrate into the music field. Schubert have Art song Symphony in b minor (unfinished), the title symphony of Berlioz and Liszt《 Symphonie Fantastique 》And《 Dante Symphonie 》Schumann's poetic Spring Symphony, Brahms' four symphonies full of traditional spirit but with romantic connotation, Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky And Dvorak nationality A series of symphonies by Saint Saens, Mussorski, Rimsky and other composers are all romantic symphonies in the 19th century musical composition Treasures of. In the late 19th century, the Austrian composer Mahler wrote ten works symphony In these symphonies, he developed the form of symphony to the limit in order to express his inner complex spiritual world. For example, his Eighth Symphony is known as the "Symphony of a Thousand People". Except Mahler, in the late 19th century National music school Among the composers, many should be called symphonic masters. Such as Sibelius in Finland Czech Republic To some extent, the creation of Yanachek, Grazunov and Rakhmaninov of Russia, etc musical art Has made outstanding contributions.

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, many trends of thought representing the artistic style of the new era began to emerge more and more. from Debussy Impressionism of (France), Richard Strauss's late romanticism and Schoenberg's early Atonality The techniques have infiltrated into the creation of symphony, laying the foundation for the creation of various symphonic music in the 20th century. Among the numerous composers in the 20th century, there are countless people who have made outstanding contributions to the creation of symphony and other genres. Among them, Russian composers Prokofiev, Khachaturian, Shostakovich and British composer Britten have the greatest influence, Hungary Bartok, the composer, Stravinsky, the American composer Gershwin wait. What they created symphony 、 concerto , symphonic poem Rhapsody 、 Capriccio Many other works have greatly enriched the world's symphonic music treasure house. And thus constituted an important chapter of symphonic music creation in the 20th century.

The emergence and development of symphonic music is related to human society The rapid progress of civilization is closely linked. From a historical perspective, it really came into being with the cultural and economic development of the entire human society. From the perspective of development, in the new century and even in the future, it will also be regarded as an elegant culture Art Classics And rich spiritual food to make greater contributions to the development of human society and the spiritual needs of people's lives.

Appreciation mode

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Some people think symphony is unattainable and incomprehensible. However, like an article, it also has its depth. As long as you know how to appreciate it, it is not difficult to get started. Because what it reflects and describes is human life and human Thoughts and feelings Ordinary people can go from ignorance to understanding, from ignorance to perfection. Of course, when appreciating a more advanced symphony, you need to have a certain and corresponding life experience and a higher cultural level, "you must use your own experience, impression and knowledge accumulation to supplement".

When appreciating symphonies, if the audience has some basic knowledge of music at the same time, such as the change and development of music style, mode, theme, orchestration Expressive technique , tonality Color contrast Wait, then you can get more knowledge and enjoy the beauty.

In the wonderful and vast music world, symphony is probably the most difficult thing for people to choose between love and hate. Because in the view of the public, he is elegant, serious and daunting. In fact, symphony is not far from our life. It is not difficult to understand symphony as long as you master the basic appreciation methods.

Genre

There is a kind of symphony called "music and painting", which mainly describes the natural world and the scenery of life, and is relatively easy to understand. as Russia The "Pictures in the Exhibition" by Mossorski, a composer from Germany, and the "Pastoral Symphony" by Beethoven, a great composer from Germany, can be said to be such works. Appreciation of these works, together with rich imagination, can give you a conceptual association - how beautiful nature is, how interesting life is, and how things are growing.

There is a kind of symphony called "dance music" national style Extremely thick, the music is relatively short, the feelings are relatively simple, and the melody is relatively clear. Most of them describe the folk festival activities, with the characteristics of singing and dancing. There are also pieces cut from dance dramas to become separate instrumental music. This kind of symphonic dance music is easy to understand and will soon become popular, such as Austria More than 400 songs by John Strauss Waltz , by Ravel of France《 Bolero 》， Czech Republic Dvorak's《 Slavonic Dances 》, German Brahms《 Hungarian Dances 》Of Chinese composers《 Yao dance music 》And so on, all belong to symphonic dance music.

In symphonies, there is a kind of story with a title or each movement Subtitle 。 This kind of music is mostly based on familiar and widely spread dramas, poems, legends, myths, novels, stories, etc《 Carmen Suite 》Unlike drama, literature, poetry, quyi, film and television, it does not provide specific characters or plots for the audience visually and linguistically. Instead, it plays the role of music, expressing the characters' detailed inner feelings as the main means to make the listeners feel from the heart.

In symphony, there is a kind of non storyline and non description of scenery, but it reflects people's very delicate, rich and changeable emotional ups and downs through musical means. This kind of music has no title and reflects people's views and hopes for society in a specific society. Beethoven's《 hero 》《 fate 》Chorus Symphony, Tchaikovsky Fifth《 Pathetique 》Symphony and so on. To appreciate this kind of symphony, the listener must understand the composer's era, environment, experience, experience, life experience, etc., as well as his motivation when writing this music and the basic content of the music. In this way, when listening to music, the listener can get a signal in his heart along with the ups and downs of the music feelings. He can enjoy music along with the music, sad and sad, angry and angry, and transform it into a philosophical concept.

Composition of movement

Nietzsche He said, "Without music, life is worthless. Symphony is the music of music, the sacred palace of music, and it has a broad, lofty and profound spiritual realm." Indeed, in the eyes of many people, symphony is very elegant, in fact, it is not difficult to approach. To those who appreciate symphony for the first time, understanding the structure of symphony is the first step to understand it.

The beginning movement is the whole part symphony The most important part of the work is usually fast Sonata form (Sometimes a slow introduction can be added). The complex structure and serious mood determine the tone of the whole work.

Compared with the first movement with complex structure, the second movement is more simple and friendly - it is slow, full of singing, and has a broad melody, so this movement often becomes the lyric center of the whole song.

The third movement is dance music, so this part Music speed Faster, more use Minuet , or Humorous music The rhythm is lively and the music is full of changes. The gentle and elegant small cloth dance music is likely to turn into vulgar dance music, or even a piece of music that is not like dance music but full of vitality.

When something comes to the end, people want to sublimate it. Symphony is no exception, so its last movement is usually a summary Speed ratio The first movement is fast, and usually adopts Folk festivals A joyful scene, or a victory carol, ends the whole symphony. Generally speaking, Berlioz's《 Symphonie Fantastique 》Tchaikovsky's "The Third Symphony" has five movements, and some even have only two movements. The most familiar one is Schubert's "Incomplete Symphony".

common sense

Symphony is difficult to understand. In addition to the profound spiritual connotation it contains, there is another important reason Symphony Orchestra The structure of musical instruments is very complicated. According to the general practice, symphony orchestras are arranged according to the sound of instruments and the difficulty of playing String music 、 Wooden tube , copper pipe Percussion music These four groups of musical instruments are composed. Among them, string instruments occupy a high position, which is the soul of the entire symphony orchestra and is equivalent to the main dish of a table of delicious food. Woodwind instruments Then, Brass instruments secondly, Percussion instrument Is at the bottom.

Stringed instrument The components of include violin 、 Viola 、 cello 、 Beth Wait, yes symphony orchestra Middle richest expressiveness A group of musical instruments. stay plucked There is an ingenious technique called Bartok plucking, which is Hungary A composer named Bartok played the violin to the extreme. What is Bartok's pluck? We know that in order to reflect a sense of beauty, the plucking is usually done gently on the violin, but Bartok pursues a strong and direct effect. He reaches into the string with his finger, throws the string up, and makes the string hit the board with a very strong, sharp sound through very strong elasticity.

There will be two rows behind the string instrument Wind instrument Wind instruments can be divided into two types: woodwind instruments and wind instruments Brass instruments 。 Woodwind is a group of musical instruments with very rich colors. The most familiar ones are flute family, double reed family and single reed family. Flute flute The timbre is very beautiful. The flute is made of metal. Why is it also classified as a woodwind instrument? Because it was first played by woodwind, but through metal manufacturing process , musical instruments can produce more beautiful sounds, so the flute has evolved into a woodwind instrument made of metal; Oboe It is a high musical instrument of the oboe family. The timbre is very beautiful and beautiful. Sometimes it feels sad, slightly nasal consonant 。 He often plays lyric melodies in the band, so he is called "lyric soprano"; Clarinet Compared with the oboe, some people also call it the clarinet because it is black. The timbre of the clarinet is richer than that of the oboe, and it is the most expressive instrument of the woodwind group.

The next thing we want to say is Brass instruments , including Horn , trumpet Trombone And large. Many people may have been exposed to this kind of musical instrument when they were at school. For example, trumpet. Every school has a trumpet drum team. Among the instruments played, there are trumpet Penetrability It's very strong. Even in the roar of gunfire, the soldiers will be excited as soon as the trumpet is blown Special status , so it is usually in the middle of the last row; The horn is called "the living fossil ”, the voice is low. In Europe, people usually use horn when hunting, with high timbre. Solemn and full; Finally, the brass wind instrument group to be introduced is the tuba, which is very large, so the requirements for performers are relatively high. If the body is thin, it is likely to be crushed by the tuba while blowing.

Some people say that symphony is for the whole orchestra Done Sonata In fact, percussion instruments also play an important role in the orchestra, timpani It is the "boss", whose task is to bring the music to a climax when playing, and bring the interest of music into the music. Other members, such as Chime 、 Xylophone 、 harp 、 Big drum 、 Drum 、 angle iron 、 Castanet 、 Big Cymbal And so on, also to enhance the momentum of musical instruments. What we are familiar with Lei Gong and Dian Bus This explains the role of percussion instruments in symphony. When it's windy and rainy, Lei Gong plays drums and the electric mother plays cymbals, which is magnificent and magnificent.^[2]

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