A basic property of living systems is the ability to respond to extracellular signals by evoking an internal response.Signal-transduction cascades mediate the sensing and processing of these stimuli。These molecular circuits detect，amplify，and integrate diverse external signals to generate responses such as changes in enzyme activity，gene expression，phenotypic alterations，orion-channel activity.Signal-transduction pathways followa broadly similar course that can be viwed as actiction。Upon an environmental signal，Membrane receptors transfer information from the environment to the cell's interior。Subsequently，second messengers relay information from the receptor-ligand complex into the cell's interior.Particularly important second messengers include cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP，calcium ion，inositol1,4,5-trisphosphate，（IP3），and diacylglycerol.While these second messengers are free to move，they can easily diffuse to other compartments of the cell，such as the nucleus，where they can influence gene expression and other processes.Interestingly，signal transduction may be amplified significantly in the generation of second messengers，since initial stimulation may lead to the generation of many second messengers within the cell.Thus，alow concentration of signal in the environment，even as little as single molecule，canyield a large intracellular signal and response.Besides this phenomenon，cross-talk between two or more signaling cascades may occur，which在地下管道中，在地下管道中，在地下管道中，在地下管道中，在地下管道中[1]