The first edition (74 volumes in total) was published in 1993, with 77859 entries, 125.68 million words in total, covering philosophysocial sciences, literature and artcultural education, natural science, engineering technology and other 66 disciplines and fields.
Since ancient times, China has a tradition of editing category books.Over the past two thousand years, it has published more than 400 kinds of books of different sizes.These books are our country'scultural heritageThey have collected, sorted out and preserved the treasures of Chinese dynastiesscientific culture Important materials in ancient books.Some of the earlier category books have been lost, but there are also many books that have been circulated or partially circulated to this day. These books are cherished by Chinese and world scholars.Various types of books have different systems, which are more or less close to the type of encyclopedia, but are not encyclopedias in modern sense.[1]
In the middle of the 18th century, when China was compiling《Complete Library of Four Branches of Books》When,Western EuropeFrance, Germany, Britain, Italy and other countries have edited and published modern encyclopedias.Later, the United States, Russia, Japan and other countries also published such books.Modern encyclopedias briefly outline the past knowledge and history of mankind, and focus on reflecting the latest achievements of contemporary science and culture.Over the past two hundred years, various countries have accumulated rich experience in editing encyclopediasKnowledge classification, editing method, picture configurationretrieval systemAnd other aspects are increasingly complete and scientific.Today, encyclopedias have played a very important role in human cultural activitiesspecialtyThe encyclopedia ofnecessity。
Chinese intellectuals, who have always had the tradition of editing encyclopedias, have long regarded editing modern encyclopedias as their goal.At the beginning of the 20th century, some people tried out several small practical encyclopedias, including similar encyclopedic dictionaries《unabridged dictionary》。However, none of these books meets the requirements of modern encyclopedias.
At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the General Administration of Publication at that time considered publishing the Chinese encyclopediaCultural developmentThe twelve year plan also included the editing and publishing of encyclopedias in the plan. In 1958, the plan to carry out this work was put forward, but it was not realized.
The compilation and publication of Encyclopedia of China is an important basic project for China's scientific and cultural undertakings.It was not until 1978 that the State Council decided to edit and publish the Encyclopedia of China and establishedChina Encyclopedia PressSince then, various sub volumes of the first edition of Encyclopedia of China have been published successively. By 1993, 74 volumes of all disciplines in the book had been published.[1]
In 1978, the General Editorial Committee of the Encyclopedia of China and the Encyclopedia of China Press organized more than 20000 experts and scholars to select the best and use the best. It took 15 years to compile the Encyclopedia of China.After its publication, the book was highly recommended by the academic community and readers, and won the honorary award of the first National Book Award in 1994.[1][3]
The second edition of Encyclopedia of China was approved by the State Council in December 1995.Later, the General Administration of Press and Publication listed it as a national priority during the Ninth Five Year Plan and the Tenth Five Year PlanBook publishingPlanning and organizing the establishment ofZhou GuangzhaoChief Editorial Committee of Encyclopedia of China (Second Edition).In 2006, the Outline of the National Cultural Development Plan for the 11th Five Year Plan Period listed Encyclopedia of China as a "major national publishing project".In August 2009, Encyclopedia of China (second edition) was published.
《Encyclopedia of China (Third Edition)》(Five volumes in paper version), published by Encyclopedia of China Press, Encyclopedia of China (Third Edition) (online version: first batch of entries), published by Encyclopedia of China Press.[4]
Encyclopedia of China
Content description
Announce
edit
first edition
The first edition of Encyclopedia of China was published in volumes according to the classification of disciplines, which was a balancing act under the historical conditions at that time.Due to the urgent requirements of all sectors of society in the 1980s and 1990s, we cannot wait for the data of various disciplines to be collected completely before compiling and publishing;Nor can we wait for all the entries of each discipline to be compiled into a complete book in the order of the Chinese phonetic alphabet of the entries. We can only invite experts and scholars from all over the country to compile the book separately according to the category, and publish it in separate volumes according to the classification of disciplines, that is, to complete the compilation of a discipline (one volume or several volumes), and then publish separate volumes of a discipline, so that the book will come out in succession.
Hu Qiaomu served as the director of the chief editorial committee of Encyclopedia of China, and Jiang Chunfang and Mei Yi successively served as the chief editors. The encyclopedia was published in August 1993.In 1994, he won the honorary award of the first National Book Award.The book is published in 74 volumes according to disciplines or knowledge categories, and introduces scientific knowledge and basic facts comprehensively, systematically and generally in the form of entries.It covers 66 disciplines and fields including philosophy, social science, literature and art, culture and education, natural science, engineering technology, etc.A total of 77859 entries, 125.68 million words in total, were received, and a proper amount of accompanying black and white charts, line charts and color inserts were attached, suitable for readers with high school education or above.More than 20000 experts and scholars in China participated in the writing.The entries of each subject are arranged in the order of Chinese phonetic alphabet.At present, there is a general article introducing the content of the subject volume in the main body, and an entry classification catalog reflecting the subject system is attached.After the text entry, there is a chronology of events that have a significant impact on the development of the discipline, and the Chinese character stroke index, foreign language index, and content index of the entries for searching.There is a complete reference system for entries in the volume, and some entries are attached with a bibliography.
The 74 volume bibliography of Encyclopedia of China is Philosophy I and II;Religion;Chinese History I, II, III;Foreign History I and II;Political Science;Law;Military I, II;Economics I, II, III;Finance · Taxation · Finance · Price;Sociology;The Nation;Archaeology;Cultural Relics · Museum;Chinese Literature I and II;Foreign Literature I and II;Fine Arts I and II;Music Dance;Drama;Opera - Quyi;Film;Language;Library Science, Information Science and Archives Science;Education;Sports;Press and Publication;Chinese Geography;World Geography;Mathematics;Physics I, II;Mechanics;Chemistry I, II;Astronomy;Atmospheric Science, Marine Science and Hydrological Science;Solid Geophysics, Surveying and Mapping, Space Science;Geography;Geology;Environmental Science;Biology I, II, III;Modern Medicine I, II;Chinese Traditional Medicine;Psychology;Agriculture I and II;Mining and Metallurgy;Mechanical Engineering I and II;Electrician;Electronics and Computer I, II;Automatic Control and System Engineering;Chemical Engineering;Light Industry;Textile;Civil Engineering;Architecture · Garden · Urban Planning;Water Conservancy;Traffic;Aerospace;General Index.[1][3][7]
Second edition
Encyclopedia of China (Second Edition) is a comprehensive encyclopedia that comprehensively introduces human knowledge in various disciplines.The book conforms to the requirements of the times, adapts to social changes, explains in simple terms, and explains accurately and scientifically. It is a practical reference book suitable for the public and serves the society, and is a basic construction for the development of China's scientific and cultural undertakings.At the same time, the book is also China's first set of large-scale modern comprehensive encyclopedias in line with international practices.
Encyclopedia of China (Second Edition) has a total volume of 32 volumes (30 volumes of text, 2 volumes of index), with 60000 entries, about 60 million words, 30000 illustrations, and about 1000 maps.The content of the whole book is written in the form of entries. On the basis of inheriting the compilation principles and compilation concepts of the first edition, the article setting and writing pay more attention to the comprehensiveness and retrieval. The introduction of knowledge not only adheres to the academic nature and accuracy, but also strives to make it easy to understand, readable, and suitable for the inspection and reading of readers with medium and above educational levels.This encyclopedic reference book provides a bridge and ladder for readers in all fields of society to comprehensively use existing knowledge achievements of mankind and continue to make innovations.
The Encyclopedia of China (Second Edition) was officially approved by the State Council in December 1995.Later, the General Administration of Press and Publication listed it in the "Ninth Five Year Plan" and "Tenth Five Year Plan" national key book publishing plan, and organized the establishment of the General Editorial Committee of Encyclopedia of China (Second Edition) with Zhou Guangzhao as the director.In 2006, the Outline of the National Cultural Development Plan for the 11th Five Year Plan Period listed Encyclopedia of China as a "major national publishing project".Under the leadership of the Chief Editorial Committee headed by Zhou Guangzhao, experts and scholars from all walks of life across the country have finally completed this imperial masterpiece after more than ten years of efforts.
The second edition of Encyclopedia of China is a revised and re edited edition of the first edition. It is a new generation of encyclopedia that reflects the national scientific and cultural level in the 21st century.The book includes the basic knowledge of philosophy, social science, literature and art, culture and education, natural science, engineering technology, military science and other disciplines and fields throughout the ages.It not only covers the scientific and cultural achievements of all mankind, but also pays attention to the inheritance of the historical and cultural heritage and scientific and technological achievements of all ethnic groups in China. In particular, it fully reflects the important achievements made by the Chinese people in the process of building socialism with Chinese characteristics, and has formed an encyclopedia of knowledge with distinctive Chinese characteristics and styles.
Encyclopedia of China (Second Edition) follows the general practice of encyclopedia compilation in the contemporary world.The first edition was published in volumes according to the classification of disciplines, which was a balancing act under the historical conditions at that time.The arrangement of Quanshu (Second Edition) is in accordance with the international practice. All the entries and titles of the book are arranged according to their Chinese phonetic order, which is more convenient for readers to search and consult.In this sense, it is the first large-scale modern comprehensive encyclopedia in line with international practice in China.[7]
The period from 1995 to 2009, when the Encyclopedia of China (Second Edition) was compiled, was a historical turning point for China to complete the transition from a planned economy to a socialist market economy, from a closed and semi closed economy to an all-round open economy;It is a period when China's comprehensive national strength has reached a new level, the people's life has generally reached a well-off level, and the people's spiritual and cultural needs are growing day by day;It is a period when the construction of socialist core value system and the construction of Marxist ideology and theory have achieved important results;It is a period when social harmony and stability are consolidated and developed, the great cause of peaceful reunification of the motherland has taken significant steps, and all-round diplomacy has made significant achievements.At the same time, these years are also a period of great changes and adjustments in the world, irreversible multi polarization, in-depth development of economic globalization, accelerated advancement of scientific and technological revolution, and emerging global and regional cooperation;It is a time of frequent local conflicts and hot issues in the world, increasing global economic imbalances, widening gap between North and South, intertwined traditional and non-traditional security threats, and many challenges to world peace and development.The overall content of Encyclopedia of China (Second Edition) tries to reflect the new changes at home and abroad, the new pattern of politics and economy, the new development of ideology and culture, the new achievements of science and technology, and the new demands of work and life.
Encyclopedia of China (Second Edition) focuses on Chinese content and highlights Chinese characteristics when comprehensively introducing all human knowledge.First, the book tries to make a comprehensive summary of China's mainstream culture, including Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thought of "Three Represents", the Scientific Outlook on Development, socialism with Chinese characteristics, socialist market economy, the theory of the primary stage of socialism, reform and opening up, economic system reform, the Four Cardinal Principles, one country, two systems and other important items.Secondly, the book strives to comprehensively summarize the latest achievements in the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics, including the Three Gorges Water Control Project, the South to North Water Diversion Project, Ertan Hydropower Station, the 29th Olympic Games, the National Stadium, the National Grand Theater, the Jiujiang Yangtze River Bridge, Yangpu Bridge, the Oriental Pearl TV Tower, the Hangzhou Bay Sea Crossing Bridge and other items.Thirdly, the book also tries to make a comprehensive summary of China's highest scientific and cultural achievements, including a large number of items such as China's lunar exploration project, the Chang'e project, and the Shenzhou spacecraft.
The Encyclopedia of China (Second Edition) not only has distinctive Chinese characteristics and style, attaches importance to the introduction of the historical and cultural heritage, scientific and technological achievements and various aspects of the situation of all ethnic groups in China, fully elaborates the theoretical and practical achievements of building socialism with Chinese characteristics, but also reflects the latest achievements and development of world science and culture in recent years, as well as the new pattern of international relationsNew changes in the international situation.The content is concise, covering both the past and the modern;Both looking at the world and focusing on China;It not only pays attention to the foundation, but also pays attention to the frontier, providing a complete knowledge system for readers.
The Encyclopedia of China (Second Edition) is a set of necessary reference books. It is accurate, authoritative, readable, easy to understand, and easy to retrieve. It is not only a comprehensive and systematic reflection of the latest level of national scientific and cultural development, but also a new generation of encyclopedias that fully reflects the important achievements made in the process of building socialism with Chinese characteristics,It is also a set of practical reference books suitable for the public to read and use and serve the economic and social development.It not only provides a comprehensive knowledge reserve for the implementation of the Scientific Outlook on Development, but also helps to improve the scientific and cultural quality of the whole people. It will play an important role in promoting reform and opening up and building an innovative society.Therefore, the publication of Encyclopedia of China (Second Edition) is of great significance for building a socialist core value system, improving the national scientific and cultural level, and continuing to promote reform and opening up and innovation in various undertakings.[7]
Encyclopedia of China (the second edition of the collection)[8]
Third edition
《Encyclopedia of China (Third Edition)》YesNew eraA major cultural project in China, which not only publishes the traditional paper version, but also keeps pace with the times to compile and launch convenientlyEasy to checkWeb version of.The online version covers 13 majorDisciplines94 first level executive disciplines, with a total of 500000 items.The paper version is published by subject volume, and items are selected and reorganized from the online version to form the scientific core system framework of each subjectIndex systemProfessional large reference book.The first batch of online version released 210000 articles, and the paper version has been published in 5 volumes.[4]
The third edition of Encyclopedia of China has recently been released in a centralized manner, with 500000 online entries and 10 volumes of paper books published. Some English entries with Chinese themes have been revised and updated, marking the successful completion of the main construction task of the third edition of Encyclopedia, a major national cultural publishing project in the new era.
The compilation and publication of the third edition of the encyclopedia adhere to the guidance of Xi Jinping's thought of socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era, earnestly implement the important directive spirit of General Secretary Xi Jinping, and comply with the socialist core valuesInternet technologyNew reform, new trend of integrated development of publishing, gathering experts from science and technology, social science and other fields, systematically summarizing the latest achievements of science and culture in various fields at home and abroad, and striving to build a knowledge treasure house with Chinese characteristics and international influence.
It is understood that the three editions of the encyclopedia take the online edition as the main body, compile and publish the online edition and the paper edition simultaneously, and launchModerate scaleThe foreign language version was officially launched in 2014, the first batch of items will be released in July 2021, and will be centrally released at the end of December 2022.Nearly 30000 experts, scholars, researchers and others participated in the compilation and publication of the third edition of the encyclopedia nationwide, and adhered to the principles of integrity and innovation, seeking truth from factsOpen and inclusiveAdhere to the high-end academic taste, firmly establish the awareness of high-quality products, and carefully polish and tackle key problems with the determination of grinding a sword for ten years.Among the centrally released items, 500000 online items are about 500 million words in total, divided intoprofessional edition, special edition and popular edition, covering all knowledge categories andFirst level discipline, compiled according to 94 executive disciplines and nearly 100 topics,Accompanying textThere are 200000 pictures, more than 300000 formula tables, 30000 videos (about 100000 minutes), 2400 audio clips (about 10000 minutes), 150 animations (about 500 minutes), and knowledge links, which are rich in content and diverse in form, and convenient for readers to browse and learn.10 volumes of hard copy including《Mining and Metallurgical Engineering》Psychology, Traditional Opera, Information Science《nuclear technology》《Agricultural resources and environment》《Horticulture》Library Science《veterinary medicine》Traffic and Transportation Engineering is carefully compiled from the online items, and paper versions of other disciplines will be launched in succession.1000 Chinese themed English entries involving Chinese excellencetraditional culture, Chinese style modernization, self-reliance in science and technology, etcTell Chinese stories wellSpread the voice of China.
The head of China Encyclopedia Press said that as a new type of online encyclopedia, the third edition of Encyclopedia will actively adaptNetwork eraDynamic update trend of content, follow the rule of encyclopedia publishing, carefully study and absorb opinions and suggestions from all parties after centralized release, timely enrich and improve the content of items, and further innovateCommunication mode, optimize the website function experience, better meet the readers' high-quality, diversified and personalized learningReading needs。[6]
Bibliography
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first edition
Volume 74 of the first edition of Encyclopedia of China is:
DISK01: Cultural relics, museums and libraries·informatics·archives, News · Publishing
The volume of Cultural Relics · Museum has 1920 entries, 1113 illustrations and more than 2.32 million words.Cultural relics includeIntroduction to Cultural RelicsHistory of Cultural Relics ProtectionCultural relics protection technologyChinese cultural relics of previous dynasties, key protected sites and foreign cultural relics;The museum section includesMuseology, Museum HistoryMuseum CollectionIdentification, protection and display,Museum building, equipment and management, Chinese and foreign museums, etc.
The volume of Chinese History includes 2586 entries, 2312 illustrations and 4.29 million words.The whole volume insists on reflecting history dialectically and materialistically, strives for truth, and does not comment on people and events;For academic fields that have flourished in recent decades, such as socio-economic historyNational historyHistory of Sino foreign relationshistorical geographyAnd so on.The illustrations in this volume are quite distinctive. Try to use the materials from earlier works and new archaeological discoveries.
The volume of Foreign History includes 2492 entries, 1222 illustrations, 63 maps, and more than 3.33 million words.This volume introduces 184countries and regions History;Some countries that once existed in history are also included in the volume.Neglected in previous history booksAsia-Africa-Latin AmericaCountries have reestablished their rightful place in the book. Their entries account for half of the volume. The volume also systematically expounds the history of international relations and the history of the Communist Movement.
The volume of Military Affairs has 2924 entries and 1975 illustrations, totaling 3.76 million words.More than 3000 people participated in the compilation of this book, the largest volume of this edition of encyclopedia, including Ye Jianying, Xu Qianqian, Nie Rongzhen and other older generationsProletarian Revolutionist Military strategist.It includes military theorymilitary technique、Military history、Military geographyAnd international military treaties.This volume introduces the magnificentMilitary practiceAnd military theory.
There are 1256 entries, 723 illustrations and more than 1.69 million words in the volume of Traditional Opera and Quyi.This volume is the first comprehensive, systematic and scientific introduction of opera and quyiChinese nationCharacteristic cultureartistic form。During the compilation of this volumeYuan ZajuThe late Yuan and early Ming editions of The Western ChamberRemnant page, the investigation cleared upDaoqing OperaThe vein of origin and evolution.These new and important research achievements were written into entries and first appeared in the book.
The volume of Agriculture includes 391 entries, 1979 illustrations and 4.56 million words.Contents includeIntroduction to Agriculture、Agricultural historyAgrometeorology, soil and fertilizer, plant protectionagricultural engineering, agronomy, horticulture, forestry, forestry, animal husbandry, veterinary, aquatic andsericulture Etc.
DISK08: Biology
The volume of Biology has 3534 entries, 3527 illustrations and 6.3 million words.Contents includeBiophysics、Biochemistry and Molecular Biology、Cell BiologyZoology, paleontology and anthropology.This volume comprehensively and systematically introduces the species, structure, function, behavior, development, origin and evolution of biology at multiple levels, as well as the relationship between biology andsurrounding environmentRelationship.
DISK09: Religion, Ethnicity, Sociology
The volume of Religion has 1231 entries and 834 illustrations, totaling 1.65 million words.Contents includeReligionBuddhism, Christianity, Islam, TaoismEthnic Minority Religions in ChinaChinese folk religions and other religions.Compared with other religious dictionaries, this volume pays more attention to the systematic nature of knowledge.
There are 1098 entries, 851 illustrations and 1.73 million words in the volume of Nationality.Contents includeEthnic issuesTheoryethnology, Chinese national history, Chinese national language and charactersWorld nation。
《Fine Arts》A total of 2122 entries and 2739 illustrations were collected, totaling 3.2 million words.The content includes general introductionChinese artAnd foreign art, coveringarchitectural artSculpture, painting, calligraphyindustrial artandModern ArtAnd all kinds of Chinese art, involving nearly 100 countries and regions.
The volume of Modern Medicine has 1757 entries, 953 illustrations and 5.06 million words.Contents includeclinical medicine、Basic MedicineAnd group medicine.This volume pays special attention to the combination of basic theory with clinical and preventive practice, and strives to reflect theDevelopment level。The entries in the book areSubject indexing, in the name of the diseaseDrug nameIt is convenient for layman readers to search, and also for layman readers to consult comprehensive information on a certain topic.
Chinatraditional medicine 》There are 1083 entries and 339 illustrations in the volume, totaling 1.8 million words.It includes Han medicineTibetan Medicine、Mongolian Medicine、Uygur MedicineandKorean MedicineEtc.This volume deals with prescriptions, acupuncture, guidance and health preservation in traditional Chinese medicinePractical technologyIt has made a full and accurate introduction, as well as the new development of traditional medicine in the past 40 years.
DISK14: Chemical industry, light industry, textile
There are 684 entries, 820 illustrations and 1.04 million words in the volume of Textile.Contents includeTextile history、Natural fiber、Chemical fibre, silk, textile, woven, knitting, dyeing and finishing, textiles, etc.
The volume of Chinese Geography includes 1610 entries, 728 illustrations and 2.13 million words.The content includes general introduction,First level administrative regionandspecial administrative regionImportant cities and towns, mountains, rivers, plateaus, basins, lakes, marshes, nature reserves and historic sites.
The volume of World Geography includes 1163 entries, 899 illustrations, and 1.99 million words.It covers 202 countries and regions, and 613 major cities.More than 95% of the maps and pictures used in the book are published for the first time, which can be described asPrecious。
The volume of Mining and Metallurgy has 1176 entries, 1423 illustrations and 2.4 million words.The content includes mining and metallurgy.In the mining section, coal, oil, natural gasMetallic mineralsMining and beneficiation of building materials, chemical raw materials and other minerals;The metallurgy part introduces the smelting and processing of various metals, as well as the basic metallurgical theory andMetallic materialsKnowledge.
The "General Index" volume is the general index of all entries in the photo text data CD of Encyclopedia of China, with a total of 78349 entries.The retrieval method provides text entry title, foreign entry title, fuzzy retrieval, and storage and printing functions.
Honor recognition
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Encyclopedia of China (the first edition) won the first edition in 1994National Book AwardHonorary Award.[2]
In January 2022, Encyclopedia of China (the third edition) was selected into the 2021 annual list of "China's published good books".[4]
The author selection of Encyclopedia of China always adheres to the principle of "letting the most suitable author write the items he is good at".Encyclopedia of China (Second Edition), as a revised and re edited version of the first edition, has retained the authors of the first edition as alive as possible, and employed young and middle-aged experts and scholars who have emerged in various disciplines in recent years as authors.Over the past 30 years, about 30000 authors have written entries for Encyclopedia of China.Among them, there are not only academic leaders and masters of Chinese culture, but also first-class experts and senior scholars.More than 1100 academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering, 25 of the 47 members of the first academic department of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and most of the honorary members of the academic department, participated in the compilation work.It can be said that most of the most representative important experts and scholars in China's natural sciences, science and technology, and humanities and social sciences, as well as the leaders of various disciplines, have participated in the compilation of the book.[7]
