Cool Pavements

Cool Science

The Problem

Thermal infrared（left）and visible（right）images of a road with light and dark segments。The infrared image shows that the light segment（bottom）is about17°C（30°F）cooler than the dark segment（top）。（图像courtesy of Larry Scofield，APCA）

Like conventional dark roofs，dark pavements get hot in the sun because they absorb80-95%of照明、灯具.Hot pavements aggravate urban heat islands by warming the local air，and contribute to global warming by radiating heat into the atmosphere-pavements can aggravate urban heat islands because they comprise about one third of urban surfaces。^4个Hot pavements can also raise the temperature of storm water runoff。⁵

注释：

^4个Akbari H，Rose LS，Taha H.1999Characterining the fabric of the urban environment：A case study of Sacramento，California.Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory。

⁵ U.S.EPA Heat Islands Cool Pavements Page

Cool Pavements

定义，定义

Solar reflective“cool”pavements stay cooler in the sun than traditional pavements.Pavement reflectance can be enhanced by using reflective aggregate，a reflective or clear binder，or a reflective surface coating。

Clear resin binder（Image courtesy of ESI.info）

Reflective pavements can reduce the need for street lighting at night.（Image courtesy of Stark1986）

Benefits

能源和能源回收.Cool pavements lower the outside air temperature，allowing air conditioners to cool buildings with less energy.Cool pavements also save energy by reducing the need for electric street lighting at night。
Improved comfort and health.Cool pavements cool the city air，reducing heat-related illnesses，slowing the formation ofsmog单击功能区上，and making it more comfortable to be outside.Pedestrians also benefit from cooler air and cooler pavements。
Increased driver safety.Light-colored pavements better reflect street lights and vehicle headlights at night，increasing visibility for drivers。
Improved air quality。By decreasing urban air temperatures，cool pavements can slow atmospheric chemical reactions that create smog。
Reduced street lighting cost。Cool pavements can increase thesolar eflectanceof roads，reducing the electricity required for street lighting at night。
Reduced power plant emissions。By saving energy on street lighting and A/C use in surrounding buildings，cool pavements reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and other air pollutants at power plants。
Improved water quality。Cool pavements lower surface temperatures，thereby cooling storm water and lessening the damage to local watersheds。^{6个单击功能区上，7}
Slowed climate change。Cool pavements decrease heat absorbed at the Earth’s surface and thus can lower surface temperatures。This decrease in surface temperatures can temporarily offset warming caused by greenhouse gases。

Cement concrete pavers（Image courtesy of PMCINJ.com）

注释：

^6个Pratt C，Mantle J，Schofield PA.1995.UK research into the performance of permeable pavement，reservoir structures in controlling stormwater discharge quantity and quality.Water Science and Technology32（1）：63-69。

⁷James W and Shahin R.1998。Pollutants leached from pavements by acid rain.In W.James（ed.），Advances in Modeling the Management of Stormwater Impacts.Vol.6:321-349.Guelph，Canada:Computational Hydraulics Int。

新的再利用col pavements on consequences of deploying cool pavements

Recent research in California has led to important findings on penalties and benefits from deploying cool pavements in cities across the state.See the key take-aways from this research below。^8个

Emerald Cities reflective coating（Image courtesy of Emerald Cities Cool Pavement）

Cool pavement materials usually require more energy and carbon to manufacture than conventional pavement materials.An An exception is concrete with substantially reduced levels of energy-and carbon-intensive ordinary portland cement。
Raising by 0.20 thealbedoall paved surfaces is projected to reduce summertime outdoor air temperatures in California cities by about0.1 to 0.5℃（about0.2 to 0.9°F），depending on city geography and climate。
In California cities with a lot of air conditioning，the savings of air conditioning energy due to lowered air temperature is less than1kWh（saving less than US$0.60）ayear per m²of pavement modified。The avoided CO姶is valued at less than a penny a year per m²。
The energy and carbon saved in buildings is typically much less than the extra energy and carbon needed to make the cooler pavements。
For comparison，building energy savings from cool pavements are about an order of magnitude smaller than those from cool roofs。
Reflective pavements offer aone-time carbon offset（benefit）that exceeds the 50-year life-cycle carbon penalty（or50-year life-cycle carbon savings）。
An important challenge is to create cool pavement materials that reduce life-cycle energy，carbon，and cost。

技术，技术

灯光chip seal（Image courtesy of qiaoxinguan.com）

Cool pavements can be made from traditional paving materials，such as cement concrete.New cement concrete has a solar reflectance（SR）of30-50%。热绝缘层col-coloredcoatings for asphalt concrete pavements that reflect about50%of sunlight。Another approach is to use a clear binder that reveals highly reflective（light-colored）aggregate。

As with all materials exposed to the atmosphere and use，the solar reflectance of pavement can change over time.For example，as cement concrete pavement ages it tends to get darker with tire and grease stains（new SR30-50%；aged SR20-35%），but asphalt concrete lightens（new SR5%；aged SR10-20%）asit ages because the asphalt binder oxidizes and more aggregate is exposed through wear。

注释：

^8个Levinson，Ronnen M。，Haley E.Gilbert，Melvin Pomerantz，John T.Harvey，and George A.Ban-Weiss。 接收cool pavement research high ghts:Quantifying the energy and environmental consequences of cool pavements.，2017。