Apennine Mountains

Italian mountains

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The Apennine Mountains are in a huge arc, approaching from the northwest Seaside Alps From Cadibona Pass to sicily west Egadi Islands (Egadi Islands), with a total length of about 1400 km and a width of 40 – 200 km. Surrounded by narrow coastal areas, it is Apennine Peninsula The natural backbone of Italy has a great influence on Italian human geography.

Italian Peninsula The highest point of the mountain above itself is Mount Corno, which is 2912 meters high. Mountains as far as the southern tip of Italy Calabria (Calabria), the general trend is northwest southeast; Then from Calabria From then on, the regional trend was changed to south first and then west.

Chinese name: Apennine Mountains
Foreign name: The Apennines
geographical position: Italian Peninsula^[3]
Trend: NW-SE

Length: 1400 km
Width: 40 km
Starting point: Kadi Bona Pass
End: Egadi Islands
Main peak: Korno Mountain (2912m)

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Environment Introduction

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Appennino

It is also called The Apennines and Appennino in Italian.

Apennine Mountains

The Apennines is one of the younger mountains in the Alps. In terms of geology North Africa Atlas Mountains Some coasts of Small mountain range Is related. It is connected with balkan Countries and Greece Dinari The Alps There are also similarities.

The Apennines are in southern Italy Calabria There are three mountains here, namely, Mount Polino, Mount Costiera and Mount Aspromont.

position

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Italy Apennine Peninsula (also known as Italian Peninsula ）The main mountain range of The Alps The main trunk extends to the south. It starts from the Kadipona Pass near the coastal Alps in the west and extends to the south in an arc sicily Ezetian Egadi Islands End.

geology

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The geological units of the Apennines are mostly deposited in Tethys Sea It is composed of marine sedimentary rocks on the southern edge. Tethys Sea is the ancient European plate and Africa plate stay mesozoic (about 245 million to 66 million years ago) during the period when they were separated from each other, the large ocean stretched between the two plates. Most of the above rocks are shale Sandstone And limestone, while igneous rock (such as the remains of the older ocean floor crust diabase ）It is rare.

Apennine Mountains

Apennine Orogeny Experienced several crust Tectonic period ——Mostly during the Cenozoic era, that is, since 66 million years ago - and in the Miocene and pliocene (23.7 million to 1.6 million years ago). In the past 1 million years, many large faults have occurred along the west side of the Apenning Mountains; This may be related to the thinning of the crust that led to the formation of a new sea, the Tyrrhenian Sea, 10 million years ago.

Most of these faults also cause strong volcanic activity Along these faults Tuscany Mount Amiata to sicily Etna Volcanic chain ； Most of these volcanoes - for example, Mount Cimino, Mount Cimino near Rome Alban Hills (Alban Hills) and Punza Islands ——Both Extinct volcano , but south Vesuvius 、 Eoli Islands Eolie Islands and Mount Etna are still Active volcano 。

It is often found along the whole volcanic chain (including Sicily) seismic activity , from Western Yuan Since 1000 years ago, there have been more than 40000 recorded earthquakes. Most of the earthquakes are very shallow (4.8 – 31 km deep), and the occurrence of earthquakes may be related to the subsidence of volcanic chains in the complex interaction between African and European tectonic plates.

Apennine Mountains

Due to the short geological age and various rock types of the Apenning Mountains, the mountain surface today is abrupt and rugged. In the north Liguria (Liguria) has sandstone Marl and greenstone These rocks are fragile and often have landslides; In Tuscany, Emilia marche (Marche) and Umbria (Umbria) often contains clay, sand and limestone; stay Lazio (Lazio), Campania, Puglia Calabria and sicily In the north and east, there are some large calcareous rocks outcrop , low land separated by shale and sandstone between outcrops; stay Maurice （Molise）、 Basilicata (Basilicata) and Sicily Argillaceous rock 。 The landforms of these places are dry, water scarce, barren, and often with serious erosion of poor land.

physical geography

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Apennine Mountains

From the north, the Apennines can be divided into: Tuscany – Amelia Apennine Mountains, the highest peak Mount Cimone, 2165m above sea level; Umbria – Umbrian Marchigian Apennines, Mount Vettore, the highest peak, with an altitude of 2478m; Abruzzi Abruzzi Apennines, the highest peak of Korno Mountain, 2912 meters above sea level; Campania Apennine Mountains, Mount Meta 2241m high; Lucanian Apennines, Mount Polino 2267m high; Calabria Apennine Mountains, Mount Alto is 1955 meters high; Finally, the Sicily Mountains, Mount Etna It is 3323m high. In Pulia and sicily Some small mountains in the southeast are formed by low and horizontal limestone plateaus, which used to be Apennine Orogeny Less impact.

Main rivers

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The rivers in the Apennines are very short, and there are two main rivers: Tiber River , 405 km long, along Umbria -The west foot of Machigia Apennines flows southward, and then flows through Rome to reach Tyrrhenian Sea ； Arnault River , 249km long, from Tuscany – Emilia Apennines flows westward Florence arrive Ligurian Sea 。 Due to the nature of rock in each region and its influence on hydraulic Resistance Different, and physical geography However, the overall topographic relief (undulation) shows the characteristics of the early (or young) stage of the erosion cycle.

In limestone area Karst Erosion phenomenon, surface cracks are worn by hydraulic erosion. At some of the highest points of the Apennines Glaciation Glacier Erosion Traces of; But with The Alps The difference is that there is no contemporary glacier in the Apennines.

terrain

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Apennine Mountains

It is about 1400 km long and 40 – 200 km wide. The north and south ends are relatively narrow, about 30 kilometers wide. It can be roughly divided into three sections: north, middle and south. The north section is composed of Sandstone It is composed of dense forests. From middle section Perugia – To the south of the Ancona line, the terrain is rugged, which is the widest and highest part of the mountain range, mainly composed of limestone. The highest point, Great Korno Mountain, is 2914 meters above sea level; The hillside has good Grazing land 。 The southern section is composed of Granite 、 gneiss And Mica schist form.

Covered with chestnut, oak Beech And pine and other vegetation. The east slope of the mountain is gentle and the west slope is steep. A young mountain system consisting of a series of mountains and hills Fold zone The crust is extremely unstable, with many volcanoes and earthquakes, and sometimes landslides.

Vesuvius and Etna volcano Most famous. Around the Apennines Karst scenery 。 The rivers in the Apennines are very short and the longest Fiume Tevere It is 405km long. The lake is small and scattered, the largest lake Lake Tracimeno , area 128 Square kilometers 。

climate

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The climate of alpine areas is similar to that of inland Europe, but it is regulated by the Mediterranean climate. Annual precipitation Up to 1000 – 2000 mm.

Apennine Mountains

The highest part of the Apennines is Continental climate (The climate is the same as that of continental Europe), but it is improved due to the adjustment of Mediterranean climate. It often snows, cold in winter and hot in summer (July Average temperature 24 – 35 ℃). Average annual rainfall It is 1000-2000mm, and the rainfall on the side near the Tyrrhenian Sea (west slope) is relatively low Adriatic Sea One side (east mountain slope) is high.

Animals and plants

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Apennine Mountains

The plant genus of Apennines mediterranean sea Type, but depending on latitude and Altitude Different but different. In the north, the woodland is dominated by oak Beech , chestnut and pine; In the south, holly Quercus Laurel , frankincense Pistacia chinensis 、 Myrtle and Nerium oleander (an ornamental evergreen shrub) many. The crops commonly planted are olive 、 citrus and Grape 。 Olive trees are mostly planted on the highlands about 396 meters above sea level; Citrus is widely planted in Calabria and sicily ； Tuscany , Lazio and Priya It is rich in grapes. In alpine areas, grazing is still the main form of land use.

In addition to the typical mediterranean sea In addition to animals, many local Apennine animal species are protected in two nature reserves—— Abruzzo National Park Abruzzo National Park and Sila Park - and several Regional parks Within; Some of these animals are unique to the Apenning Mountains, such as insect , "Marciano" Brown bear 、 Rock antelope , wolves and wild boars.

products

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Main agricultural products include olive , oranges and grapes. Animals have Brown bear 、 Gazelle , wolves, wild boars, etc. Minerals include mercury Sulfur , boron and sylvite 。 Marble has a long reputation.

Railway

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There are 10 railways passing through the mountainous area. The Sun Highway completed in 1964 was Apennine Peninsula The main trunk line of.

On the moon, there is also a mountain range named Yapingning, which divides Shuwan, Qihai and Chenghai Moon Sea 。 And Archimedes Crater Facing each other from afar, it borders on the Eratoson Crater. Apollo 15 It landed in the northeast of the Apennine Mountains on July 30, 1971.

Residents and economy

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High grade marble in Apennines

Since the early period of history, the Apennines has always been the birthplace of all the nationalities in Italy. Today, the highest rural settlement 。 stay Alluvial soil In a wide river valley with many cultivated lands (such as Liguria Lunigiana River Valley in Tuscany, Garfagnana River Valley in Tuscany and Arnault River and Tiber River The upper reaches of the river valley), with densely populated areas. Inland basins such as Folnio (Foligno), Terni, Rieti L'Aquila (l'Aquila), Sulmona and Avezzano also have a large population.

Manufacturing has become very common in the foothills of the Apennine Mountains; and Extractive industry It is often related to the important discovery of natural gas and has been found in the adjacent Coastal plain Develop. Minerals such as mercury, sulfur, boron, potash, etc. are very important; Marble quarry ——Especially Karala The marble quarry near Carrara has been famous for centuries.

traffic

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Several railways crisscross the Apennines. Although there are rugged platforms, there are countless roads leading to mountains. A series of magnificent tunnels and embankment , overcoming the obstacles of uneven terrain; Among them, "Sun Expressway" is Apennine Peninsula Of aorta It is also one of the tourist roads in Europe.^[1]

Honors won

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In April 2020, it was selected into the "2020 World Famous Summer Resort List".^[2]

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